Inextricable Link Research Articles

A Representative Profile of MSW Graduates in the United States.

As the United States faces burgeoning behavioral health needs and a growing recognition of the inextricable link between social conditions and health outcomes and quality-of-life indicators, a current representative profile of the MSW workforce with respect to sociodemographic and employment characteristics can provide a reference point for ongoing assessments of that workforce. The profile also can establish a baseline by which efforts to bolster the diversity and strength of the MSW workforce can be grounded. The core aim of the current study was to generate a nationally representative, descriptive profile of MSW graduates in the United States using a sample of 1,028 MSW graduates (representing a subpopulation of 691,061 individuals) from the 2021 National Survey of College Graduates. Weighted univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted to generate a descriptive profile of MSW graduates with respect to sociodemographic, education, and employment characteristics. Study findings can help employers, health services researchers, policymakers, and practitioners understand the context of the MSW workforce as it relates to diversity, labor workforce projection data, and student loan and salary considerations. This information can guide future policy and training goals to support the future vitality of the social work profession.

The Decolonial Poetics of Jaime Luis Huenún

The social and literary evolution of contemporary Chile is characterized by the affirmation of new voices from indigenous peoples. This article aims to show how one of these voices, the mestizo poet of Mapuche-Huilliche origin Jaime Luis Huenún, articulates a poetic project of great originality and critical significance. In the collection Reducciones (Reservations), the documentary poetry invites the reader to engage with the decolonization of knowledge, while Fanon city meu ( fanon city meu) focuses on the ravages of colonization on identity. The latter is seen as a descent into hell. The infernal motif is made clearer by the polemical discussion Fanon has with Sartre on the latter's text Black Orpheus. This implicit dialogue provides the key to Huenun's decolonial poetics and allows us to underline the aporia inherent in the quest for identity and its inextricable link with betrayal.

Gait speed, handgrip strength, and their combination, and risk of depression in later life: Evidence from a prospective study of community-dwelling older adults

ObjectiveThis study investigated the association between gait speed, handgrip strength, and their combination, and the risk for developing clinically relevant depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older adults. MethodsA secondary analysis was conducted using data from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly study. Participants were community-dwelling older adults in Australia and the United States of America followed for a median (interquartile range) of 3.97 (2.26) years. Baseline handgrip strength and gait speed were used as exposure variables, and their combination categories were also explored. Depression was measured using the modified Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression 10-item scale (CES-D 10). Cox regression was used to estimate Adjusted Hazard Ratios (AHR) with 95 % Confidence Intervals (CI) after adjusting for a range of potential confounders. ResultA total of 17,231 participants (55.3 % women) were included in the analysis. Slow gait and weak grip at baseline were associated with the risk of depression (AHR: 1.20; CI: 1.11–1.29 and 1.14; 1.06–1.23, respectively). The combination of the two physical performance measures was associated with a 31 % increase in the risk of depression (1.31; 1.16–1.47) and a significant dose-response association was observed for quintiles of gait and grip with depression. LimitationsAlthough the CES-D 10 is a validated scale, it is a self-reported tool rather than a clinical diagnosis of depression. ConclusionLow physical function may be a risk factor for depression in older adults. This highlights the inextricable link between the physical and mental health of older adults, which can inform potential clinical and public health prevention strategies for depression in later life.

Sketching the theoretical and methodological contours of Sylvia Wynter’s sociogenesis

This article builds upon Fanon’s and Wynter’s theory of sociogeny to sketch the contours of decolonial sociography. Initially, it expounds on the inextricable link between sociogeny, coloniality of being, and race to examine how discourses and social practices establish racial-colonial structures of subjugation and exploitation. The authors posit that decolonial sociography constitutes not only a counter-cartography but also a methodological shift towards examining the interconnected symbolic and material structures that shape the experiences of colonized and negatively racialized communities. Decolonial sociography situates racial-colonial processes as geopolitically entangled within the modern/colonial world system and recognizes that racialization is distinctively configured within specific historical contexts. In conjunction with Fanon’s and Wynter’s work, the article invokes Glissant’s poetics of relations to highlight the persistence of resistance and relational modes of existence that counteract the totalizing and homogenizing effects of modernity/coloniality’s sociogenesis of race.

Digital Transformation of Organizations and Their Organizational Cultures: A Case Study in a National Defense Industry

Digital transformation is essential for organizations to gain a competitive edge in today’s fast-changing environment. It involves a radical shift in products, services, people, and processes to enhance performance, posing a significant challenge. This paper explores digital transformation within a national defense company, which already upholds high-quality standards and a strong culture—key factors in facilitating digital transformation. The literature on organizational digital transformation and its benefits is reviewed, and the digitalization process is analyzed to outline the steps needed for transformation. A crucial prerequisite is cultivating an adaptive, high-performance culture, which requires assessing the current organizational state and implementing necessary actions. This paper presents an assessment of the company and proposes actions for cultural and digital transformation. The inextricable link between digital transformation and organizational culture change is highlighted, along with the benefits, barriers, and strategic proposals for digital strategy, vision, and mission.

Patient perspectives on adverse event investigations in health care

BackgroundOver the last decade attention has grown to give patients and next of kin (P/N) more substantial roles in adverse event investigations. Adverse event investigations occur after adverse events that resulted in death or severe injury. Few studies have focused on patient perspectives on their involvement in such investigations. The present study sets out to investigate how P/N and patient representatives (client councils and the Patient Federation Netherlands) view the involvement of P/N in adverse event investigations, particularly whether and why they want to involved, and how they want to shape their involvement.MethodsThe study features qualitative data on three levels: interviews with P/N (personal), focus groups with representatives of client councils (institutional), and an interview with the Patient Federation Netherlands (national). Researchers used inductive, thematic analysis and validated the results through data source triangulation.ResultsThe initiative taken by the hospitals in this study provided P/N with the space to feel heard and a position as legitimate stakeholder. P/N appreciated the opportunity to choose whether and how they wanted to be involved in the investigation as stakeholders. P/N emphasized the need for hospitals to learn from the investigations, but for them the investigation was also part of a more encompassing relationship. P/N’s views showed the inextricable link between the first conversation with the health care professional and the investigation, and the ongoing care after the investigation was finalized. Hence, an adverse event investigation is part of a broader experience when understood from a patient perspective.ConclusionsAn adverse event investigation should be considered as part of an existing relationship between P/N and hospital that starts before the investigation and continues during follow up care. It is crucial for hospitals to take the initiative in the investigation and in the involvement of P/N. P/N motivations for involvement can be understood as driven by agency or communion. Agentic motivations include being an active participant by choice, while communion motivations include the need to be heard.

The Role Of Traditional Rulers In Curbing Farmer Herder Conflict In Ukum Local Government Area Of Benue State, 2011-2023

This study interrogates the role of traditional rulers in the management of farmer herder conflict in Ukum Local Government Area of Benue state, 2011-2023 with the aim of unfolding the persistent incursion on the farming communities of Ukum LGA by the herders and the task of traditional rulers in managing it. Using Eco violence theory the study explained the inextricable link between the environment and violent conflicts between the herders and farmers n Ukum LGA. The study used the descriptive survey design. Qualitative method of data collection was adopted and the instruments for data collection were key informant interview and focus group discussion. The secondary data were gathered from text books, and journals. The method of data analysis was the explorative as the data were descriptions, accounts and experiences or feelings of the respondents. The study found that the nature of farmer herder crisis is the conflict between the economic activities of human beings for survival and the effect of the survival on the ecosystem.. the effect is the intolerable experience the indigenes are passing through as the idle youths have turned the conflict as a means of livelihood. Though the traditional rulers have been trying to curb the situation, there are challenges that are rooted in politics. The study concludes that government must be careful in selecting the traditional rulers and give them a free hand in managing the affairs of their communities. The study recommends majorly that Government must embrace the modern system of livestock farming to reduce competition over scarce environmental resources

State feminism with Chinese characteristics: The inextricable link between women’s political representation and political episteme in contemporary China (2013–2023)

ABSTRACT This article examines the complex dynamics of state feminism in contemporary China (2013–2023) focusing on the paradoxical relationship between polemical narratives of gender equality and constraints on women's political representation. By tracing the historical evolution of Chinese state feminism, which strategically employs feminist rhetoric to emphasise male-female equality within a socialist context, the article highlights the role of the state-sponsored All China-Women’s Federation (ACWF) in its relation to the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) and other more independent feminist voices. While the CCP claims commitment to women's empowerment, because of its roots in socialist values and traditional gender roles they emphasise family values and neo-familism, which can inadvertently create patriarchal pressures, limiting independent feminist advocacy and hindering broader political opportunities for women. Drawing upon diverse sources, the article reveals the relationship between polemical state feminism on perpetuating gender hierarchies and restricting women’s political advancement in contemporary China (2013–2023) while also exploring the emergence of a new generation of Chinese feminists questioning and challenging patriarchal norms through diverse routes. While acknowledging the strong efforts for improving gender equality in China today, the article ultimately underscores the need for comprehensive policies addressing structural barriers for continued developments in gender equality.

“Thus far and no further”: Inquiry into a dreamless society

AbstractHumans are highly social primates who naturally seek out groups in which to live. Our individual psychology is inherently intertwined with that of the group, forming an inextricable link between the two. In keeping with Bion's insights into group dynamics, we approach contemporary conflicts by examining them through both social and psychoanalytic lenses. Drawing on Foucault's and Deleuze's analyses of societies, as well as considering the impact of technology and the COVID‐19 pandemic, we illustrate how modern societies function under the influence of three behaviors observed by Bion. Activated as a result of a psychological disaster, the ruins consist of the symptomatologic triad of arrogance, stupidity, and curiosity. We have called this functioning Bion's disastrous triad. We suggest that when it is set in motion, it leads to a withdrawal from the beauty of life, as Bion well expresses with the phrase “Thus far and no further.” Using Meltzer's notion of aesthetic conflict, we suggest that while operating under the mandates of the triad, recognition of the other becomes an impossibility. A plea for relationships based on mutual recognition—namely, aesthetic relationships—is in order.

The Rusted Heart: An Ecopsychological Perspective on the Double Alienation of Environment and Mind in "A Life in the Iron Mills"

Rebecca Harding Davis is known for her direct depiction of the dramatically changing realities of industrialised American society, particularly in Life in the Iron Mills. This work was written in the first half of the 19th century at the height of the wave of immigration, urbanisation and industrialisation in America. The changes Wheeling experienced in a short period of time directly altered the lives of the people at the bottom of the social ladder during that era, causing dramatic upheaval in the social hierarchy and bringing about corresponding changes in the environment. From an ecopsychological perspective, the interaction between the environment and humans is a complex and dynamic process that reveals the inextricable link between human behaviour and the external world. Changes in the environment trigger a series of chain reactions at the social and individual levels. The purpose of this paper is to analyse from an ecopsychological point of view the environmental pollution, the difficult situation of the workers at the bottom brought about by social division, and the physical and mental alienation of the workers under this series of drastic changes, all of which indicate the negative impacts of the wave of industrialisation in the United States brought about by the people at the bottom. Thus, it reveals the physical and mental oppression of a natural person who is swept away by the wave of society and is unable to control himself, and explains its corresponding practical significance.

Diversity-aware Population Models: Quantifying Associations between Socio-Spatial Factors and Cognitive Development in the ABCD Cohort.

Population-level analyses are inherently complex due to a myriad of latent confounding effects that underlie the interdisciplinary topics of research interest. Despite the mounting demand for generative population models, the limited generalizability to underrepresented groups hinders their widespread adoption in downstream applications. Interpretability and reliability are essential for clinicians and policymakers, while accuracy and precision are prioritized from an engineering standpoint. Thus, in domains such as population neuroscience, the challenge lies in determining a suitable approach to model population data effectively. Notably, the traditional strata-agnostic nature of existing methods in this field reveals a pertinent gap in quantitative techniques that directly capture major sources of population stratification. The emergence of population-scale cohorts, like the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) Study, provides unparalleled opportunities to explore and characterize neurobehavioral and sociodemographic relationships comprehensively. We propose diversity-aware population modeling, a framework poised to standardize systematic incorporation of diverse attributes, structured with respect to intrinsic population stratification to obtain holistic insights. Here, we leverage Bayesian multilevel regression and poststratification, to elucidate inter-individual differences in the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive development. We constructed 14 varying-intercepts and varying-slopes models to investigate 3 cognitive phenotypes and 5 sociodemographic variables (SDV), across 17 US states and 5 race subgroups. SDVs exhibited systemic socio-spatial effects that served as fundamental drivers of variation in cognitive outcomes. Low SES was disproportionately associated with cognitive development among Black and Hispanic children, while high SES was a robust predictor of cognitive development only among White and Asian children, consistent with the minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) theory. Notably, adversity-susceptible subgroups demonstrated an expressive association with fluid cognition compared to crystallized cognition. Poststratification proved effective in correcting group attribution biases, particularly in Pennsylvania, highlighting sampling discrepancies in US states with the highest percentage of marginalized participants in the ABCD Study©. Our collective analyses underscore the inextricable link between race and geographic location within the US. We emphasize the importance of diversity-aware population models that consider the intersectional composition of society to derive precise and interpretable insights across applicable domains.

The metal-binding GTPases CobW2 and CobW3 are at the crossroads of zinc and cobalt homeostasis in Cupriavidus metallidurans.

The metal-resistant beta-proteobacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans is also able to survive conditions of metal starvation. We show that zinc-starved cells can substitute some of the required zinc with cobalt but not with nickel ions. The zinc importer ZupT was necessary for this process but was not essential for either zinc or cobalt import. The cellular cobalt content was also influenced by the two COG0523-family proteins, CobW2 and CobW3. Pulse-chase experiments with radioactive and isotope-enriched zinc demonstrated that both proteins interacted with ZupT to control the cellular flow-equilibrium of zinc, a central process of zinc homeostasis. Moreover, an antagonistic interplay of CobW2 and CobW3 in the presence of added cobalt caused a growth defect in mutant cells devoid of the cobalt efflux system DmeF. Full cobalt resistance also required a synergistic interaction of ZupT and DmeF. Thus, the two transporters along with CobW2 and CobW3 interact to control cobalt homeostasis in a process that depends on zinc availability. Because ZupT, CobW2, and CobW3 also direct zinc homeostasis, this process links the control of cobalt and zinc homeostasis, which subsequently protects C. metallidurans against cadmium stress and general metal starvation.IMPORTANCEIn bacterial cells, zinc ions need to be allocated to zinc-dependent proteins without disturbance of this process by other transition metal cations. Under zinc-starvation conditions, C. metallidurans floods the cell with cobalt ions, which protect the cell against cadmium toxicity, help withstand metal starvation, and provide cobalt to metal-promiscuous paralogs of essential zinc-dependent proteins. The number of cobalt ions needs to be carefully controlled to avoid a toxic cobalt overload. This is accomplished by an interplay of the zinc importer ZupT with the COG0523-family proteins, CobW3, and CobW2. At high external cobalt concentrations, this trio of proteins additionally interacts with the cobalt efflux system, DmeF, so that these four proteins form an inextricable link between zinc and cobalt homeostasis.

Identification of a combined hypoxia and lactate metabolism prognostic signature in lung adenocarcinoma

BackgroundIn the tumor microenvironment (TME), a bidirectional relationship exists between hypoxia and lactate metabolism, with each component exerting a reciprocal influence on the other, forming an inextricable link. The aim of the present investigation was to develop a prognostic model by amalgamating genes associated with hypoxia and lactate metabolism. This model is intended to serve as a tool for predicting patient outcomes, including survival rates, the status of the immune microenvironment, and responsiveness to therapy in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).MethodsTranscriptomic sequencing data and patient clinical information specific to LUAD were obtained from comprehensive repositories of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). A compendium of genes implicated in hypoxia and lactate metabolism was assembled from an array of accessible datasets. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were employed. Additional investigative procedures, including tumor mutational load (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), functional enrichment assessments and the ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, and TIDE algorithms, were used to evaluate drug sensitivity and predict the efficacy of immune-based therapies.ResultsA novel prognostic signature comprising five lactate and hypoxia-related genes (LHRGs), PKFP, SLC2A1, BCAN, CDKN3, and ANLN, was established. This model demonstrated that LUAD patients with elevated LHRG-related risk scores exhibited significantly reduced survival rates. Both univariate and multivariate Cox analyses confirmed that the risk score was a robust prognostic indicator of overall survival. Immunophenotyping revealed increased infiltration of memory CD4 + T cells, dendritic cells and NK cells in patients classified within the high-risk category compared to their low-risk counterparts. Higher probability of mutations in lung adenocarcinoma driver genes in high-risk groups, and the MSI was associated with the risk-score. Functional enrichment analyses indicated a predominance of cell cycle-related pathways in the high-risk group, whereas metabolic pathways were more prevalent in the low-risk group. Moreover, drug sensitivity analyses revealed increased sensitivity to a variety of drugs in the high-risk group, especially inhibitors of the PI3K-AKT, EGFR, and ELK pathways.ConclusionsThis prognostic model integrates lactate metabolism and hypoxia parameters, offering predictive insights regarding survival, immune cell infiltration and functionality, as well as therapeutic responsiveness in LUAD patients. This model may facilitate personalized treatment strategies, tailoring interventions to the unique molecular profile of each patient’s disease.

Heritage in Transition: Vernacular Architectural Patterns in Rural Iran

The transition from vernacular architectural patterns to current architecture in rural Iran has led to various socio-cultural and environmental problems in the last decade. This study explores the nature of this transition, which has been overlooked in the studies of vernacular architecture in Iran. Furthermore, this article contributes to the ongoing academic debate on the decline and transformation of vernacular architectural patterns in the context of modernization. It analyzes the forces behind the decline and rise of vernacular settlements in a case study area, the Salami region of the Khaf district in Iran’s Khorasan Razavi province, by exploring how it is possible to reinterpret vernacular architectural patterns in the context of current architecture to utilize the new developments in rural Iran not as an obstacle but as an opportunity for improvement. To this end, this article explores vernacular architectural patterns in a case study area in Iran, supported by socio-cultural aspects and the environmental conditions of the region. This study conducts architectural and anthropological fieldwork on three vernacular houses in a case study area and uses participant observation and informal interview methods to understand the people and their interaction with their built environment. The findings of this article thus contradict previous studies on learning from vernacular architecture by shedding light on vernacular architecture in Iran as a system by demonstrating the inextricable links between different vernacular architectural patterns. Therefore, this study argues that to draw lessons from vernacular architectural patterns for current architecture in rural Iran, it is necessary to limit its communication concerning people’s contemporary needs but not to neglect this communication completely.

Response of Ionic Hydration Structure and Selective Transport Behavior to Aqueous Solution Chemistry during Nanofiltration.

The effect of aqueous solution chemistry on the ionic hydration structure and its corresponding nanofiltration (NF) selectivity is a research gap concerning ion-selective transport. In this study, the hydration distribution of two typical monovalent anions (Cl- and NO3-) under different aqueous solution chemical conditions and the corresponding transmembrane selectivity during NF were investigated by using in situ liquid time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry in combination with molecular dynamics simulations. We demonstrate the inextricable link between the ion hydration structure and the pore steric effect and further find that ionic transmembrane transport can be regulated by breaking the balance between the hydrogen bond network (i.e., water-water) and ion hydration (i.e., ion-water) interactions of hydrated ion. For strongly hydrated (H2O)nCl- with more intense ion-water interactions, a higher salt concentration and coexisting ion competition led to a larger hydrated size and, thus, a higher ion rejection by the NF membrane, whereas weakly hydrated (H2O)nNO3- takes the reverse under the same conditions. Stronger OH--anion hydration competition resulted in a smaller hydrated size of (H2O)nCl- and (H2O)nNO3-, showing a lower observed average hydration number at pH 10.5. This study deepens the long-overlooked understanding of NF separation mechanisms, concerning the hydration structure.

Gendered bodies: A graphic medicine commentary

This final commentary, in comic format, frames this special issue using Graphic Medicine methodologies to explore broader themes and meanings related to the scientific study of gender and health. Comics can be seen as a way to introduce complex human narratives and as an exploratory tool to ask broader social-contextual and ethical questions about health and medicine. This piece is also constructed through the lens of queer scholarship, which, together with the comics format, provides opportunities to build more embodied, complicated narratives about gender, sexuality and health. Most importantly, comics are used as a modality to tell compelling narratives about how individuals, rather than populations, may be impacted by biomedical conceptualizations of gender and health. The commentary includes a series of graphic narratives containing hypothetical stories and cases: stories of how individuals may be harmed within healthcare systems by rigid framings of gender, sex and sexuality, and stories about how gender socialization may impact health in subtle ways. These narratives furthermore examine the inextricable link between gender and power, illustrating how overt and covert manifestations of power may shape a person's health over the life course. Finally, the piece explores how expansive views of gender may contribute to positive health care experiences. The intention of this piece is to nudge scientific researchers and clinicians alike to approach the topic of gender, sexuality and health with nuance and curiosity.

Working around exclusive infrastructure – African workers and their families navigating race and gender on Rhodesia Railways, 1945–1964

This paper explores the myriad ways African railwaymen and their families negotiated their existence on the Rhodesia Railways. Through racial and gendered differentiation of its labour force, the Rhodesia Railways fostered an exclusive work and home environment that resulted in restricted and regulated access to certain jobs, benefits and accommodation. However, Africans worked around these limitations through strikes and other more creative, sometimes illegal ways. The paper shifts away from histories of imperial railways and their significance in colonial projects and adds to studies that examine their effects on the colonised. By focusing on African railwaymen and their families, we argue that the various grievances and demands presented to the Rhodesia Railways had to do with issues of gender and social reproduction. Due to the inextricable link between the workplace and the home created by Rhodesia Railways, grievances in railway accommodation at times directly affected railway operations.

Biological factor controls the variations in water use efficiency of an alpine meadow during the growing season in a permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The alpine meadow located in permafrost is crucial for ecosystem services of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), which is experiencing precipitation changes in most areas. Water use efficiency (WUE) can quantify the inextricable link between carbon assimilation and water loss in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the temporal variations in WUE and its driving factors across different precipitation years still need to be clarified in alpine meadows on the QTP. Therefore, 4-year carbon and water flux data were used to elucidate the mechanisms behind seasonal and interannual variations in WUE of an alpine meadow in the hinterland of the QTP. Noticeable seasonal variations in WUE were observed during the studied period, with the highest value (1.38±0.38 g C kg−1 H2O) occurring during the mid-growing season (MG, starting around 166 DOY), approximately 2 and 3 times those during the late-growing season (LG, starting around 256 DOY and ending around 282 DOY) and early-growing season (EG, starting around 140 DOY), respectively. Standardized total effects in the structural equation models from NDVI to WUE were highest in all seasons, indicating that NDVI was the primary controlling factor for daily WUE variations. Additionally, energy factors (temperature and solar radiation) also significantly influenced daily WUE variations. The highest mean daily WUE (1.23±0.65 g C kg−1 H2O) was in the mild dry year (2016). However, no significant differences were noted in mean daily WUE in severe dry (2015) and wet (2019) years compared to the normal year (2020) during GS. This can be attributed to the varying sensitivity of carbon assimilation and water loss to biotic and abiotic changes across divergent precipitation years, with WUE exhibiting a greater sensitive to gross primary productivity than to evapotranspiration. These findings suggest that alpine meadows have endured in its harsh environment and have adapted to climatic fluctuations through long-term evolution.

Оценка эффективности системы управления крупномасштабными строительными проектами в течение их жизненного цикла

The relevance of the study is due to the increasing importance of large-scale construction management processes throughout the full life cycle, as well as the system-technical nature of the problems that arise in this case. To determine the effectiveness of the management system, the principles of a systematic approach can be applied, in which the subject of economic activity is considered as a single whole with an ordered structure and relationships. It has been established that currently there are many problem-oriented models (simulation, optimization, expert) containing various quantitative indicators and methods for determining effectiveness aimed at finding economically feasible management solutions and providing for their subsequent practical implementation. However, a unified methodological understanding on the issues of evaluating the effectiveness of large-scale construction management has not yet been achieved. The purpose of the study is a methodological justification of a holistic approach to evaluating the effectiveness of a large-scale construction management system. As a working hypothesis, the assumption of a direct inextricable link between the integrity of the management system and the effectiveness of its functioning is accepted. The conceptual framework of the theory of integrity, mathematical statistics, and set theory is used within the framework of a systematic approach. As a result of the conducted research, an understanding of the effectiveness of large-scale construction management has been developed as the integrity of the solutions embedded in it, expressed by a set of any assessments that adequately express the need and possibility of implementing these solutions. The economic aspect of the systemic efficiency of capital management of a construction enterprise is investigated and a variant of its cost (monetary) assessment is proposed. The result obtained in the course of the study can be used as the basis for the development of a wide class of tasks for multi-criteria optimization of the operation of any large-scale construction management system throughout the full life cycle.

Perception, action, and the body model

In 1992, Goodale and Milner proposed to study the visual system based on function, thus dissociating vision for perception (ventral stream) and vision for action (dorsal stream). This became known as the Perception and Action model (PAM). Following the PAM in the visual system, a somatosensory PAM was proposed including a body representation for perception and a separate for action. This review explores the body model of the hand and how it relates to the PAM. The body model refers to the internal representation of the body that is responsible for position sense. Previous research has shown that the representation of the hand features systematic distortions: an overestimation of hand width and an underestimation of finger length. These distortions have been reported using different paradigms, different body parts, and in various settings. Thus, body model distortions appear to be a characteristic of human body representation. If the body model of the hand is distorted, how can actions like reaching and grasping be accurate? We review evidence that body model distortions may in fact provide a functional benefit to our actions, that cortical maps in the somatosensory and motor cortices reflect these distortions, and that actions rely on a distorted body model. We argue that the body model is a product of both the ventral and dorsal somatosensory streams. Further, we suggest that the body model is an example of the inextricable link between the two streams.