Equal Status Research Articles

Investigating academic-practitioner collaboration in Audiovisual Translation Studies

ABSTRACT In audiovisual translation (AVT), there has been an increase in academic research that engages with practitioners, but there is still room for more progress. In this article, we explore the findings of a study involving focus group discussions with two groups of participants; AVT academics and AVT practitioners. Through these discussions, we examined their experiences of collaborative research across the academia-practice divide, and their hopes for this kind of collaborative, engaged research in the future. The findings are examined here in relation to the concept of ‘public Translation Studies’, through which researchers are encouraged to actively engage with publics outside of academia in a dialogic fashion, in order to have an impact on the field. The findings suggest that while collaborative activities are underway between academics and practitioners, these are not always dialogic and mutually beneficial. On the other hand, among our small groups of participants, there was enthusiasm for more collaborative research, and plenty of ideas for how to make this work best. The article concludes with these important factors for successful collaboration, including the need for open communication and an equal status for those involved.

Bridging the Last Mile: The Critical Role of Local Civil Society in Advancing Equity and Inclusion for Neglected Tropical Diseases.

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, exacerbating existing inequities in health, gender, and socioeconomic status. Civil society organizations (CSOs) play a vital but often undervalued role in addressing these inequities by engaging with communities and fostering accountability of NTD programs and governments while ensuring transparency in their own operations and responsiveness to community needs. Drawing lessons from the HIV/AIDS and leprosy responses, this paper argues that CSOs are indispensable for sustainable and inclusive NTD programming. By positioning CSOs as champions of equity and community-centered approaches, the NTD community can ensure that interventions address the structural drivers of inequity and promote lasting change.

Socio-economic inequality in the nutritional deficiencies among the world countries: evidence from global burden of disease study 2019

BackgroundSocioeconomic inequality in nutritional status as one of the main social determinants of health can lead to inequality in health outcomes. In the present study, the socioeconomic inequality in the burden of nutritional deficiencies among the countries of the world using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data was investigated.MethodsBurden data of nutritional deficiencies and its subsets including protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and dietary iron deficiency form GBD study and Human Development Index (HDI), a proxy for the socio-economic status of countries, from united nations database were collected. After descriptive statistics, the concentration index (CI) curve was used to measure socioeconomic inequality. CI for nutritional deficiencies was estimated based on Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY), Years Lived with Disability (YLD), Years of Life Lost (YLL), prevalence, incidence and death indices. Moreover, CI of DALY and prevalence was estimated and reported for four nutritional deficiencies subgroups.ResultsCIs for DALY, YLD, YLL, prevalence, incidence and death rate show negative values and their, which indicates the concentration of nutritional deficiencies burden among lower HDI countries. The highest value of CI (lowest inequality) for DALY was related to iodine deficiency (-0.3401) and the lowest (highest inequality) was related to vitamin A deficiency (-0.5884). Also, the highest value of CI for prevalence was related to protein-energy malnutrition (-0.1403) and the lowest was related to vitamin A deficiency (-0.4308). Results also show the inequality in DALY was greater than the disparity in prevalence for all subgroups of nutritional deficiencies.ConclusionsInequality in burden of nutritional deficiencies and protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency and dietary iron deficiency are concentrated in countries with low HDI, so there is pro- poor inequality. Findings indicate that although malnutrition occurs more in low-income countries, due to the weakness of health care systems in these countries, the inequality in the final consequences of malnutrition such as DALY becomes much deeper. More attention should be paid to the development of prevention and primary treatment measures in low HDI countries, such as improving nutrition-related health education, nutritional support and early aggressive treatment, and also eliminating hunger.

Gender Inequality in Educational Status of Tribals in India – An Extensive Review of Studies

Gender Inequality in Educational Status of Tribals in India – An Extensive Review of Studies

Unveiling Cognitive Health Disparities: A Gender Perspective on Aging in India

ABSTRACT Objective The study examined the association of various socioeconomic, demographic, health risk behavior, and social capital factors with the cognitive health status of older adults in India. Methods Data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI, 2017–18), wave-1 was used. Binary logistic regression was applied to explore the significant predictor variables of poor cognitive health status. Further, decomposition analysis was employed to explore the gender differences in cognitive health status. Results The results revealed that female older adults had a higher odds of poor cognitive health status than male older adults (aOR: 2.37; 99% CI: 1.97–2.85). Increasing years of age, not being in a marital union, lower levels of social capital, and the presence of health risk behavior increased the odds of poor cognitive health. Education had a protective effect against the decline in cognitive health. The decomposition analysis results indicated that the gender difference in educational attainment contributed largely to the gender inequality in poor cognitive health status. Conclusions The results suggest that gender equality in educational attainment could reduce the gender difference in cognitive health among male and female older adults to a large extent.

Short report: Integrated evaluations for autism spectrum disorder in pediatric primary care clinics.

Primary care providers often screen for autism during well child visits in the first few years of life and refer children for diagnostic evaluations when needed. However, most children do not receive a diagnosis until years later which delays access to services. Racism, socioeconomic status, and other systemic inequalities that limit access to health care further delay diagnostic evaluations. Mental health clinicians who work in primary care clinics can help address barriers to accessing diagnostic evaluation services once they are recommended by their primary care provider. However, mental health clinicians who work in primary care typically do not have training in diagnosing autism. The goal of this study was to evaluate a program training mental health professionals working in an urban primary care setting, primarily serving Black and Latinx families insured by Medicaid, to provide autism diagnostic evaluations. Two hundred and fifty children completed evaluations through the Autism in Primary Care (APC) program. The wait time to access an evaluation through APC was significantly shorter than through standard avenues of care (e.g. referring to a separate autism clinic). Referring primary care providers and caregivers endorsed high levels of satisfaction with the program. Conducting autism evaluations in primary care settings offers a promising opportunity to improve earlier diagnosis and treatment access for families, reduce inequities in care, and increase caregiver and child well-being.

Similarities in socioeconomic disparities and inequalities in women’s nutritional status and health care in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, and Nigeria

ABSTRACT Background: Reducing inequalities in women’s nutrition and health care can accelerate progress towards Sustainable Development Goals for maternal and child health. Nutrition interventions for women are delivered through maternal health services such as antenatal care and institutional deliveries, but whether they reach and protect the disadvantaged against malnutrition is not well documented. Objective: To assess the similarities in socioeconomic disparities and inequalities in the nutritional status and health care of women. Methods: We analyzed nationally representative data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, and Nigeria to calculate Erreygers index. This index measures the inequality in outcomes across socioeconomic spectrums. We investigated inequalities in low and high body mass index (BMI), anaemia, iron and folic acid supplementation, four or more antenatal care visits, institutional deliveries, and access to health services. Results: Anaemia (−0.068 to −0.123), low BMI (−0.088 to −0.139), perceived distance to health services (−0.219 to −0.406), and needing permission to visit health facilities (−0.062 to −0.147) were concentrated among the less well-off, as shown by negative values. Iron and folic acid supplementation (0.043 to 0.230), antenatal care visits (0.260 to 0.495), and institutional deliveries (0.168 to 0.573) favored the better-off, as shown by positive values. Inequalities in urban vs. rural areas differed by indicator and country. Conclusions: Nutritional status and health care inequalities among women followed patterns of socioeconomic disparities. Inequalities in nutritional status favored the better-off and educated women, and inequalities favoring the better-off were even greater for health care across countries.

THE CUTTING EDGE OF GERONTOLOGICAL SCHOLARSHIP: THE GERONTOLOGIST’S EDITOR’S CHOICE SYMPOSIUM

Abstract The mission of The Gerontologist is to publish and disseminate “applied, multidisciplinary research and analysis on social issues related to human aging. It informs the broad community of disciplines and professions involved in understanding the aging process and providing care to older people.” In addition, the journal encourages “cutting-edge, conceptually-oriented work that addresses inequities in health, mental health, social status, and justice in late life as well as intersections among these areas with applicability to real-world-settings.” This symposium will highlight some of the recent and best examples of gerontological scholarship in The Gerontologist by highlighting select Editor’s Choice articles. Andrea Gilmore-Bykovskyi, Ph.D., RN, and colleagues consider the perspectives of family caregivers and hospice clinicians related to episodes of paradoxical lucidity among people living with dementia and how observational approaches may be leveraged to understand this fascinating phenomenon further. Kelly O’Malley, Ph.D., and her co-authors offer a timely and important framework to advance and implement trauma-informed care in long-term care contexts. Ittay Mannheim, Ph.D., and colleagues conducted a fascinating scoping review using critical discourse analysis to determine how and the extent to which ageism is reflected in the design process of digital technologies. Together, these Editor’s Choice selections from The Gerontologist “push the envelope” of the science and scholarship of gerontology.

THE THEMATIC STUDY OF THREE SELECT POEMS BY ANJU

Theme is the main or central idea in any piece of writing or artwork. Anju began as a writer when she was 13 years old, and her writing abilities have continued to improve and become more excellent and polished to the present day. She is considered one of the most notable and eminent female Bodo poets. Anjus poetry depicts love, sadness, culture, race, nationality, ecstasy, concern, expectation, hope, grief, ageing, self-awareness, good versus evil, religion, family, desire, identity, dreams, rights, womens empowerment, humanism, nature, social change, and speaking up for the weak. She holds the belief that we should treat all human beings, regardless of gender, with respect and dignity. She believes the only person who truly suffers from issues and tensions is the one who knows it best. Nobody helps others without their own personal enrichment. An essential element of Anjus poetry is the way in which the poet fits a description of human civilization and its dynamic characters. Her illustrative explanation of the poems is truly amazing, conjuring up lovely images in our minds. Most of the poems by Anju present events that are taking place in the real world and in our society. The poet has dedicated the poem Ang mabwrwidong daswng to all of the women in the world who are suffering from loneliness, misery, suppression, oppression, or any other forms of sorrow that deprive them of their basic needs or rights. She frequently questioned why society does not grant women equal rights or status. The poem Iyun focuses on the women who work in the marketplace, highlighting their modest yet hopeful aspirations. They simply sell foods, vegetables, and other items related to meeting their most basic needs. Dinwiangnithwinaisanhas concentrated on the truth, emphasizing its unchanging nature and the fact that no one can conceal or eradicate it.

The Impact of Socioeconomic Inequalities on the Risk of Hypertension in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Hypertension is a prevalent health issue in Bangladesh, impacting a significant portion of the population. This meta-analysis explored how social status inequalities impact hypertension risk in Bangladesh. We systematically searched various electronic databases and rigorously selected 12 studies for inclusion in the analyses. The I2 statistic measured between study heterogeneity, and pooled effect estimates were obtained using the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model to address this variability. Publication bias was assessed through a funnel plot and Egger's test. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the robustness of the findings. All analyses wereperformed using STATA 17. The analyses indicated that females had a significantly higher risk of developing hypertension compared to males, with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.27). Urban residents showed a pooled OR of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.03-1.19) compared to rural residents. The pooled ORs for hypertension were 1.02 (95% CI: 0.89-1.14) for primary education, 1.07 (95% CI: 0.94-1.21) for secondary education, and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.03-1.47) for higher secondary education, suggesting an increasing risk with higher education levels. Wealth status showed a pooled OR of 1.08 (95% CI: 0.87-1.29) for the poorer class, 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04-1.22) for the middle class, 1.38 (95% CI: 0.68-2.07) for the richer class, and 1.49 (95% CI: 0.97-2.00) for the richest class, indicating a greater risk of hypertension among wealthier individuals. Working individuals had a 39% lower risk of hypertension (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.43-0.80) compared to nonworking individuals.

Teamwork among first year health sciences students in an interprofessional course: a contact theory perspective.

Background: Promoting teamwork outcomes remains an important mandate for interprofessional education (IPE). While IPE has grown exponentially in contemporary health sciences education, theoretical application within IPE has been identified as an enduring gap in the field over the past few decades. Purpose: This paper reports on the theoretical implications of a study which explored first year health sciences students’ perceptions and experiences of teamwork within an interprofessional course. Originating in the field of social psychology, contact theory has been cited as a useful framework for curriculum design for IPE. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to contribute to the theoretical evidence base for IPE from the perspective of social psychology. Method: Framed in an exploratory qualitative design, focus group discussion was the primary method of data production. Data were analyzed deductively with reference to contact theory; and inductively using thematic analysis. Discussion: The study findings highlighted two of contact theory’s conditions for positive intergroup contact: ‘equal status’ in relation to professional hierarchies; and ‘institutional support’ in relation to academic politics were both meaningful in the context of this study. Conclusion: This study’s findings indicate potential for further research of contact theory’s optimal conditions in IPE contexts, with the proviso that students’ emerging professional identification must be made salient.

Welfare paternalism and objections from equality

ABSTRACT Informed by behavioral science research, recent defenses of paternalism point to people’s need for help in making and carrying out good decisions. Authors in this literature typically focus on defending paternalist policies against objections that frame them as threats to autonomy. But they often neglect a second category of objections to paternalism. Paternalism expresses disrespect not only for the target’s autonomy but also for her equal status. I argue that this second kind of wrong is more independent of autonomy-based objections than has been recognized. Therefore, we need to evaluate paternalism in two dimensions, rather than treating egalitarian objections as a mere supplement to autonomy concerns. This allows us to see why welfare paternalism can be objectionable even when choices are not significantly constrained or when the choices at stake are relatively trivial. The barrier to justifiable welfare paternalist policies has less to do with the specific techniques of influence adopted than with their asymmetrical distribution and the inegalitarian structures through which they are delivered.

Democratic justice and status inequality in temporary labor migration

ABSTRACT This paper argues against the claim that liberal democratic societies’ commitment to political equality requires them to offer a path to citizenship to temporary migrant workers (i.e. the democratic justice argument). I advance two arguments against this claim: (i) that access to citizenship is neither sufficient nor necessary to reduce temporary migrant workers’ exploitation and (ii) the democratic justice argument hinges on an untenable conception of status inequality. The paper fleshes out these two reasons in detail to then present an adequate analysis of the status difference that temporary labor migration programs (TLMPs) give rise to. I conclude that TLMPs’ restriction of their participants’ rights and access to citizenship can be compatible with democratic principles and, particularly, with political equality.

Protection of Women's Rights Against Cases of Domestic Violence from an Islamic Perspective

Allah SWT created humans as the most perfect beings and in pairs, instilling affection within the bonds of marriage to achieve the ultimate goal of attaining His pleasure. However, marriage is not without challenges, and one significant issue is domestic violence, where women are often the primary victims. Such occurrences highlight a disregard for women's rights, which are an integral part of human rights. This study aims to explore the position and rights of women as human rights in Islam and examine the legal protections available in cases of domestic violence. Using a normative research method with a statutory approach, this study relies on secondary data collected through literature review and analyzed qualitatively for descriptive presentation. The findings reveal that Islam accords women a high and equal status with men, granting them rights that are fundamental to their humanity. Domestic violence against women is a clear violation of the principles outlined in the Qur'an, As-Sunnah, and Indonesia’s positive law.

Gender, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Physical Activity Throughout the Life Course: A Systematic Review of Cohort Studies.

This study aimed to assess longitudinal changes in physical activity inequalities according to gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity throughout the life course. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for cohort studies addressing trajectories or monitoring physical activity at a minimum of 2 time points, presenting stratified estimates for at least 1 dimension of inequality (gender, socioeconomic status, or ethnicity). Main methodological characteristics and physical activity point estimates were extracted, enabling interpretation of the stability or increasing/decreasing inequalities over time. Out of the 22 included studies in the review, none were designed or presented with specific aims addressing changes in physical activity according to the dimension of inequalities throughout the life course. Therefore, the main results and interpretation were performed according to available information. Males consistently showed a higher prevalence of physical activity than females. We observed both an increase and stability in gender inequality during childhood, followed by an increase in the transition from childhood to adolescence. During adolescence, both increase and stability in gender inequality were identified, with mixed results observed during adulthood, and in later life stages, in a limited number of studies. There is no or very limited evidence regarding ethnicity and socioeconomic status inequalities throughout the life course. Although none of the studies directly measured inequalities, an early emergence of gender inequalities was observed. Future research should include these dimensions as well as other social identities to enhance the understanding of inequalities throughout the life course.

The Sociology of Tomb and Temple Robbers of the Late 20th Dynasty: Part II, The Bands of Thieves and the Ramesside Society

This article is the second part of a study devoted to the sociology of tomb robberies at the end of the 20th Dynasty and focuses on the organization of the thieves into bands. These structures were relatively stable. Leadership was inconstant and associated with unequal loot sharing and conflict. Households, including enslaved people, played an important role in band organization particularly among tomb robbers, while hierarchy and patronage with corruption and blackmailing characterized temple thefts. Another social pattern relying on equality, solidarity, and merit existed among tomb robbers of an equal social status and probably corresponds to what ancient Egyptians called wnḏw. How these patterns of sociability are representative of the society of the time is discussed. [Formula: see text]

Empowering women, empowering nations: women’s entrepreneurship in Uzbekistan

This study aims to analyze the contemporary landscape of women’s entrepreneurship in Uzbekistan, a developing nation in Central Asia, against the backdrop of ongoing reforms across various sec tors. The research explores the initiatives undertaken to promote gender equality, empower women, and nurture entrepreneurial activities among them. By delving into the significance of women’s economic participation, assessing the current status of gender equality, and elucidating the opportunities and challenges for women entrepreneurs, this article provides insights into the evolving scenario of women’s entrepreneurship in Uzbekistan. Drawing upon secondary data, the study reveals a growing interest and involvement of women in small-scale business ventures and entrepreneurship. However, it also highlights a deficiency in requisite business acumen and expertise among women entrepreneurs, along with a lack of awareness regarding government support measures. The implications derived from this research underscore the need for policymaking interventions aimed at creating a conducive and supportive ecosystem tailored to facilitate the endeavours of aspiring women entrepreneurs in Uzbekistan.

Неравенство в состоянии здоровья: социально-экономический подход

The article examines the socio-economic approach to understanding inequality in health status, based on the idea of health factors, which are understood as living conditions that affect people’s health. Based on the analysis of Russian and foreign studies, the author identifies the key characteristics of inequality in health status observed in countries with different levels of development, from the point of view of socio-economic factors, and identifies the main trends in its manifestation in the social context. One of the most important criteria for public perception of inequality in health is the definition of justice, which from the point of view of economic science is inextricably linked with such concepts as efficiency and redistribution. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the socio-economic causes of inequality in health, as this determines the possibilities of overcoming it with the help of public policy measures aimed at improving the well-being of citizens.

From relegation to elevation

Kenya’s Marriage Act of 2014 was passed with the effect of harmonizing all matrimonial laws in operation in the country into one statute. The Marriage Act provides that all marriages in Kenya have equal legal status, and requires that all marriages, including those concluded under customary law, must be registered. This article analyses how customary marriages have been treated under Kenya’s law in three distinct time periods- the colonial, post-independence and contemporary Kenya. It argues that while customary marriages were treated as inferior during the colonial and post-independence periods, in contemporary Kenya, the Marriage Act has had the effect of elevating customary law marriages so that they are equal to marriages under other systems. Further, the article assesses the status of women married under customary law and demonstrates that the Marriage Act has resulted in the greater protection of the rights of married women in Kenya.

Trends and inequalities in adequate antenatal care coverage among women in Sierra Leone, 2008–2019

BackgroundPrenatal care is a critical component of maternal and child health, providing essential preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic services to pregnant women. Adequate antenatal care has been linked to reduced maternal and infant mortality and improved birth outcomes. Despite its importance, disparities in antenatal care coverage persist globally, including Sierra Leone, with significant implications for maternal and child health. This study examined the trends and inequalities in antenatal care utilisation in Sierra Leone.MethodsWe used data from the 2008, 2013, and 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Surveys. Simple inequality measures (Difference and Ratio) and complex measures (Population Attributable Risk and Population Attributable Fraction) were computed using the World Health Organization’s Health Equity Assessment Toolkit software. Inequality in antenatal care was calculated on six stratefiers: age groups for women, birth order, educational levels, economic status, residential areas, and sub-national province.ResultsThere was a significant increase in adequate antenatal care coverage from 2008 (15.2%) to 2013 (36.5%) but a decrease in 2019 (22.1%). The inequality in age increased over time from a Difference of 2.7 percentage points in 2008 to a Difference of 5.3 percentage points in 2019, indicating age-related inequalities. The Population Attributable Fraction decreased from 2.7% in 2008 to zero in 2013, indicating no further improvement in the national average of adequate antenatal care coverage can be achieved in the absence of age-related inequalities. However, it increased to 7.7% in 2019, indicating that the national average of adequate antenatal care coverage would have increased by 7.7% in the absence of age-related inequalities. The birth order inequality increased from a Difference of − 5.2 percentage points in 2008 to 2.6 percentage points in 2019. The Population Attributable Fraction was zero in 2008 and 3.4% in 2019, showing that the national average of adequate antenatal care coverage would have increased by 3.4% if there was no parity-based inequality. Inequality in economic status decreased from 32.1 percentage points in 2008 (Difference = 32.1) to 2.8 percentage points in 2019 (Difference = 2.8). The Population Attributable Fraction revealed that the national average could have been 164.4% higher in 2008 and 20.8% higher in 2013; however, it was zero in 2019, indicating that no further improvement can be achieved in the national average if there was no inequality related to economic status. Inequality for education decreased from 49.9 percentage points in 2008 (Difference = 49.9) to 11.0 percentage points in 2019 (Difference = 11.0). Inequality decreased from a Difference of 20.8 percentage points in 2008 to a Difference of 1.7 percentage points in 2019 for place of residence inequality, showing a reduction in inequality. Provincial inequality decreased from a Difference of 33.9 percentage points in 2008 to 8.5 percentage points in 2019.ConclusionWhile there have been notable improvements in antenatal care coverage in Sierra Leone, adequate antenatal care coverage is still below the WHO target of 78% in 2016, and significant inequalities persist. Addressing these inequalities requires a multifaceted approach considering demographic, economic, educational, and geographic indicators considered in this study. Sustained efforts and targeted interventions are critical by the Sierra Leone government to ensure that all women, regardless of their background, have access to essential antenatal care services up to at least eight visits.