State Inequality Research Articles

Adaptive Concurrent Learning Algorithm Based on Pontryagin's Maximum Principle for Nonlinear System Optimal Tracking Control with State Inequality Constraints

Adaptive Concurrent Learning Algorithm Based on Pontryagin's Maximum Principle for Nonlinear System Optimal Tracking Control with State Inequality Constraints

Income inequality and party alternation: State‐level evidence from the United States

AbstractUsing multiple measures of income inequality and political party alternation for US states we examine panel data from 1971 to 2015 to test whether income inequality affects party alternation for governors. We test various measures of party alternation at the state level. The evidence suggests that income inequality increases party alternation and has a nonlinear relationship with gubernatorial‐party alternation. Income inequality backlash is more evident for Republicans and favors Democrats when inequality is high, with the opposite being true. Results vary with the choice of inequality and party alternation measures, which suggests income inequality for states should be further examined.

Destruction of legal relations in the field of parenthood: the current state of gender inequality of women according to the principle of “Father without a child” in the conditions of martial law, taking into account the circumstances of the latter’s stay

For centuries, the family has been viewed as a center of society with enormous influence. This is the place where the child first gets experience in the spheres of social, emotional and cognitive relations. The family is of fundamental importance for individuals who are part of it, as well as for society as a whole. To ensure the proper development of a child, not only appropriate living conditions are needed, but also the active presence of both parents. Each of them makes their own unique contributions to the child’s development.
 However, the full-scale Russian military invasion led to a mass exodus of Ukrainians abroad, leaving many families separated and distant. The problems of families separated by war and emigration can be further complicated by the fact that men are geographically separated and deprived of the opportunity to actively participate in their child’s life. This can affect the parent-child bond, as well as the children’s health and well- being. The mentioned problems require a systematic approach and joint efforts on the part of the Ukrainian authorities, as well as public organizations and experts. Necessary measures include the development of programs for children who have moved abroad, support for parents in solving their problems and improved cooperation between countries to ensure the rights of children and families who find themselves in this difficult situation.
 For parents who are in Ukraine and trying to establish contact and ensure visitation of their child, it is important to look for legal ways to protect their parental rights. This may include appeals to guardianship and guardianship authorities, as well as to the court with appropriate lawsuits.
 In general, the family is an important element of society, and the support of families who find themselves in difficult conditions due to war and emigration is important to preserve their well-being and harmony.

Responsible Materials Stewardship: Rethinking Waste Management Globally in Consideration of Social and Ecological Externalities and Increasing Waste Generation

Unsustainable material extraction, use and disposal - the ‘take-make-waste’ model - places communities globally in a state of social inequalities and environmental conflict (the slow violence of polluting the air, water, and soil we all depend). Current waste management practices are designed for efficiency of disposal but do not address increasing waste generation and waste externalities. The present global waste situation is magnified by exponential increases in plastic production; misconceptions of recycling; and confusion with 21st Century materials. Addressing these imbalances requires cities to have a new understanding of waste-making processes and practices, reconceptualized as responsible materials stewardship. Responsible materials stewardship is an integrative new system for ‘re-evaluating-re-designing-restoring,’ in line with circular economy, and designed for resource monitoring; overall waste minimization and recovery; reducing materials of harm; and supporting production and use of materials that steward ecological regeneration.

Study of the Development of American Feminism (1790-1990): Three Waves and Interaction with Racial Equality Movement

Since the birth of feminism, it has been committed to pushing for transforming the inequality state between males and females. American feminism achieved incredible achievements within the last three centuries, not only legislatively, but also ideologically. Meanwhile, the feminism of America and another one of the most essential social group that struggled for their own rights of egalitarianism -- African Americans--have been influenced by one another, making progresses in separate or communal interests. This paper will use literature and case analysis to focus on three waves of the development of American feminism and some important interactions between feminism and the racial equality movement, which aims to find out the differences and evolving factors in three stages of American feminism development and analyze whether positive or negative impacts weigh more when racial equality movement interacted with feminism movement. The result of the research is that the first wave of American feminism was liberal feminism with a significant symbol of gaining female suffrage; the second wave of American feminism was more radical and far more concerned with issues of class and race; the third wave of America feminism was less characterized by a specific political agenda and more of a culture revolution. Furthermore, it could be beneficial for both of them when American Feminism cooperates properly with the racial equality movement.

A study of the potential of information technology to improve economic inequality

Abstract The information technology revolution carries a digital dividend and also breeds the mechanism of inequality, and the high-quality development of information technology is of great significance in improving the state of economic inequality. The article utilizes the relative deprivation index and Gini coefficient to quantify the level of economic inequality status and then establishes an evaluation index system combined with the entropy weight TOPSIS method to calculate the level of information technology development. Subsequently, the panel data of 31 provinces and cities in China from 2017 to 2022 are taken as the research object, and the corresponding variables are selected to construct the double-difference model and the threshold regression model. The direct and nonlinear effects of IT application on economic inequality improvement are analyzed through regression. The effect of the level of IT development on the relative deprivation index and Gini coefficient is significantly negative at the 1% level, with regression coefficients of -0.094 and -0.081, respectively, and the relative deprivation index and Gini coefficient have decreased by 187.88% and 117.65%, respectively, over the 13 years after the implementation of IT reform policies. The level of information technology development has two threshold values of 5.412 and 5.634 for the state of economic inequality, and either below the first threshold or above the second threshold significantly reduces the income gap arising from economic inequality. Information technology development can effectively alleviate the state of economic inequality, reduce the economic income gap, and lay the foundation for achieving common prosperity.

GENDER INEQUALITY OF WOMEN IN EDUCATION OR WHY WOMEN ARE UNDERREPRESENTED IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS?

The article is devoted to one of the main and topical problems of gender studies, namely, gender inequality of women in education when occupying senior management positions. The following categories are understood by the researchers as management positions in higher education institutions: rector, vice-rectors, president, head or director, who acts within the limits of their powers. Despite the fact that education is one of the most feminized branches of Ukrainian society, the heads of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine according to the Soviet tradition were (with a rare exception to the rule) men. The author analyzes gender differences in the distribution of power in the best higher education institutions of Ukraine according to the consolidated rating. Special attention is paid to the state of gender equality in leadership positions at the Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University. The author believes that one of the main tasks of gender is to find out the factors that prevent women from being active and being elected to leadership positions in institutions of higher education. The author believes that one of the main tasks of gender is to find out the factors that prevent women from being active and being elected to leadership positions in institutions of higher education. The article analyzes the scientific literature, in which the following factors are divided into «availability of offers» and «availability of demand»: «availability of offers» includes the potential readiness of women to occupy management positions in higher education institutions; «availability of demand» includes prejudices of educators regarding the leadership of women in the educational sphere, and in institutions of higher education in particular. The author examines the Gender Equality Index of the World Economic Forum, which contains four dimensions related to the subject of the study: economic opportunities for women in leadership positions; the level of women’s education and its quality; the state of women’s health and the possibility of its recovery; the degree of representation of women in leadership positions in the country. The article proposes ways to solve the situation regarding gender inequality of women in leadership positions in higher education institutions of Ukraine. As a way to improve the state of gender inequality of women in leadership positions in higher education institutions of Ukraine, it is proposed to conduct trainings or shortened courses on gender studies for students, teachers, scientists, senior managers of higher education institutions, which will help women believe in themselves, and the management of higher education institutions recognize the possibility of women’s leadership. In the future, it is planned to continue the development of this topic thanks to the analysis of the state of gender equality of women in the management positions of higher education institutions in the European educational environment and its comparison with the Ukrainian one, as well as the search for positive experience and ways to overcome the existing situation.

Pontryagin optimality conditions for generalized bilevel optimal control problems with pure state inequality constraints

Pontryagin optimality conditions for generalized bilevel optimal control problems with pure state inequality constraints

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF ACCELERATING REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE DIGITAL ERA

International experiences show that one of the most important indicators for the sustainable and balanced development of each country is the socio-economic development level of the country's regions. The digital information presented by the digital economy is widely used in the direction of solving the socio-economic problems of the regions and opens great opportunities for increasing the effectiveness of the economic policy of the regions. Ensuring sustainable economic and social development of regions is part of the regional economic policy implemented by the state. Currently, in the international practice, the regional policy of the state is evaluated as an activity of managing economic and social development in the country through the creation of economic relations between the state and the regions of the country. Despite the implementation of a number of state programs in the field of socio-economic development of regions in the country, as well as the attention paid to regional development issues in a some program documents of the government and the achievement of certain progress in this direction, sharp differences and inequality between the levels of socio-economic development of the country's regions continue. does. This difference is particularly sharp between the Baku-Absheron zone and all other regions of the country. In the article, the current state of inequality in regional socio-economic development is analyzed based on official statistical data and its causes are investigated. Then, the policy steps implemented by the government so far in order to eliminate this problem are examined.The article examines the impact of measures resulting from the analysis of state programs and strategic road maps on the socio-economic development of regions. In the end, the economic benefits of digitization in economic regions were specified and presented in the form of recommendations.

Measuring and Assessing Sick Absence from Work: a European Cross‑sectional Study

This study analyses sickness absence in selected European countries. We suggested and applied three sick‑leave measures: global sickness absence rate, frequency rate, and absolute crude absence rate. To calculate the rates, open access data from Eurostat, the OECD, and the WHO were used. On the one hand, assessing sickness absence is a challenge in spite of accessible numbers of people and days of absence in public and employer registers. Simultaneously, a detailed understanding of sickness benefits and sick‑pay schemes is needed to elucidate cross‑country differences in sick‑leave rates. The long‑term dynamic trajectory (1970–2020) and regional differentiation effects on absenteeism among countries were considered. Using correlation coefficients and one‑way analysis of variance, a robustness check was performed, and the limitations of the proposed approach to measuring absenteeism were presented. The results evidence that the aforementioned indices present a unique and valid approximation to evaluate and monitor the state of sick absence and inequality in national policies.

Food inequality in Kharkiv during the war: an overview of causes, manifestations and ways to overcome

The article presents one of the aspects of the working theme of the Kharkiv team of the Fusilli project, namely, a general overview of the concept and phenomenon of food inequality as one of the forms of manifestation of general social inequality, as a process that outlines unequal and uneven access for different groups in different periods of time to benefits and resources necessary for the full reproduction of vital forces and provision of opportunities for personal development. Food inequality is problematized as a concept necessary to describe and explain the state of the city of Kharkiv under the conditions of a full-scale invasion at three stages: (1) the availability of food products as such in the Kharkiv region; (2) access to goods, that is, the very possibility of purchasing goods in one or another quantity and quality; (3) use of the goods, which are related to the possibility of consumption of the necessary goods. The concept and phenomenon of food inequality is correlated with other forms of social inequality, and an instrumental definition of the main causes and manifestations of food inequality is proposed. A general assessment of the state of food inequality in Ukraine is given and preliminary results of the author's sociological research are given. The article also reviews international, national and local initiatives aimed at solving the problem of food inequality, in particular the policies of central and local authorities, grant programs from foreign companies, the activities of local and international public, volunteer and charitable organizations. The authors come to the conclusion that the possibilities of solving the problem of food security exclusively by economic means and tools are limited, since it is a complex problem that requires a systematic solution involving not only economic, but also political, ecological, cultural, informational, etc. levers.

ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS OF "GENDER EQUALITY" IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA

The article presents an analysis of the current state of gender equality in the countries of the Middle East, as well as the problems of implementing gender policy in the region and the prospects for its development. The main method in this work is the analysis of content data of available electronic resources. The authors analyzed socio-cultural and religious factors in the context of historical development, and also carried out a comparative analysis of the state of gender equality in the countries of the region and ways to resolve problems arising from discrimination based on gender. A analysis of the gender situation in the region is given in order to give a general assessment of the state of gender inequality. In addition, some aspects of gender inequality in the countries of Central Asia are analyzed. In the course of the work done, the need to revise the main provisions of the gender policy of the countries and its modernization was identified in order to achieve sustainable gender development.

The sociology of global health: Inequality, disease‐related stigma, and the rise of nongovernmental organizations

AbstractThis article is a review of global health literature, emphasizing the evolution in health terminology in recent decades and noteworthy research areas of global health. This review identifies global inequality and disease‐related stigma as key social determinants of health and central problems improving health outcomes. Within global health, there is a growing discourse surrounding health disparities, particularly among the world's most disadvantaged populations. Additionally, the field notes an increase in global health nonprofits, international governmental organizations (IGOs), and regulatory bodies. As such, this paper examines the scope of empirical global health research with consideration of inequality and stigma as well as the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in health outcomes for the developing world. The review also discusses the role of IGOs and global health regulatory bodies in shaping development and health outcomes. A broad review of literature finds that although chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are currently the largest cause of poor health in the world's most impoverished nations, these are largely untargeted by NGO efforts, which may exacerbate the state of global inequality. However, the impact that NGOs could have on ameliorating the effects of NCDs remains understudied and is a promising direction for future scholarly efforts.

Solvability of the Quaternary Continuous Classical Boundary Optimal Control Dominated by Quaternary Parabolic System

The purpose of this paper is to study the solvability of the quaternary continuous classical boundary optimal control vector problem dominated by quaternary nonlinear parabolic boundary value problem with state constraints. The existence theorem for a quaternary continuous classical boundary optimal control vector with equality and inequality state constraints is stated and demonstrated under suitable assumptions. The mathematical formulation of the quaternary adjoint eqs. associated with the quaternary nonlinear parabolic boundary value problem with state constraints is discovered. The Fréchet derivative of the cost function and the constraints functions are derived. The necessary and sufficient theorems (conditions) for optimality of the quaternary continuous classical boundary optimal control vector problem are stated and demonstrated under suitable assumptions.

Kernel Estimation of the Quintile Share Ratio index of Inequality for Heavy-tailed Income distributions

Evidence from micro-data shows that capital incomes are exceedingly volatile, which makes up a disproportionately high contribution to the overall inequality in populations with the heavy-tailed nature on the income distributions for many countries. The quintile share ratio (QSR) is a recently introduced measure of income inequality, also forming part of the European Laeken indicators and which cover four important dimensions of social inclusion (health, education, employment and financial poverty). In 2001, the European Council decided that income inequality in the European Union member states should be described using a number of indicators including the QSR. Non-parametric estimation has been developed on the QSR index for heavy-tailed capital incomes distributions. However, this method of estimation does not give satisfactory statistical performances, since it suffers badly from under coverage, and so we cannot rely on the non-parametric estimator. Hence, we need another estimator in the case of heavy tailed populations. This is the reason why we introduce, in this paper, a class of semi-parametric estimators of theQSR index of economic inequality for heavy-tailed income distributions. Our methodology is basedon the extreme value theory, which offers adequate statistical results for such distributions. Weestablish their asymptotic distribution, and through a simulation study, we illustrate their behaviorin terms of the absolute bias and the median squared error. The simulation results clearly showthat our estimators work well.

Pollution, income inequality and green finance in the new EU member states

Income inequality and pollution represent major challenges for the New EU Member States. In this context, the main objective of this paper is to check if income inequality enhances pollution in the EU-13 countries in the period 2002–2021. The results depend on the type of method that was employed (Fully Modified Least Square (FMOLS) estimators and method of moments quantile regression). In most of the cases, Gini index and gender pay gap have a negative impact on GHG emissions. An inverse U pattern is supported for the pollution—economic growth nexus. Foreign direct investment contributes to pollution, while renewable energy consumption proved to be the most efficient tool in the fight with pollution. For robustness check, in the period 2006–2021, the environmental protection investments of general government reduced the GHG emissions only in the long run. The results are the basis for the formulations of various proposals to reduce pollution in the New EU Member States.

The objective and subjective indicators comparative analysis for assessing social inequalities in regions

The article raises the problem of assessing the degree of sensitivity of the population in relation to the socio-economic situation in the regions, which lies in the fact that the population has its own idea of the state of affairs in the region, and these ideas are not always consistent with the official position of the regional decision-making authorities, as usually based on statistics. Such an assessment can be carried out through a comparative (comparative) analysis of objective (based on statistical data) and subjective (based on sociological data) indicators that characterize the state of social inequalities in the regions. The main results of a comparative analysis are presented on the example of assessing specific areas of life, such as the labor market, housing and the state of housing and communal services, the road transport system, healthcare, etc. fundamental research of the Center for the Sociology of Management and Social Technologies of the Federal Scientific Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which highlighted the close relationship between the sociocultural and socioeconomic levels of development of regions. A comparative analysis of subjective and objective indicators for assessing the state of social inequalities showed their linear-nonlinear relationship, i.e. in some cases, the subjective (sociological) assessment can be comparable with the objective one, formed on the basis of statistical data, in other cases, such an assessment is very different from the statistical data. As a result, the initial hypothesis was corrected, noting that a certain interdependence of the depth and severity of social inequalities was found in the regions, but it is unstable and depends on the region and the specific field of activity.

Ecolinguistic Approach to Overcoming the Linguistic Inequality in Spain (by the Example of the Language Situation in Russia)

The problem of preserving and protecting the native language today is relevant in a multinational and polyconfessional state in today’s era of globalisation and European economic integration. The purpose of the article is to examine the internal destruction of the linking function of a single official language, to analyze the discriminatory status of the Spanish language in modern Spain, to predict the consequences of such a language policy and to carry out a comparative analysis of the language situation in Spain and Russia. The object of the study is the Spanish language as the official language of the Kingdom of Spain and its role, significance and functions in the regions of the country, reflecting the political processes of recent decades. Comparative, historical and typological approaches are used, as well as the methods of observation, analysis and modeling. The author investigates the causes of the linguistic inequality in Spain and states the negative consequences of the language policy pursued by the government. Practical recommendations have been developed to overcome the current problems in the country’s language policy, based on the example of Russia.

Entanglement polygon inequalities for pure states in qudit systems

Entanglement polygon inequalities for pure states in qudit systems

A Fundamental Inequality Governing the Rate Coding Response of Sensory Neurons.

A fundamental inequality governing the spike activity of peripheral neurons is derived and tested against auditory data. This inequality states that the steady-state firing rate must lie between the arithmetic and geometric means of the spontaneous and peak activities during adaptation. Implications towards the development of auditory mechanistic models are explored.