Inexpensive Disks Research Articles

Implementation of Live Forensic Method on Fusion Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and Solid State Drive (SSD) RAID 0 Configuration TRIM Features

One of the solutions used for access speeds is to maximize non-volatile storage functions by a conventional Hard Disk Driver with Solid State Drive that has the TRIM architecture using the Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks 0 configuration or the commonly known RAID 0. RAID 0 is a stripping technique that has the highest speed among other RAID configurations. However, this configuration has a disadvantage in that when there is damage to one of the storage disks all the data will be corrupted and lost. It's becoming one of the challenges in digital forensic investigation when it comes to computer crime. Furthermore, this research uses experimental practices using live forensic methods to perform analysis and examination against the merger of HDD and SSD configuration RAID 0 TRIM features. The expected is an overview of the characteristics of recovery capability to find out the authenticity integrity values of files that have been lost or permanently deleted on both TRIM SSD functions disable and enable. Furthermore, this research is expected to be a solution for the experimental and practical investigation of computer crime especially in Indonesia given the increasing development of technology that is directly compared with the rise in computer crime.

A STUDY ON LINUX KERNEL MODIFICATION FOR PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF SSD WEAR-OUT-AWARE SYSTEM

This study aims to improve the solid-state drive (SSD) wear-out-aware system by modifying the virtual file system (VFS) layer of the Linux kernel. Recently, according to the usage of big data and the development of artificial intelligence, the public can access it from a general PC rather than a research center. They installed several large-capacity SSDs required for learning individually or in a redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) 0 format on a PC to store the desired large amount of data. When multiple SSDs are connected and used, if one SSD suffers from wear-out, the input/output performance of other SSDs is adjusted to the corresponding device. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that wear out occurs evenly across multiple SSDs to prevent performance deterioration of the entire system. In this paper, we propose a method of distributing I/O to each SSD by modifying VFS layer of the Linux kernel to improve performance when the SSDs with the same performance but different performance due to wear-out. In other words, VFS was changed to detect each SSD wear out and distribute I/O to SSDs according to the performance ratio in a user-transparent way. Through the experimental results, when using the modified Linux kernel proposed in the paper, we found that the performance improved by 52% in the read and write functions compared to the original Linux kernel. Additionally, compared to RAID 0, it was found that there was a performance improvement of 26% in the read function and 16.7% in the write function. Keywords: Linux Kernel, Solid-State Drive, Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, Virtual File System DOI： https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.58.1.40

Cloud-oriented fault tolerance technique based on resource state

In this paper, we propose a new cloud reactive fault management technique called Hybrid Redundant Array of Independent resources for cloud computing (H_RAIC). The latter uses a new concept called Redundant Array of Independent resources for cloud computing (CRAIR), which is inspired by a powerful conventional technique called Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID). H_RAIC takes into consideration the cloud resources state and aims to satisfy both cloud users and cloud provider requirements. Our solution was compared with the replication technique which represents a specific case of CRAIR, and with other CRAIR levels defined in this paper. The results show that our technique is a promising solution, that can be used to meet both user and provider requirements.

IoT Edge Data Retrieval System for Big Data Analytics in Smart Retail S tores

An IoT Edge system is to collect the sensor, set point and other device data with the help of micro controller and send those to IoT Hub via Edge Hub. The Building Management System (BMS) playing major role to control, communicate between various devices such as sensors, actuators with user interfaces, consumers and other technical devices. Commercial buildings like retail stores have two important systems called HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) and refrigeration control. The proposed IoT Edge system collects the various device data via BAS and send it to IoT Hub. IoT Hub is a secure and two-way communication service system between the IoT Edge and the cloud platform where we can process telemetry data generated from sensor devices. IoT Edge helps to a computing near datasource. IoT Edge agent monitor and control all the modules running on it. With high speed internet connection users can access information and computational resources from anywhere in the world. Cloud platform can supply a range of Virtual machines with shared resources with big power and storage using inexpensive disks, which are much necessary for enterprise applications with Big Data. Disks.

Mobile Cloud Storage Over 5G: A Mechanism Design Approach

In order to meet the increasing demand for the data storage, 5G wireless networks embodying mobile edge computing (MEC) features arise as a compelling solution. In this paper, the dense heterogeneous network (HetNet) and the MEC infrastructure are exploited to propose a mobile cloud storage framework that minimizes the data transmission delay. The proposed framework is composed of two parts: A data management with error correction (DMEC) scheme, and a radio resource management (RRM) scheme. The DMEC scheme, derived from the redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) technology, is implemented in the user equipment (UE) side, and it intelligently exploits the overlapping coverage of HetNet to minimize the transmission delay. On the other hand, the RRM scheme, based on mechanism design, presents the physical resource block allocation problem as a graph coloring problem and performs the radio resource allocation in multiuser scenario to maximize the network performance. The RRM scheme also comprises a pricing algorithm, which calculates the price a UE needs to pay for the resources. The proposed RRM scheme exhibits several desirable characteristics such as incentive compatibility, efficiency, and truthfulness, all derived from the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanism. Simulation results are presented, showing that the proposed framework when compared to baseline techniques, minimizes the transmission delay by $10^2$ %, which places our proposal as effective and efficient solution for the mobile cloud storage problem.

Development of Full-Featured 8K Recorder

NHK has been researching a full-featured 8K ultrahigh-definition television system with a high frame rate of 120 Hz (8K/120 Hz) for future broadcasting. We have developed 8K encoder and decoder boards that support a popular video codec widely used in nonlinear editing (NLE). Installing these boards into our prototype 8K recorder realizes realtime 8K/120 Hz compression and decompression. The recorder can store 60 min of a compressed stream in a single removable memory with solid-state drives. We constructed an 8K post-production system and performed an 8K/120 Hz editing experiment with the recorded content. In the system, an NLE machine was connected to Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) devices through a high-speed interface appropriate for transferring a compressed 8K/120 Hz source. Common NLE software was used that works with 4K/60 Hz video reproduced from original 8K files by applying the resolution scalable decoding function of the codec, and the edited scenes were finally rendered at 8K/120 Hz system. With the 8K/120 Hz NLE system, approximately 350 min of footage was handled, and more than 100 min of content was mastered. To perform an 8K full-frame preview at editing sites, we also developed a peripheral playout module that incorporates a decoder for the recording codec and 8K/60 Hz output interface (quad-link 12G-SDI) in a single Peripheral Component Interconnect express (PCIe) card. By driving two modules in parallel, we achieved realtime 8K/120 Hz playout in a workstation. Furthermore, a compact removable memory with a nonvolatile memory express interface for offering good connectivity with editing systems was prototyped. These achievements can provide cost-efficient editing and playout, which makes 8K/120 Hz post-production more convenient than ever before.

A Fast Approach to Scale Up Disk Arrays With Parity Declustered Data Layout by Minimizing Data Migration

Parity declustering is widely deployed in erasure-coded storage systems so as to provide fast recovery and high data availability. However, to perform scaling on such redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAIDs), it is necessary to preserve parity declustered data layout so as to preserve the properties after scaling. Unfortunately, existing scaling algorithms fail to achieve this goal so they cannot be applied for scaling RAIDs with parity declustering. To address this challenge, we develop an efficient online scaling scheme called parity declustering scaling (PDS), which employs an auxiliary balanced incomplete block design to define the data migration so as to preserve parity declustered data layout. Furthermore, PDS can also be applied to scale RAIDs for improving reliability and/or storage efficiency as options by allocating more parity blocks and/or data blocks in stripes. We provide theoretical proofs to formally show that PDS preserves parity declustered data layout, and achieves uniform distributions of data and parity blocks after scaling while requiring only the minimal data migration. We implement PDS in Linux kernel 3.14.72 and evaluate its performance with real-world traces. The results show that PDS can reduce 82.37 percent of scaling time and 18.25 percent of user response time during scaling on average, compared with “moving-everything” round-robin approach adapted to achieve parity declustered data layout after scaling.

Energy-aware RAID scheduling methods in distributed storage applications

A dynamic power management (DPM) method makes power-mode-related decisions based on the information available at runtime (online) or before (offline). This paper proposes energy-aware RAID scheduling methods to reduce energy consumption for distributed storage applications using both online and offline DPM strategies. The proposed energy-aware redundant array of inexpensive disk (RAID) scheduling method differs from the existing RAIDs method in that it separately strips data and parity blocks and switches the power mode from active to idle or standby while storage applications are not performing any physical I/O operations. Traditional DPM schedulers are applied for a single logical I/O operation or multiple of the logical I/O operations (workload), whereas the proposed DPM scheduler is applied for physical I/O operations. Experimental results show that the proposed storage application reduces average energy consumption by 26–36% compared to existing storage applications.

A Hierarchical RAID Architecture Towards Fast Recovery and High Reliability

Disk failures are very common in modern storage systems due to the large number of inexpensive disks. As a result, it takes a long time to recover a failed disk due to its large capacity and limited I/O. To speed up the recovery process and maintain a high system reliability, we propose a hierarchical code architecture with erasure codes, OI-RAID, which consists of two layers of codes, outer layer code and inner layer code. Specifically, the outer layer code is deployed with disk grouping technique based on Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD) or complete graph with skewed data layout to provide efficient parallel I/O of all disks for fast failure recovery, and the inner layer code is deployed within each group of disks to provide high reliability. As an example, we deploy RAID5 in both layers to achieve fault tolerance of at least three disk failures, which meets the requirement of data availability in practical systems, as well as much higher speed up ratio for disk failure recovery than existing approaches. Besides, OI-RAID also keeps the optimal data update complexity and incurs low storage overhead in practice.

Reliability model of disk arrays RAID-5 with data striping

Within the scope of the this scientific paper, the simplified reliability model of disk arrays RAID-5 (redundant arrays of inexpensive disks) and an advanced reliability model offered by the authors taking into the consideration nonzero time of the faulty disk replacement and different failure rates of disks in normal state of the disk array and in degraded and rebuild states are discussed. The formula obtained by the authors for calculation of the mean time to data loss (MTTDL) of the RAID-5 disk arrays on basis of the advanced model is also presented. Finally, the technique of estimation of the initial reliability parameters, which are used in the reliability model, and the calculation examples of the mean time to data loss of the RAID-5 disk arrays for the different number of disks are also given.

Use of redundant arrays of inexpensive disks in orthodontic practice.

In a time when orthodontists are getting away from paper charts and going digital with their patient data and imaging, practitioners need to be prepared for a potential hardware failure in their data infrastructure. Although a backup plan in accordance with the Security Rule of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 may prevent data loss in case of a disaster or hard drive failure, it does little to ensure business and practice continuity. Through the implementation of a common technique used in information technology, the redundant array of inexpensive disks, a practice may continue normal operations without interruption if a hard drive fails.

A novel method for multipath routing using cross layer approach in vehicular adhoc networks

SummaryVehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is playing a vital role in recent research. Designing an effective routing protocol for VANET is a challenging task as the VANET nodes move very fast. The design of the routing protocol normally is particular to the specific topology. This paper proposes CLMR, a multipath routing protocol based on cross layer design and also using Redundant Array Inexpensive Disks (RAID). Cross layer is designed among application, network, Media Access Control, and physical layers. It is employed to reduce the end to end delay in network, and RAID is used to minimize the number of re‐transmissions. Three variations of RAID are implemented—Distributed Parity along Single path, Double Distributed Parity, and Distributed Parity among Multiple paths. Multipath routing protocol based on cross layer‐Distributed Parity along Single path recovers 1 packet loss per parity packet along the corresponding path, CLMR‐Double Distributed Parity recovers 2 packets per parity packet along the corresponding path, and CLMR‐Distributed Parity among Multiple paths recovers the packets of the failed path. The evaluation is carried out to test the Quality of Service parameters‐end to end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and number of retransmissions. The results projected show that the CLMR performs better when compared with the legacy protocol Adhoc On‐demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing.

High performance GPU‐based parity computing scheduler in storage applications

SummaryThis paper proposes a high‐performance graphics processing unit (GPU)‐based parity computing scheduler, which we call GPU‐redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID), to reduce the encoding and decoding time for storage applications. The proposed GPU‐RAID differs from existing RAID in that it performs additional pairwise‐parallel XOR operations between data code words in each data stripe by applying divide‐and‐conquer approach using extra reserved space and it also increases parallelism by processing multiple strips in parallel using multiple GPU threads. And so the proposed GPU‐RAID pipelines data blocks into solid‐state disks and parity blocks into hard disk drives at the target server. The proposed algorithm decreases the span complexity of the parity computation schedule to O(log2nw) where n is the number of disks and w is the number of code words in a block, and it can be applied to various types of erasure codes. Experimental results show that the proposed storage application (SA1) improves average encoding performance by 63%, and 41%, and average decoding performance by 58%, and 38%, compared with traditional storage applications GPUStore (SA3) and Gibraltar RAID(SA2), respectively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A solid state drive architecture with memory card modules

Solid State Drive (SSD) for the consumer market may not require extreme high performance, but it does want high density at a low cost. Redundant Array of Inexpensive (or Independent) Disks (RAID) are built up by a group of independent disk drives, not inside a disk drive. This makes a RAID system not as inexpensive as expected in the beginning and in the end the system often becomes expensive, large in size and complexity. It is not well suited for consumer applications. This paper proposes a new structure, to build up a high density SSD in a RAID system by using SD or MMC/ eMMC modules instead of independent drives. A SSD controller chip with embedded RAID (eRAID) multiple level functions was designed and applied to verify this proposal. By using this controller and eMMC modules, a redundant array of independent modules (RAIM) is built up as an inexpensive single drive and proven to work. The result revealed that a RAIM can be a single SSD drive as well as a micro-RAID system. By utilizing RAIM SSD units a more sophisticated RAID system can be constructed at lower costs and greater performance in a much smaller configuration, which is more suitable as home cloud storage, etc.

Energy-aware and intelligent storage features for multimedia devices in smart classroom

With the recent big-data processing in multimedia devices becoming a popular application, a fast and energy efficient storage area network system for smart classroom is required. Traditional storage management system for smart classroom show low performance when small read and write operations are executed. This paper proposes a smart classroom storage management system (SCSMS) which consists of new adaptive chunking and XOR reference matrix based erasure coding techniques for multimedia devices with higher input/output performance and low energy consumption. The SCSI initiator is installed in multimedia devices such as smart TVs, smart phones and personal computers. The proposed adaptive chunking and exclusive-or (XOR) reference matrix-redundant array of inexpensive disks (XRM-RAID)are provided at a target server based on flash array storage, respectively. Adaptive chunking differs from traditional chunking in that it reduces the number of read and write operations by merging small files into a united chunk. XRM-RAID differs from existing RAID in that it reduces the number of XOR operations to generate parity data in the RAID system. This paper provides web based monitoring application of the proposed SCSMS. Experimental results show that the energy consumption of the proposed SCSMS is improved by 32 %, 42 % and 58 % compared to Huang et al., Kim et al. and Scott et al. with respect to file size and buffer size. In terms of the average write throughput, the proposed SCSMS has higher performance by 22 %, 32 % and 56 % compared to Huang et al., Kim et al. and Scott et al. with respect to file size and buffer size.

Performance Analysis of RAIDs in Storage Area Network

Direct Attached Storage, Network Attached Storage and Storage Area Network are the different kind of networking and storage facilities used in different domains from small scale industries to large scale industries. Storage area network is a disk system concentrated on network which allows clients or servers to use the disk system as a local disk. The speed of transmission of data to and from these systems is a crucial element in measuring the availability and reliability of the services provided by the industry. The redundancy of data is very important to provide high data availability; this can be achieved by having RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) methods. This paper describes the performance analysis on RAID levels 0,1,5,6 and10 through IOR benchmark tests on SAN which is implemented using ATA(Advanced Technology Attachment) over Ethernet protocol AoE(ATA over Ethernet). All these tests were performed on eight, 2-TB SAS (Serial Attached Storage) hard drives.

Calibration Device Development for Spherical Solar Radiation Sensors

Measuring the solar radiation received by a plant canopy is necessary to analyze its physiological aspects. A spherical photodiode has been developed for this purpose. However, a horizontally set calibrated solarimeter using a flat type sensor cannot be used for calibration because it must remain unaffected by the cosine law. Therefore, an inexpensive automatic tracking solar disk system has been developed for the calibration of a spherical type solarimeter. A calibrated solarimeter was mounted on the tracking system and was inclined according to the altitude and the declination angle of the location on the day of the experiment. The system calibrated all four spherical solarimeters with high correlation coefficients . Some data exceed the so-called solar constant, which is measured similarly, but outside of the earth atmospheric layer because the device developed this time measured hemispherical solar radiation normal to the sun disk. Similar data were reported even from horizontal measurements.

A Method for RAID Availability Analysis Based on Bernoulli Trials

With the processing speeds of processors increasing rapidly, the inefficiency of disk I/O performance has been becoming the bottleneck of computer systems and network transmission. So, Redundant Arrays of Independent (or Inexpensive) Disks (RAID) with the purpose of promoting disks parallel accessing , disks space utilization and user data availability has been adopted by DAS and SAN, and has been applied widely. However, the more quantity and capacity that disks have, the more mistakes that would take place, so RAID availability analysis has become an important and urgent issue. The paper proposed a set of availability computational modeling for RAID storage system via Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution. On the basis of it, it can be analyzed that combination orders and methods have an effect on RAID availability in the state of mixed combination; it also can be analyzed that disk quantity is associated with RAID availability. Both of them provide powerful decision support and theoretical foundation for user selecting RAID construction solution, and help users save cost of storage.

Partial Parity Cache and Data Cache Management Method to Improve the Performance of an SSD-Based RAID

In this paper, a partial parity cache and data cache management method is presented for reducing the parity updating cost of a solid-state disk (SSD) based redundant array of inexpensive disk (RAID) system, thereby which the input/output (I/O) performance of the RAID system can be improved. SSDs have many advantages compared to hard disk drives. However, it is not advisable to directly add SSDs into a RAID system because doing so will decrease the performance and the life-time of the SSDs. In the RAID-5 system, parity generation includes read and write operations to the SSDs. Whenever there is a new write request to the RAID, the related parity must be updated and written to the SSDs. Such frequent parity updates result in poor RAID performance and shortens the life-time of the SSDs. This paper combines the prior methods and the proposed efficient buffer management method with a data cache. The proposed method reduces the number of read and write operations for generating parities in the RAID system. Experimental results show that the I/O performance of the RAID-5 system can be improved by 76% by using the proposed method.

Beyond MTTDL

We introduce a new closed-form equation for estimating the number of data-loss events for a redundant array of inexpensive disks in a RAID-6 configuration. The equation expresses operational failures, their restorations, latent (sector) defects, and disk media scrubbing by time-based distributions that can represent non-homogeneous Poisson processes. It uses two-parameter Weibull distributions that allows the distributions to take on many different shapes, modeling increasing, decreasing, or constant occurrence rates. This article focuses on the statistical basis of the equation. It also presents time-based distributions of the four processes based on an extensive analysis of field data collected over several years from 10,000s of commercially available systems with 100,000s of disk drives. Our results for RAID-6 groups of size 16 indicate that the closed-form expression yields much more accurate results compared to the MTTDL reliability equation and matching computationally-intensive Monte Carlo simulations.