Inert Targets Research Articles

Jet initiation and penetration of explosives

Abstract The two-dimensional Eulerian hydrodynamic code 2DE, with the shock initiation of heterogeneous explosive burn model called Forest Fire, is used to model numerically the interaction of jets of steel, copper, tantalum, aluminum, and water with steel, water, and explosive targets. The calculated and experimental critical condition for propagating detonation may be described by the Held V2 d expression (jet velocity squared times the jet diameter). In PBX 9502, jets initiate an overdriven detonation smaller than the critical diameter, which either fails or enlarges to greater than the critical diameter while the overdriven detonation decays to the C-J state. In PBX 9404, the jet initiates a detonation that propagates only if it is maintained by the jet for an interval sufficient to establish a stable curved detonation front. The calculated penetration velocities into explosives, initiated by a low-velocity jet, are significantly less than for non-reactive solids of the same density. The detonation products near the jet tip have a pressure higher than that of nonreactive explosives, and thus slow the jet penetration. At high jet velocities, the calculated penetration velocities are similar for reactive and inert targets.

Ontogeny of feeding behaviour in hatchery-reared rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

Development of feeding behaviour in young rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, from "swim-up" to day 57 after hatch at 8.5 °C is described relative to food type (live Artemia salina or dry trout ration) and water flow (current or no current). Earliest signs of feeding behaviour appear during the process of swim-up at days 27 to 29, with the movement of the eyes to fixate particles and the beginning of a snap response which intensifies within 2 days. Initially the alevins are nonselective between food and inert targets, but by about day 25 at the test temperature they have become able to discriminate food from nonfood items, and show a marked increase in exogenous feeding activity. The timing, which will differ at different rearing temperatures, coincides approximately with final absorption of the visible yolk sac and follows disappearance of the oesophageal plug by about 10 days. This would seem to be the best time to initiate artificial feeding of hatchery-reared alevins, with the fish showing a preference for ingestion of live food (shrimp nauplii) over dry rations. Despite evident behavioural differences in current and no-current conditions this factor had little effect on timing or ultimate success of first feeding. Failure of some alevins to begin feeding, or feed adequately for survival, is associated with the agonistic behaviour of more aggressive siblings.