Inertial Resistance Research Articles

Numerical Analysis of Aerodynamic Noise Reduction by Applying Porous Materials

Aerodynamic noise from bluff bodies is well reduced when they are covered with porous materials. In this study, presence of porous materials is modeled by momentum loss in the equation of fluid motion, and mathematical formulae for evaluating aerodynamic noise based on the theory of vortex sound are modified in order to include the effect. Flow around the cylinder covered with porous materials is calculated by LES techniques. When the inertial resistance factor C2 is set to 200[m-1], no vortex is shed periodically into the wake any longer and a region of zero-velocities is spread behind the cylinder, which forms stable shear layers. Time variations of the force exerted on the cylinder and the total momentum loss in the whole porous areas are also reduced at C2=200[m-1]. Flow through porous materials induces velocities in circumferential direction at the outer edge of the materials which weaken vortices of shear layers, and also induces velocities in radial direction which widen the space between two shear layers behind the model. Numerical analysis predicts the reduction of aerodynamic noise in the case of C2=200[m-1], which agrees qualitatively with experimental results. Although strong sound sources are formed around separation points in the case of the bare cylinder, stable flow around the cylinder with porous materials seems to suppress production of sound sources.

Efficacy of an inertial resistance training paradigm in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy in athletes: A case-series study

Study design Case-series study with pre- vs. post-test measurements design. Background Strength training programs emphasizing eccentric muscle actions have received much attention in the treatment of tendinopathies. The current study reports on the efficacy of a novel strength training paradigm using inertial eccentric-concentric resistance to treat chronic patellar tendinopathy. Case description Ten athletes with chronic patellar tendinopathy (15 tendons) volunteered for the study. Subjects completed a 6-week training program employing a leg press flywheel ergometer. Pre and post measurements assessed lower limb maximal strength and vertical counter-movement-jump (CMJ) height. Surface electromyography (SEMG) analysis of paraspinal, rectus femoris, biceps femoris and medial gastrocnemius muscles were collected. All measurements were performed one week before and after the training period. Clinical measures of pain and tendon function were assessed by means of a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a patellar tendinopathy questionnaire (VISA) at baseline, post-training and follow-up (12 wk). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was employed for data comparisons. Results Eccentric strength increased after training (90%, p < 0.05). Similarly, VAS and VISA scores improved after training as well (60% and 86%, respectively, p < 0.01). There were no changes in CMJ height. Conclusion Short-term training using inertial eccentric overload, resulted in improved muscle function and reduced subjective pain in long-lasting patellar tendinopathy.

The role of intrinsic factors in control of arm movement direction: implications from directional preferences

The role of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in control of arm movement direction remains under debate. We addressed this question by investigating preferences in selection of movement direction and whether factors causing these preferences have extrinsic or intrinsic nature. An unconstrained free-stroke drawing task was used during which participants produced straight strokes on a horizontal table, choosing the direction and the beginning and end of each stroke arbitrarily. The variation of the initial arm postures across strokes provided a possibility to distinguish between the extrinsic and intrinsic origins of directional biases. Although participants were encouraged to produce strokes equally in all directions, each participant demonstrated preferences for some directions over the others. However, the preferred directions were not consistent across participants, suggesting no directional preferences in extrinsic space. Consistent biases toward certain directions were revealed in intrinsic space representing initial arm postures. Factors contributing to the revealed preferences were analyzed within the optimal control framework. The major bias was explained by a tendency predicted by the leading joint hypothesis (LJH) to minimize active interference with interaction torque generated by shoulder motion at the elbow. Some minor biases may represent movements of minimal inertial resistance or maximal kinematic manipulability. These results support a crucial role of intrinsic factors in control of the movement direction of the arm. Based on the LJH interpretation of the major bias, we hypothesize that the dominant tendency was to minimize neural effort for control of arm intersegmental dynamics. Possible organization of neural processes underlying optimal selection of movement direction is discussed.

Existence of pressure driven wave

The phenomenon of pressure driven flames in inert porous media filled with a flammable gaseous mixture is considered in the present work. We focus on the travelling wave solutions arising in the adiabatic model of this phenomenon that was developed and studied in [2, 3, 5, 6]. We start with the simplest possible model which describes the combustion process in inert porous media in the absence of inertial effects, hydraulic resistance, and thermo conductivity. For this model, the existence and uniqueness of the subsonic reaction wave were proved under reasonable assumptions. This simplest model is characterized by the linear dependence of friction force on the velocity of gaseous mixture.

Surface integration method used on semi-solid surface for fan noise prediction.

As a continuation of previous work, the Ffowc-Williams and Hawkings model was applied to an axial fan that was operated under unfavorable inflow condition. A thin aluminum foam screen that is used as a treatment for disturbed inflow condition was included as a noise source in computational aeroacoustic simulation. The incompressible URANS model was used for the CFD simulation and the inflow foam was modeled as a homogeneous porous zone with permeability and inertial resistance factors found experimentally. Since the homogeneous porous zone defined in this way does not have a solid structure that could be used as a dipole noise source, the control surface integration method was applied to the surface of the homogeneous porous zone: i.e., to a surface right between the normal fluid zone and the porous zone. The unsteady pressure data on the control surface under the incompressible assumption was treated as representing pressure fluctuations on a semi-solid surface rather than as a representation of acoustic sources within the volume surrounded by the control surface.

Simulation of heat and mass transfer in activated carbon tank for hydrogen storage

The charging process of hydrogen storage tank based on bed of activated carbon in a steel container at room temperature (295 K) and medium storage pressure (10 MPa) is simulated with an axisymmetric geometry model using the finite volume commercial solver Fluent. The mass flux profile at the entrance is established using user-defined functions (UDFs). The heat and mass transfer processes in the cylindrical steel tank packed with activated carbon are discussed considering the influence of viscous resistance and inertial resistance of the porous media. The velocity distribution and its effect on the temperature distribution are analyzed. The effects of the flow rate at the inlet and of the adsorption factor on the charging process are studied. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach based on finite volume simulations is used. Results show that the temperature near the bottom of the tank is higher than that at the entrance, temperature in the center of the tank is higher than that near the wall and rises somewhat faster along the axial compared to the radial direction. The highest hydrogen absolute adsorption occurs at the entrance of the tank. A good agreement is found between the simulation results and the available experimental data. The maximum magnitude of the axial velocity is much higher than that of the radial component, resulting in more heat energy transfer along the axial direction than radial direction. In addition, the pressure reaches equilibrium earlier when the mass flow is higher, and the temperature reaches a maximum value faster.

Crush dynamics of square honeycomb thin rubber wall

Previous experimental study has proven that rubber honeycomb claddings with thin rubber core can be used to attenuate the water blast wave impinged onto ship hull. As a theoretical extension, the dynamic crush behavior of the square honeycomb core made by thin rubber wall is investigated in this paper. As the dynamic effects play a significant role in the behavior of core, several distinct dynamic effects are analyzed including inertial resistance, nonlinear elasticity, inertial stabilization of webs against buckling, and material viscosity. The influences of the initial imperfection shape and amplitude are discussed too. These effects are illustrated and quantified with the aid of detailed numerical calculations. Some preliminary attempts are also made on the theoretical prediction on the stress wave transmission process.

Simulation of odour dispersion downwind from natural windbreaks using the computational fluid dynamics standard k-ε modelA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.

If natural windbreaks create air turbulence and can help disperse odours from livestock operations, their dispersion effect has not been extensively researched. This paper introduces a model simulating odour dispersion downwind from natural windbreaks. The standard k-ε model of the FLUENT software was used to incorporate the effect of climatic conditions and windbreak structure. The model was calibrated for wind velocity recovery, odour concentration (OC) from field observations and inertial resistance. Once calibrated, the model accurately reproduced the odour plume developing downwind from the windbreak. The correlation between OC for 11 field trials and that simulated were statistically significant (P &lt; 0.01), indicating that the model was accurate. The model demonstrated that a windbreak did alter the magnitude and direction of the wind velocity, thus creating a pressure jump across its width. This pressure jump produces a strong downwind turbulence forming a mixing layer capable of enhancing odour dispersion.

Using Public Service Announcements to Change Behavior: No More Money and Oil Down the Drain1

Radio and television offer promising media for addressing large‐scale social problems. Unfortunately, very few mass‐media messages have utilized social psychological theories of persuasion and influence. This article summarizes 2 studies that evaluated the effectiveness of a state‐sponsored public service announcement aimed at reducing improper disposal of used motor oil among do‐it‐yourself oil changers. Study 1 was a field experiment with 120 oil changers in San Diego County. Inertial resistance and low perceived behavioral control were identified as obstacles to proper disposal. In Study 2, we used the disrupt‐then‐reframe technique to successfully overcome these obstacles and promote proper disposal of used oil. The results underscore the usefulness of empirically validated persuasion techniques in changing behavior via mass media.

Abstract P103: Effects of Chest Compression Pressure Field on Stroke Volume during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Hypothesis: The way that chest compressions generate blood flow remains unclear. Additionally, different mechanical chest compression devices may create different thoracic pressure fields. We hypothesize that three thoracic pressure fields, direct ventricular massage, cardiac pump, and thoracic pump, generate blood flow through different mechanisms resulting in different stroke volumes. Methods: The Donder’s model of the human cardiovascular system models vessels as resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuits, where the resistive component describes the viscous resistance to blood flow, the inductive component describes the inertial resistance to blood flow changes, and the capacitive component describes the elastic properties of the vessel. The model can account for effects of respiration on blood flow. Cardiac output for the three pressure fields was modeled using sinusoidal compression waveforms with maximum pressures between 25 and 150 mmHg. Results: The figure shows the dependence of stroke volume on the pressure maximum for the three pressure fields. Peak stroke volumes occur near 75 mmHg for ventricular massage, 125 mmHg for thoracic pump, and 25 mmHg for cardiac pump compressions. Ventricular massage and the cardiac pump model utilize the heart valves to generate blood flow. The thoracic pump model generates blood flow by utilizing the elastic differences between veins and arteries. Conclusions: The three pressure fields have unique values for optimum compression pressure. The Donder’s model may allow for rapid investigation of many pressure fields, pressure wave forms, and compression to ventilation ratios to accelerate the optimization of CPR.

Temporal Strength Changes From Resistance Exercise and Albuterol on Unloaded Muscle

To assess unloaded knee extensor temporal strength changes, healthy subjects without asthma performed 40 continuous days of unilateral limb suspension, whereby their left leg refrained from normal weight-bearing and ambulatory activity. During the 40-day period, subjects performed resistance exercise (REX) with their unloaded leg on an inertial resistance ergometer and, as part of a double-blind design, consumed the maximal oral therapeutic dosage of albuterol (i.e., 16 mg.d) or a placebo (i.e., lactose) with no crossover. Workout data were partitioned into 4 10-day periods that ran consecutively. Dependent strength variables included concentric total work, eccentric total work, concentric average power (CAP), and eccentric average power (EAP). Dependent variables were analyzed with 5 (time) x 2 (group) x 2 (gender) mixed factorial analyses of variance and the Tukey honestly significant difference test. Concentric total work, CAP, and EAP each demonstrated a time-group-gender (p < 0.05) interaction. Female REX-placebo subjects had the greatest percentage of unloaded knee extensor strength loss. However, female REX-albuterol subjects fared best throughout the 40-day period and incurred significant unloaded knee extensor strength gains. Differences in strength changes between male and female REX-albuterol subjects was likely due to the higher relative dosage administered to the latter, as body mass showed a gender (i.e., men > women) effect. Future research may elucidate the ideal dose-response relationship for REX-albuterol treatment for use aboard manned space flights and in other disuse models. Coaches and practitioners should carefully examine their sport-governing bodies' rules on albuterol administration and give the drug only if an athlete's health warrants such treatment.

Computational micromechanics of dynamic compressive loading of a brittle polycrystalline material using a distribution of grain boundary properties

A two-dimensional finite element model is used to investigate compressive loading of a brittle ceramic. Intergranular cracking in the microstructure is captured explicitly by using a distribution of cohesive interfaces. The addition of confining stress increases the maximum strength and if high enough, can allow the effective material response to reach large strains before failure. Increasing the friction at the grain boundaries also increases the maximum strength until saturation of the strength is approached. Above a transitional strain rate, increasing the rate-of-deformation also increases the strength and as the strain rate increases, fragment sizes of the damaged specimen decrease. The effects of flaws within the specimen were investigated using a random distribution at various initial flaw densities. The model is able to capture an effective modulus change and degradation of strength as the initial flaw density increases. Effects of confinement, friction, and spatial distribution of flaws seem to depend on the crack coalescence and dilatation of the specimen, while strain-rate effects are result of inertial resistance to motion.

Simulation of the effect of windbreaks on odour dispersion

Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models are capable of defining best management practices associated with the wide use of natural windbreaks to help disperse livestock odours. The Fluent shear stress transport (SST) k – ω model was used to simulate odour dispersion downwind from natural windbreaks and to test the effect of tree characteristics (tree porosity, type and height, and windbreak distance from the odour source). The airflow inertial resistance of windbreaks was defined as proportional to the square of the tree diameter. The SST k – ω model was initially calibrated for air velocity recovery rate on the downwind side of the windbreak, using a two-dimensional simulation. Following calibration with field odour measurements, the model was used to compare the size and length of odour plumes developing downwind from windbreaks with different tree characteristics and odour source position. With the air velocity recovery rate calibration, the SST k – ω model predicted the wind velocity profile with an acceptable error of 4.5%. The calibration of the SST k – ω model for odour dispersion required the use of a function transforming the simulated odour mass concentration into simulated absolute hedonic tone. Once calibrated for odour dispersion, the SST k – ω model was able to accurately predict odour concentration downwind from the windbreak. By comparison, the SST k – ω simulations indicated that a dense (aerodynamic porosity of 0.2 compared to 0.66) and tall (9.2 m compared to 4.6 m) natural windbreak produced a shorter odour plume, but the odour concentration immediately downwind from the windbreak was much higher. For the same aerodynamic porosity, tree type or structure had limited effect on odour plume size. As compared to a source located further away (60 m), an odour source located close (15 m) to the windbreak produced a shorter plume because a closer source resulted in less dilution upwind from the windbreak and a greater mass of odourous air trapped downwind from the windbreak. Thus, a tall and dense natural windbreak, located no more than 15 m downwind from the odour source, minimises the length of the odour plume, but increases the intensity of the odour level immediately downwind from its position.

Directional Biases Reveal Utilization of Arm's Biomechanical Properties for Optimization of Motor Behavior

Strategies used by the CNS to optimize arm movements in terms of speed, accuracy, and resistance to fatigue remain largely unknown. A hypothesis is studied that the CNS exploits biomechanical properties of multijoint limbs to increase efficiency of movement control. To test this notion, a novel free-stroke drawing task was used that instructs subjects to make straight strokes in as many different directions as possible in the horizontal plane through rotations of the elbow and shoulder joints. Despite explicit instructions to distribute strokes uniformly, subjects showed biases to move in specific directions. These biases were associated with a tendency to perform movements that included active motion at one joint and largely passive motion at the other joint, revealing a tendency to minimize intervention of muscle torque for regulation of the effect of interaction torque. Other biomechanical factors, such as inertial resistance and kinematic manipulability, were unable to adequately account for these significant biases. Also, minimizations of jerk, muscle torque change, and sum of squared muscle torque were analyzed; however, these cost functions failed to explain the observed directional biases. Collectively, these results suggest that knowledge of biomechanical cost functions regarding interaction torque (IT) regulation is available to the control system. This knowledge may be used to evaluate potential movements and to select movement of "low cost." The preference to reduce active regulation of interaction torque suggests that, in addition to muscle energy, the criterion for movement cost may include neural activity required for movement control.

Data reproducibility of an inertial resistance exercise device suggested for use during space travel

An exercise ergometer that employs two flywheels for inertial resistance was created to abate ankle extensor mass and strength losses incurred.with space flight. Unlike other flywheel- and inertia-based devices, the ergometer imparts muscle-lengthening resistance so that the ankle extensors may perform concentric and eccentric muscle actions within a single exercise repetition. Due to the unique manner the ergometer operates and the need to quantify workout data for the development of in-flight exercise protocols, instrumentation of the device is an important concern. After calculation of the flywheels' moment of inertia, a motor with a small rotary shaft and rubber wheel at its terminal end was mounted on the ergometer so that it stayed in contact with, and rotated concurrently with, a single flywheel. Voltage samples produced from changes in flywheel velocity were recorded on-line at 100 MHz. Exercise performance was assessed in healthy college-age subjects (n = 34) across two workouts spaced one week apart. Workouts entailed two sets often seated calf press repetitions as subjects were instructed to exert maximal voluntary effort. Multiple test-retest measures revealed the inertia] resistance ergometer, instrumented as described herein, elicits reproducible intra- and inter-workout performance data.

Efficient control of arm movements in advanced age

The present study addresses the influence of aging on the ability to regulate mechanical effects arising during arm movements due to the multi-joint structure of the arm. Two mechanical factors were considered, interaction torque (IT) and inertial resistance (IR). Regulation of these two factors can be demanding in terms of the timing and magnitude of the required muscle torque (MT), specifically during fast movements. We hypothesized that aging exacerbates the challenge regarding the regulation of these effects with muscular control due to declines in the motor system. This hypothesis was tested by comparing performance of a cyclic line-drawing task in two age groups, young and older adults. Only two joints, the shoulder and elbow, participated in motion. Four orientations of the lines were used to provide variations in the requirements for regulation of IT and IR. Cyclic frequency was manipulated to emphasize the dependence of the mechanical factors on movement speed. Various characteristics of fingertip motion showed that there were no age-related deteriorations in accuracy of line drawing. However, older adults were systematically slower, particularly in the directions of high IR. A detailed analysis of the magnitude of MT and the contribution of this torque to production of net torque at each joint demonstrated that older adults modified joint control and decreased the demands for MT by skillful exploitation of IT in a way specific for each particular line orientation. The results point to a tendency in older adults to decrease the production of muscle force. Nevertheless, older adults also demonstrated an ability to partially compensate for declines in the force production by developing sophisticated strategies of joint control that exploit the multi-joint mechanical structure of the arm. This ability suggests that the internal representation of inter-segmental dynamics and the capability to use it for movement control does not decay with age. The study emphasizes the importance of analysis of joint motion and control characteristics for the investigation of arm movements and for comparison of these movements between different subject populations.

Net caloric cost and electromyographic responses to seated leg presses performed against inertial resistance

An inertia-based ergometer is among the latest devices suggested to abate space flight-induced muscle deconditioning. The current study uses separate sets of subjects to assess net caloric cost (n = 14) and electromyography (EMG) (n = 46) responses to leg presses done on the ergometer. All subjects performed the eight-repetition protocol three times over a two-week period. Net caloric cost measurements entailed indirect calorimetry from O 2 uptakes resulting from exercise on the ergometer. EMG subjects provided first and eighth repetition work, root mean square (RMS) and mean power frequency (MPF) data. Work output was more correlated to net caloric cost (r = 0.83, p < 0.05) than were anthropometric variables. EMG subject data showed work had gender-by-muscle-action and repetition-by-muscle-action effects, with male concentric and first repetition concentric data responsible the respective interactions. From the first to the eighth repetition, eccentric work incurred insignificant changes. RMS had a repetition-by-muscle-action effect, with eighth eccentric repetition data the source of the interaction. MPF showed an effect for repetition (eighth < first). In lieu of significant eighth-repetition RMS and MPF changes, high-threshold lengthening motor unit recruitment and/or greater series elastic element activity may explain the lack of eccentric work losses.

Integrated Electromyography and Performance Outcomes to Inertial Resistance Exercise

Integrated electromyography (IEMG) and performance outcomes from resistance exercise may be influenced by gender, repetition order, and contractile mode. A novel strength training apparatus employing inertial resistance operates unlike standard exercise equipment and may therefore evoke different IEMG and performance outcomes. Subjects performed 3-set, 10-repetition calf press workouts on an inertial device while IEMG and flywheel velocity were recorded. Dependent variables were examined with 2 (men, women) x 2 (first vs. 10th repetition) x 2 (concentric, eccentric) analyses of variance. Performance outcomes showed gender-by-repetition and gender-by-contractile-mode interactions, with men's 10th-repetition and men's concentric data, respectively, causing these effects. Medial gastrocnemius (MG) IEMG showed a gender-by-repetition interaction resulting from men's first-repetition data. Greater 10th-repetition performance despite higher first-repetition MG IEMG may result from heightened triceps surae elastic energy utilization and/or maintained cross-bridges during transitions from lengthening-to-shortening actions. Inertial strength training may improve performance outcomes without additional motor unit recruitment.

Comparison of Joint Kinetics during Free Weight and Flywheel Resistance Exercise

The most common modality for resistance exercise is free weight resistance. Alternative methods of providing external resistance have been investigated, in particular for use in microgravity environments such as space flight. One alternative modality is flywheel inertial resistance, which generates resistance as a function of the mass, distribution of mass, and angular acceleration of the flywheel. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize net joint kinetics of multijoint exercises performed with a flywheel inertial resistance device in comparison to free weights. Eleven trained men and women performed the front squat, lunge, and push press on separate days with free weight or flywheel resistance, while instrumented for biomechanical analysis. Front squats performed with flywheel resistance required greater contribution of the hip and ankle, and less contribution of the knee, compared to free weight. Push presses performed with flywheel resistance had similar impulse requirements at the knee compared to free weight, but greater impulse requirement at the hip and ankle. As used in this investigation, flywheel inertial resistance increases the demand on the hip extensors and ankle plantarflexors and decreases the mechanical demand on the knee extensors for lower extremity exercises such as the front squat and lunge. Exercises involving dynamic lower and upper extremity actions, such as the push press, may benefit from flywheel inertial resistance, due to the increased mechanical demand on the knee extensors.

Defense Transformation and the 2005 Quadrennial Defense Review

At the end of the Cold War, America entered a new and unfamiliar global security environment. As the Department of Defense began to alter strategies and plans, it quickly became apparent that changes might have to be made across the defense establishment. This led in 1993 to the Bottom-Up Review, and, starting in 1997, to the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) process. As the Department of Defense enters its third QDR this year, it is important to understand how central the QDR has become to the work of the department--and how different this QDR is, compared to its predecessors. With a yearly budget in excess of $400 billion, the Department of Defense is perhaps the largest single bureaucracy in the world. Sheer size, as well as vested interests and old ways of thinking, tend to give large bureaucracies an inertial resistance to change. One of the tasks in the department this year is to ensure that the QDR can instead be an engine of continued transformation. The need to transform our military has elevated the role of the QDR from a tool of periodic refinement to a fulcrum of transition to a post-9/11 world. This article will explore what the QDR has become, how it is being processed, and what the Defense Department hopes it will achieve. The Modern History of US Defense Transformations It is rare in history for institutions at the height of their success to transform themselves in anticipation of new challenges, but the armed forces of the United States have done it before. Looking back at major defense transformations through our history, we can see that periods of concerted national effort to transform the military have tracked a cyclical pattern: New challenges lead the defense establishment to develop new strategies, which in turn leads to investments in capabilities appropriate to that strategy. In the 1930s, faced with the rise of aggressively expansionist regimes in Japan and Europe, the United States needed to prepare for the possibility of a new kind of conflict, and on a huge scale. We devised a strategy of both mass and speed, one that emphasized destroying the enemy's industrial capacity as much as its forces in the field. Accordingly, the United States invested heavily in amphibious warfare, carrier-based air power, a strategic bombing force, and an industrial base to support mechanized warfare. In the nuclear age, faced with a global threat from the Soviet Union, we had to transform the military to integrate nuclear and conventional forces, dramatically increasing its power and scope to maintain a strategy of containment and the capability for massive retaliation. In the 1980s, America embarked on a series of competitive strategies meant to expose fissures in the military establishment and strategic posture of the Soviet Union, in the hopes--successfully as it turned out--of stressing them beyond their breaking point in their competition with the United States. In each of these cases, a new set of strategic problems led to new strategic thinking and then to sweeping transformation in the structure, posture, weapon systems, and tactical doctrines of our military. Since 9/11, the Defense Department has gained sufficient insight into the new problem-set we face that the time is again ripe for new strategic thinking and for transforming the force. The QDR provides a unique lever with which to translate these insights into action. When the Defense Department began its work under a new Administration nearly five years ago, President Bush charged it with preparing the military for the challenges of the 21st century. This was to be no easy task: if we knew anything about those challenges, it was that we didn't know enough about them. Because we can no longer make confident predictions about the specific threats we will face, we must be able to provide for national defense across a broad spectrum of threats. This has required a change in planning methodology, using new tools for thinking about developing needed capabilities. …