Inexhaustible Energy Source Research Articles

Design, fabrication and performance assessment of a solar cooker with optimum composition of heat storage materials.

Solar energy as an inexhaustible source of energy has been the primary interest of many researchers for the last four to five decades due to its wide applications such as domestic cooking systems. The current work aims to determine the optimum cooker surface area with the aid of analytical heat loss and design equations. The top, bottom and side heat loss coefficients are calculated by an iterative procedure solved using MATLAB. Also, it seeks to obtain the performance parameters of a solar cooker having sensible heat storage materials. For an anticipated average solar irradiation of 800W/m2 and for boiling 1.5kg mass of water, the cooker surface area is found to be 0.36m2 and fabricated accordingly. Also, in this study, iron grits, sand, brick powder and charcoal powder are taken in the optimum ratio (mass) of 1:2:2:3 respectively as heat storage material. The performance indicators namely first and second figures of merit (F1 and F2), thermal and exergy efficiency are found to be 0.085, 0.319, 16.1% and 0.61% respectively. It is found that water temperature in the developed thermal energy storage incorporated solar cooker is maintained above 70°C until 6 PM in a day.

Comparative studies of the longan leaf pigment extraction as a photosensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells’ purpose

Renewable energy is the main key to production, long-term environmental sustainability, and safe and inexhaustible energy source. One of the interesting devices of renewable energy that has received considerable attention as an alternative technology is dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), which is considered the third generation of solar cells. These solar cells can convert solar radiation into electric current by using natural pigments as sensitizers by using natural pigments in the regulation of solar energy, which is similar to the photosynthesis process of the plant. Thus, this study results recommend that the fresh longan extraction method (original) has the highest pigment extraction yields of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoids that were 88.055 ± 0.424 μg/ml, 26.178 ± 0.343 μg/ml, and 16.307 ± 0.564 μg/ml, respectively, and suitable for preparation as a photosensitizer for the DSSC production. Dye addition to semiconductor improves the basicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2), leading to enhanced dye adsorption and UV–vis spectroscopy measurements confirmed. Dye absorption range is 400–700 nm visible on a solar spectrum and significant adsorption onto the semiconductor surface. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis described that the extract encourages the formation of large crystals of the dye into the layers of TiO2. Therefore, the use of these extracts would increase efficiency and reduce production costs for the manufacture of DSSC.

Optimal sizing and techno-enviro-economic feasibility assessment of large-scale reverse osmosis desalination powered with hybrid renewable energy sources

Seawater desalination is a viable source of potable water, particularly for the coastal and remote areas. However, their sustainability is limited by the intensive energy demand of the present methods. Renewable energy is an inexhaustible source of energy, accompanied by cost reduction benefits and clean power generations. Seawater desalination powered with renewable energy sources is being attractive, mainly if the utility-grid is absent. This paper aims to design a renewable energy system, to meet the electrical load demand of large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plant (1500 m3/d), and to find the optimal sizing and techno-economic and environmental feasibility assessment of several off-grid power systems. Two off-grid scenarios with different combinations of hybrid power systems were proposed and compared with the base-case of diesel. The first scenario consists of a photovoltaic, wind turbine, diesel, and generator, while the second scenario is equipped with battery storage devices. A total of eleven hybrid renewable energy systems were modelled, analyzed, and compared with the aid of HOMER Pro software to identify the best performance and the optimal plan configuration. The optimization results show that the proposed photovoltaic/wind/diesel/battery/convertor system outperformed the other alternatives and exhibited reduction potential of 60.7%, 73.7%, 62% and 81.5% lower than the existing diesel with regards to the net present cost, renewable fraction, cost of energy, and carbon dioxide emission, respectively. The optimum case consists of 451 kW solar panels, 25 wind turbines, 250 kW diesel power, battery storage of 352 string, and 358 kW system converter. The results obtained by the optimal plan with low cost and environmental protection aspects would provide a new sight for real field applications of large scales reverse osmosis applications.

Effect Of Panel Position And Angle On Photovoltaic Panel Characteristics

Enerji kaynaklarının hızla tükendiği ve enerji verimliliğinin her geçen gün daha da önemli olduğu günümüzde yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının temel unsuru olan güneşten maksimum faydayı sağlamak ve güneşten faydalanan sistemlerin daha anlaşılır hale gelmesi hakkında çalışmalar yapmak kaçınılmazdır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından olan fotovoltaik hücreler içinde bulunan yarı iletken malzemeler vasıtasıyla güneş ışınımını elektrik enerjisine dönüştürmektedir. Bitmez tükenmez bir enerji kaynağı olarak anılan güneşten maksimum faydanın sağlanması ve güneş ışınlarından enerji elde edilmesi konusu bilim insanlarının temel ilgi alanlarından birisi haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada da yapay bir ışık kaynağı kullanılarak 120 W gücündeki bir fotovoltaik panelin yapay ışık kaynağı ile fotovoltaik paneller arasındaki mesafe (0.8 m-1.4 m-2 m) ve yapay ışık kaynağı ile fotovoltaik paneller arasındaki açının (0°- 20°- 40°) değişimi ile fotovoltaik panel karakteristiği arasında deneysel bir çıkarım yapmak üzere çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar yapay ışık kaynağı ile fotovoltaik panel arasındaki mesafenin artması ile güç üretiminin azaldığını ve fotovoltaik panel ile yapay ışık kaynağı arasındaki açının artışı ile güç üretiminin azaldığını göstermiştir.

Emerging Nanomaterials for Light‐Driven Reactions: Past, Present, and Future

Emerging Nanomaterials for Light‐Driven Reactions: Past, Present, and Future

Recent progress for hydrogen production by photocatalytic natural or simulated seawater splitting

Solar energy is an inexhaustible renewable energy source. Among the various methods for solar energy conversion, photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) production is considered as one of the most promising ways. Since Fujishima pioneered this field in 1972, photocatalytic water splitting to produce H2 has received widespread attention. Up to now, abundant semiconductor materials have been explored as photocatalysts for pure water splitting to produce H2. However, photocatalytic seawater splitting is more in line with the concept of sustainable development, which can greatly alleviate the problem of limited freshwater resource. At present, only few studies have focused on the process of H2 production by photocatalytic seawater splitting due to the complex composition of seawater and lack of suitable photocatalysts. In this review, we outline the most recent advances in photocatalytic seawater splitting. In particular, we introduce the H2 production photocatalysts, underlying mechanism of ions in seawater on photocatalytic seawater splitting, current challenges and future potential advances for this exciting field.

Конструювання політичних партій нового покоління (Constructing New-Generation Political Parties)

Конструювання політичних партій нового покоління (Constructing New-Generation Political Parties)

Pythagorean Fuzzy SWARA–VIKOR Framework for Performance Evaluation of Solar Panel Selection

The age of industrialization and modernization has increased energy demands globally. Solar energy has been recognized as an inexhaustible source of energy and has been applied for desalination and electricity generation. Among different non-conventional energy resources, Solar Energy (SE) is one of the main contributors to the global energy system. A photovoltaic system (PS) is applied to produce SE using photovoltaic cells. The selection of a solar panel includes many intricate factors involving both subjective and quantifiable parameters; therefore, it can be regarded as a complex Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) problem. As the uncertainty commonly occurs in the selection of an ideal solar panel, the theory of Pythagorean fuzzy sets has been proven as one of the flexible and superior tools to deal with the uncertainty and ambiguity that arise in real-life applications. The aim of the study is to present an MCDM framework for solving the Solar Panel Selection (SPS) problem within the Pythagorean fuzzy (PF) environment. For this, first, a new integrated method is proposed based on the Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and VlseKriterijumska Optimizcija I Kaompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) approaches in the Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) context. In the proposed approach, subjective weights of the evaluation criteria are calculated by the SWARA method, and the preference order of alternatives is decided by the VIKOR method in the PF context. The criteria weights evaluated by this approach involve the imprecision of experts’ opinions, which makes them more comprehensible. The computational procedure of the proposed methodology is established through a case study of the SPS problem under PF environment, which proves the applicability and efficiency of the proposed method. Furthermore, this study performs sensitivity analysis to reveal the stability of the developed framework. This analysis signifies that the solar panel option R4 constantly secures its highest ranking despite how the parameter values vary. In addition, a comparative study is discussed to analyze the validity of the obtained result. The results show that the proposed approach is more efficient and applicable with previously developed methods in the PFS environment.

Design and Simulation of High-Gain DC-DC Converter using P&O Algorithm with Bi-Directional Converter for Minimum Voltage Standalone Solar PV System

The inexhaustible source of energy which produced from sun through radiation and it is readily available source at free of cost. Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) systems are used as a primary source to produce power. The solar PV system needs DC-DC converter with enhanced voltage gain as well as efficiency. A typical DC-DC converter provides constrained gain and productivity as increase in requirements. For organization of battery Bidirectional converter is used which allows the energy flow in both the direction. The complete working of below voltage PV system and battery that is used are worked by using various dc converters from which the efficiency and gain level can be improved. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is employed to receive peak power from solar PV by sustaining DC line voltage and satisfy power requirements. The perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is mostly used to obtain the high voltage from solar PV. The entire framework is designed and simulated using MATLAB-Simulink toolbox.

Enhancing the thermal performance of solar collectors using nanofluids

Solar energy remains the most ubiquitous and inexhaustible source of energy. This energy can be utilized by several approaches including the use of solar collectors. Several studies have illustrated that the efficiency of solar collectors can be significantly improved by the introduction of nanofluids which have shown improved thermal conductivity up to 160% with a subsequent reduction in greenhouse gases such as CO2. To produce nanofluids, nanoparticles such as Al2O3, hybrid ZnO + Al2O3, and metals (Al, Cu) particles are dispersed into the based fluids such as water, glycerol, and bio-fluids. The added nanoparticles enhance the viscosity, absorption rate, convective heat transfer coefficient and heat losses of the fluid. The performance of details the applications and effectiveness of different nanofluids in four types of solar collectors - parabolic trough, flat plate, direct absorption, and evacuated tube. In addition, the work sheds light on the future trend and challenges of nanofluids (including toxicity) in solar collectors. Regardless of its toxicity, researchers have shown more interest in nanofluids use in solar collectors because of its strong sustainability to a safe environment and the exploration of hybrid nanofluids to better enhance solar collectors. Solar collectors can also be modulated by using different nanofluids at varying concentrations.

Integrating AHP and GIS as a decision-making tool for the optimal allocation of wind farm: A case study of Syria

Nowadays, renewable energy is commonly applied to ensure a sustainable development and minimize the reliance on fossil fuels. Wind is considered as one of the most significant inexhaustible sources of energy for power generation through turbines. However, choosing an appropriate site of wind farm and designing a turbine array to fit it are a key issue to success as expected. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology has been widely accepted in a number of areas as a decision support system based on analyzing geospatial data to facilitate reaching desired results in shorter time and less cost. The process of establishing the best-suited location of wind parks require analysis of spatial multi-criteria within a GIS environment using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This research focuses on defining the main factors that influence wind energy development and presents GIS-based land suitability analysis model to determine the optimal allocation of wind farm in Syria. As a part of this study, the procedure of designing geodatabase for wind power plants is illustrated that includes conceptual, logical, and physical design phases. The results show efficiency of the integrated technique in site suitability evaluation of the presented case.

Broadband solar energy absorber based on monolayer molybdenum disulfide using tungsten elliptical arrays

Solar energy as an inexhaustible source of clean energy has attracted more and more attention. As an important way to collect source of energy, solar absorber is widely reported and studied. However, how to efficiently absorb the solar energy in the solar radiation range is a long-term perplexing problem. In this work, we propose a new type of broadband solar energy absorber based on monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Tungsten (W) elliptical arrays are introduced into the structure to enhance its absorption. By exciting local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) between monolayer MoS2 and tungsten elliptical arrays, ultra-broadband solar energy absorber with high absorption rate is obtained. Theoretical calculation by a finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) shows that absorption with a bandwidth of 1750 nm from about 280 nm to 2030 nm has been achieved. The peak values of resonance wavelength at 1275 nm and 1885 nm are both greater than 99%. Our absorber also has good polarization independence and incidence insensitivity, which provides a theoretical basis for its work in the actual solar environment and possibilities for its application in other solar devices. The inspiration for proposed absorber can also be applied to other transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs).

Development of an Improved LMD Method for the Low-Frequency Elements Extraction from Turbine Noise Background

Given the prejudicial environmental effects of fossil-fuel based energy production, renewable energy sources can contribute significantly to the sustainability of human society. As a clean, cost effective and inexhaustible renewable energy source, wind energy harvesting has found a wide application to replace conventional energy productions. However, concerns have been raised over the noise generated by turbine operating, which is helpful in fault diagnose but primarily identified for its adverse effects on the local ecosystems. Therefore, noise monitoring and separation is essential in wind turbine deployment. Recent developments in condition monitoring provide a solution for turbine noise and vibration analysis. However, the major component, aerodynamic noise is often distorted in modulation, which consequently affects the condition monitoring. This study is conducted to explore a novel approach to extract low-frequency elements from the aerodynamic noise background, and to improve the efficiency of online monitoring. A framework built on the spline envelope method and improved local mean decomposition has been developed for low-frequency noise extraction, and a case study with real near-field noises generated by a mountain-located wind turbine was employed to validate the proposed approach. Results indicate successful extractions with high resolution and efficiency. Findings of this research are also expected to further support the fault diagnosis and the improvement in condition monitoring of turbine systems.

First and High Order Sliding Mode Control of a DFIG-Based Wind Turbine

Wind energy has many advantages, because it does not pollute and is an inexhaustible source of energy. In this paper, we study the dynamical behavior of the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) with MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithm and a pitch control, using a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The DFIG stator is directly linked to the grid; the rotor is connected via a back-to-back converter. To ensure a maximal power extraction, we use the MPPT algorithm combined with a PI controller to generate the maximum power and to force the system to work at the maximum operation point. The pitch control is used to protect the Wind Turbine (WT) against high wind speed. Field Oriented Control (FOC) based on a Sliding Mode (SM) first order and high order (super-twisting) are compared. These schemes control the stator active and reactive powers as well as the stator power factor and improve the power quality injected in the grid. Simulations illustrate the active and reactive power control of the HAWT by adjusting the rotor voltages of the DFIG. We choose the two rotor currents to define the sliding surfaces, in order to avoid the measurement of the electromagnetic torque and stator active and reactive powers. Adequate simulations results with Matlab-Simulink of the whole system including the MPPT algorithm, pitch control and SM controllers are presented and discussed.

Chlorella vulgaris sp. microalgae as a feedstock for biofuel

As need of energy is increasing, day by day reserves of fossil fuels are exhausting and use of non-renewable fuels causes setting pollution, there's have to boost the utilization of alternation inexhaustible source of energy. Among renewable resources biodiesel is one of significant biofuel. Microalgae are well known as a promising tool for biofuel production like a renewable energy source that can be converted to biofuel. In the current study, possibility of green algae like a possible feedstock for biodiesel output continues to be evaluated. Entire 113 isolates from four samples of microalgae collected from various localities of Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu, were screened for biodiesel production. Biomass fatty acid, yield, lipid comfortable composition as well as optimum problems for lipid production for microalgae are generic/specie unique. Chlorella vulgaris is examined as ideal applicants for biodiesel production on the foundation of biomass yield, lipid written content in addition to quality of lipids. There's should lengthen the work for mass cultivation of these microalgae on cost substrates that are low therefore price of biomass output may be lowered.

The Effect of Humidity and Temperature on the Efficiency of Solar Power Panel Output in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area (L.G.A), Nigeria

Solar energy is a large inexhaustible source of energy were the power from the sun intercepted by the Earth is over a trillion watt, which is many thousand times larger than the present consumption rate on the earth of all commercial energy sources. The sun could supply all the present and future energy need, presently the major way of extracting this energy is through solar panel and the efficiency of the energy conversion is in high consideration. Research has revealed that different factors can affect the efficiency of the panel, using a DT830B Digital Multi-meter and HTC-1 Clock/Temperature/Hygrometer on a Dp-Li21 polycrystalline solar panel. This work took the liberty of analyzing the effect of humidity and temperature on the efficiency of the solar panel. The result obtained shows that current production is highly aided by temperature within 42-45ºC and humidity below 35% and voltage production remains fairly stable with temperature below 42ºC and humidity below 60% while the power production is fairly stable with humidity below 40% and maximum with temperature at 45ºC, for power production on a panel mounted and to be mounted to be within maximum range, this analysis is to be carried out and put into consideration.

Design of Digitally Controlled DC-DC Boost Converter for the Operation in DC Microgrid

Renewable energy sources (RESs) are becoming increasingly important day by day to tranquilize the world’s energy crisis and consume fossil fuels in the lower rung. A microgrid system that assimilates clean and green energy-based sources such as solar, wind, and biogas is acquiring much prominence over the conventional grid-based power systems in this day and age. For the up and running of the inexhaustible energy sources in the AC power network, numerous conversions of the power sources occur. In the process of conversion, some amount of power is lost, which minimizes conversion efficiency. However, with the increasing use of DC loads and Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), DC Microgrid could be more beneficial than the conventional AC power system by avoiding several types of drawbacks. This paper demonstrates an efficient system of digitally controlled boost converter for the parallel operation in DC microgrid. Here, the converter of 2.5kW 400V is designed and implemented to validate its functioning in a Microgrid. The whole system has been simulated in MATLAB with an input voltage range of 220–380 V. It has been found that the designed converter can maintain the desired output voltage in the DC Busbar at and around 400 V. Finally, some simulation results have been presented to analyze the converter’s operational characteristics and effectiveness in the practical domain.

Aerostatic Way of Harvesting High Altitude Wind Energy

Renewable energy system in electrical power generation is one of important field of electrical engineering due to its source is natural, reusable and environmental pollution free and cost free. There are renewable energies such as wind, solar and so on. The wind is a free, clean, and inexhaustible energy source. It has served mankind well for many centuries by propelling ships and driving wind turbines to pump water. It has become one of the most attractive energy system in several decades due to rich availability. The important proposed contribution in this work is to enhance the efficiency of renewable energy using AEROSTATIC WAY OF HARVESTING WIND ENERGY that allows turbines to capture as much as possible wind by increase in the altitude at which is the turbine is placed. Which is done by attaching the turbine to aerostat and the aim of the study is to extract maximum energy of the turbine and transmit it to grid, storage device with suitable converters and controllers.

Radiogenic heat production variations in the Gonghe basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for the origin of high-temperature geothermal resources

Hot dry rock is an almost inexhaustible source of geothermal energy. Since the first attempt to extract thermal energy from hot dry rock in America in the 1970s, successive studies have been conducted in many countries. Recently, high-temperature rock (exceeding 180 °C) was drilled in the Gonghe basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, marking a significant breakthrough in the exploration of hot dry rock resources in China. A proper understanding of the origin of the hot dry rock in the Gonghe basin is essential to the evaluation of the geothermal resource potential and to the establishment of an enhanced geothermal system in the basin.In the present research, we attempt to seek clues from the radiogenic heat production of the rocks. In all, 52 core samples collected from the main boreholes in the Gonghe basin were measured for the concentrations of radioisotopes. The heat production values were determined to be 1.21–2.02 μW m−3 for the sedimentary rocks, yielding an arithmetic mean of 1.67 ± 0.29 μW m−3, and 1.17–5.81 μW m−3 for the basal granitic rocks, yielding a mean of 3.20 ± 1.07 μW m−3. The results show that the radiogenic heat production of the granitic rocks is approximately that of global Mesozoic-Cenozoic granites, which is further corroborated by an extensive compilation of heat production data for granitic rocks in the immediate vicinity of the study area (average of 2.07 ± 0.97 μW m−3, n = 136). Based on the heat production data sets combined with available geological and geophysical information, the crustal heat production contribution is determined. The results show that the heat contribution from the crust is about 48.3 mW m−2, accounting for ∼47.3% of terrestrial heat flow. Compared with the regional background heat flow, the high heat flow in the Gonghe basin may be attributed to an additional heat flow contribution (∼27 mW m−2) from a heat anomaly (probably related to partial melting) at shallow depth, which is evidenced by the low-resistivity anomalies in the magnetotelluric survey results. Thus, this study emphasizes that the anomalous heat flow and the hot dry rock geothermal resources in the Gonghe basin may be the combined effects of the radiogenic heat contribution from the thickened crust and the heat contribution from a local heat anomaly beneath the Gonghe basin.

Efficient photocatalytic degradation of toxic Alizarin yellow R dye from industrial wastewater using biosynthesized Fe nanoparticle and study of factors affecting the degradation rate

Development of highly robust and solar-light-responsive photocatalysts for the disposal of organic dyes from wastewater is a matter of great significance in order to solve the problems of water pollution. Solar-driven photocatalytic degradation of dyes is considered as a quite efficient, sustainable and cost-effective approach as it involved the inexhaustible and renewable source of energy. In photocatalytic processes, the generation of electron-hole pairs at the surface of the photocatalyst is accomplished by harvesting solar energy. The electron-hole pairs are converted into •OH radicals that are responsible for the degradation of dyes.Herein, we reported the synthesis of nanosized iron (FeNPs) using the aqueous fruit extract of Actinidia chinensis as a reducing as well as the stabilizing agent. The structure and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various advanced techniques. The TEM micrographs showed that the synthesized FeNPs was predominantly cubic and rod-shaped having the size in the range of 91.78–107 nm. The as-prepared FeNPs were acted as effective photocatalysts and their photocatalytic activity evaluated against alizarin yellow R (AYR) dye. The effect of different reaction conditions such as temperature, pH, time and catalyst loading on photocatalytic degradation of AYR dye was investigated under sunlight irradiation. The FeNPs showed promising photocatalytic activity and up to 93.7% of the dye was degraded in 42 h. The kinetics parameter of the reaction was also evaluated which showed that the photocatalytic degradation of AYR dye followed the pseudo-first-order reaction. In terms of better degradation, the role of FeNPs might be extended for the treatment of different organic dyes from wastewater.