Equal Effort Research Articles

Digital Activism Communications and Gender Equality Efforts: The #WeRaceAsOne Movement in Media Social by F1 Fans

The Formula 1 or F1 community is characterized by cases of gender discrimination and sexual harassment, such as the assumption that women do not deserve to like F1 and the Christian Horner harassment case that was not followed up. The purpose of this study is to analyze the form of digital activism used by F1 fans in addressing issues within the F1 community. The research method used is with a qualitative approach and focuses on content analysis. Content analysis of social media posts shows two main purposes for using the hashtag: (1) supporting victims of sexual harassment and (2) rejecting double standards against women in the F1 community. This research concludes that the #WeRaceAsOne hashtag initiated by F1, can be used by fans as a digital activism movement to solve the problems experienced by women in F1.With digital activism movements such as the use of the #WeRaceAsOne hashtag, it is expected to raise awareness, audience solidarity, support victims, ask F1 to be more assertive, and defend female fans who experience discrimination.

Tree species and drought: Two mysterious long-standing counterparts.

Around 252 million years ago (Late Permian), Earth experienced one of its most significant drought periods, coinciding with a global climate crisis, resulting in a devastating loss of forest trees with no hope of recovery. In the current epoch (Anthropocene), the worsening of drought stress is expected to significantly affect forest communities. Despite extensive efforts, there is significantly less research at the molecular level on forest trees than on annual crop species. Would it not be wise to allocate equal efforts to woody species, regardless of their importance in providing essential furniture and sustaining most terrestrial ecosystems? For instance, the poplar genome is roughly quadruple the size of the Arabidopsis genome and has 1.6 times the number of genes. Thus, a massive effort in genomic studies focusing on forest trees has become inevitable to understand their adaptation to harsh conditions. Nevertheless, with the emerging role and development of high-throughput DNA sequencing systems, there is a growing body of literature about the responses of trees under drought at the molecular and eco-physiological levels. Therefore, synthesizing these findings through contextualizing drought history and concepts is essential to understanding how woody species adapt to water-limited conditions. Comprehensive genomic research on trees is critical for preserving biodiversity and ecosystem function. Integrating molecular insights with eco-physiological analysis will enhance forest management under climate change.

Gender equality from the perspective of Minahasa ethnicity and Christian religious education

Gender equality continues to be a topic of ongoing public concern, with various alternatives proposed to achieve the ideal gender equality. Despite the utilisation of various references, the desired outcomes have yet to be realised. Local traditions in Minahasa and Christian religious education (CRE) in Indonesia offer constructive alternatives for gender equality efforts. While the political, religious and social spheres have not strongly supported gender equality, Minahasan culture and philosophy have long advocated for gender equality. Using a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis, this study draws references from various books and articles to construct the idea of gender equality from the local context of Minahasa. In conclusion, the historical origins of Minahasa, traditions of leadership such as tonaas and walian, as well as the philosophy of equality in life and CRE, contribute to the values of gender equality.Contribution: This research presents the idea of gender equality drawn from the local values of Minahasa and CRE in Indonesia. Thus, the cultural-educational perspective can significantly impact social life and help combat gender discrimination.

The seductive details in online mathematics learning

The new technologies and multimedia formats have given rise to highly attractive synchronous virtual environments for learning mathematics. However, the cognitive theory of multimedia learning suggests that it is preferable to eliminate seductive information from a multimedia presentation. Nevertheless, it is still unclear whether this effect manifests in ecological situations such as synchronous video conferences. In order to address this gap, two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of instructional, decorative, and seductive images on mathematics learning through synchronous video conferences, for both beginner and advanced students. The first experiment (n = 156) revealed that both materials with instructional graphics and materials without graphics are more efficient (i.e., they generate higher performance with equal mental effort) than materials with seductive graphics. In the second experiment, the moderating role of prior knowledge was analyzed (n = 163), including advanced students in the study. The results suggested that novice students performed better with materials containing instructional and decorative graphics compared to those presenting seductive graphics. However, this disadvantage of learning with seductive graphics disappeared in advanced students. It is concluded that the effectiveness of online mathematics learning depends on the type of graphics used and the level of prior knowledge. These results are discussed from the perspective of cognitive load and multimedia learning, and practical guidelines are provided for teaching and researching online mathematics learning.

Inequality of opportunity and life satisfaction

Abstract This article attempts to shed light on the contrasting findings about the effect of inequality on subjective wellbeing by decomposing income inequality into inequality of opportunity (due to factors that individuals cannot control) and inequality of effort. The two inequality components, calculated using EU-SILC data at regional and wave level, are matched with individual data on life satisfaction and its controls from the European Social Survey. We find that inequality of opportunity affects negatively and significantly subjective wellbeing, while inequality due to effort does not play a negative role. The negative effect of inequality of opportunity is stronger for women, the young, and the less educated. Our findings support the hypothesis that individuals are generally hit by that component of inequality (inequality of opportunity) that they perceive as unfair and beyond their control.

Progress and Hurdles: India’s Pursuit of Gender Equality Under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-5

This research paper focuses on Sustainable Development Goal-5 (SDG-5) in India and analyses the government's efforts to promote gender equality and women's empowerment. The study examines various programs such as Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Mahila E-Haat, PM Ujjwala Yojana, and Sukanya Samridhi Yojana, among others, to assess the progress made towards achieving SDG-5 targets. The findings suggest that India has made significant strides in addressing gender disparities and improving women's socio-economic status in various sectors. However, despite notable achievements, several challenges persist, hindering the full realization of SDG-5 objectives. This paper provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of government interventions, identifies areas for improvement, and offers recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to advance gender equality and women's empowerment efforts in India.

Exploring the role of psychological assistance hotlines in improving mental health problems among Chinese adult women: A perspective based on social expectations and gender roles

This paper looks at how social expectations and gender roles affect the mental health of Chinese women. Traditional Chinese culture, influenced by Confucianism and patriarchy, still has a negative impact on women's mental well-being, despite efforts for gender equality. Women's mental health is vital for both individuals and society, and this study aims to understand these issues better to help shape policies and interventions.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA’S DECISION TO RELOCATE ITS CAPITAL TO EAST KALIMANTAN

<p>The relocation of the capital city of Indonesia from DKI Jakarta to East Kalimantan has been a major focus since it was announced by President Joko Widodo on August 16, 2019. This decision is rooted in population density, efforts for economic equality, and balanced development. This article deeply analyzes the driving factors and impediments behind this relocation, summarizes Indonesia's constitutional system perspective regarding the plan, and evaluates the feasibility of Indonesia in executing the capital city's relocation. This decision also has stirred varied responses in society, prompting the urgency for appropriate legislative revisions or even a referendum to ensure the right decision, impacting public trust. Using the literature review research method, this article extracts information from various legal sources such as books, journals, and related articles. A descriptive approach is employed to provide a systematic overview of the research object. Despite the pros and cons surrounding this relocation, the government has ratified Law No. 3 of 2022 concerning the State Capital to proceed with the plan.</p><p>Keywords: Law, Capital City, Constitutional System, Public trust, Disaster</p>

An Overview of the Obstacles to Gender Equality Processes in Rural and Urban Ghana: A Comparative Analysis

The differential impact of development efforts on women and men has critically brought out the need to take a gender-transformative approach to development processes. Despite the tremendous efforts made, there persist some seemingly impossible obstacles to gender equality. The main objective of this study was to analyze the main obstacles to gender equality in Ghana in rural and urban contexts to inform policy decisions. The study employed a mixed-method approach involving the administration of 400 questionnaires to targeted households together with in-depth interviews and focus group discussions conducted in the Ejisu Juabeng Municipality and Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly. A key finding of the study is that while the impact of religion on gender equality was similarly felt in rural and urban areas, the impact of culture, illiteracy, family ties, and residential orientation were more pronounced in rural areas. Gender equality efforts and interventions must therefore not only be gender-transformative, but location-sensitive.

Modelling and Control of an Urban Air Mobility Vehicle Subject to Empirically-Developed Urban Airflow Disturbances

Urban air mobility is expected to play a role in improving transportation of people and goods in growing urban areas while contributing to sustainable urban growth and zero-emissions future aviation. The research presented herein computationally investigated the performance of control laws for a generic Urban Air Taxi (UAT) subjected to empirically-developed urban airflow disturbances. This involved developing a representative flight dynamics model of a UAT in steady level cruise flight with an inner-loop autopilot. Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control laws were implemented to investigate the controlled and uncontrolled acceleration responses and compare them to the acceleration limits in ISO 2631. Using a linear flight dynamics model, ADRC demonstrated improved performance over PID control with equal initial tuning effort. PID was able to reduce passenger accelerations to unharmful, though still uncomfortable, levels while ADRC further reduced the lateral accelerations to comfortable levels.

Protectors and Modern Princesses: A Qualitative Investigation of Gender Ideals Among Young Migrants in Berlin

The debates at the nexus of migration and gender often focus on the supposedly diverging ideals Muslims and Christians have about gender. Migrant femininities and masculinities are framed in contrast to liberal, Western values and they undermine the efforts for more gender equality in Western societies. Only a few studies have addressed non-Muslim migrants' construction of, and their perceptions of, the femininities and masculinities of others. To fill this gap, we present the findings of a qualitative social research project where 43 young people aged 16 to 29 shared with us their perceptions regarding gender ideals. In our analysis, we utilize theories developed within women's studies and critical men and masculinities scholarship and adopt an intersectional lens to investigate how young first- and second-generation migrants in Berlin with roots in different world regions imagine their own and others' ideals of masculinity and femininity. Like non-migrant youth, our research participants want their life partnerships to be based on gender equality. Contrary to this, their ideals of femininity and masculinity embrace traditional gender roles, and they mirror the racialized relations in German society. We do not argue that the migrant youth's gender ideals are significantly shaped by their ethnic or religious belonging, and thus they do differ from those of non-migrant youth. However, racial othering is relevant for these migrants' images of their life partners and should be taken under consideration while designing specific policies aimed at increasing levels of gender equality in multi-diverse societies.

Spatial Distribution of Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) in Selected Wetlands of Colombo Ramsar Wetland City using Camera Traps

The first wetland capital city in the world, Colombo Ramsar Wetland City (CRWC), provides a diverse array of habitat types intermixed with one another to the faunal and floral communities. In this research, the spatial distribution of Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) was studied in Baddagana Wetland Park (BWP), Diyasaru Wetland Park (DWP) and Heen Ela Marsh (HEM) located within the CRWC, from June 2021 to January 2022. Annona (Annona glabra) woodland, mixed woodland, herb dominated high vegetation and herb dominated low vegetation habitat types were selected and camera trap stations were established providing equal trapping effort for each habitat type. Camera trap locations were selected to ensure a sufficient coverage of each wetland. Trap locations were changed every 30 days, and cameras were set to function during both day and night for 24 hours a day. A total number of 2,831 camera trap records belonging to 6 species were identified as meso-mammals. Spatial distribution was determined by the habitat preference of P. viverrinus and Relative Abundance Index (RAI) was used for the analysis of preference in each habitat type. It was evident that P. viverrinus mostly preferred Annona woodlands in both BWP (RAI, 14.4) and DWP (RAI, 12.7). However, the most preferred habitat type in HEM (RAI, 9.1) was mixed woodlands. Herb dominated high vegetation was the least preferred habitat type of P. viverrinus in BWP (RAI, 6.7) while herb dominated low vegetation was the least preferred habitat type in both DWP (RAI, 4.7) and HEM (RAI, 3.6). Mixed woodlands were almost equally preferred by P. viverrinus in all study sites and the preference of herb dominated low vegetation and herb dominated high vegetation was relatively low in all the study sites compared to other habitat types. This study suggests that the preference of P. viverrinus varied among different habitat types and one of the major reasons for Annona woodlands being the most preferred habitat type is that they are directly accessible to water. This increases their prey availability within the Annona woodlands, compared to the other habitat types. Thus, it is greatly important to conserve the wetland habitat types associated with water, in order to protect and conserve the P. viverrinus in Colombo wetlands 
 Keywords: Colombo Ramsar Wetland City, Meso-mammals, Camera trapping, Biodiversity, Carnivores 

Functional similarity, despite taxonomical divergence in the millipede gut microbiota, points to a common trophic strategy

BackgroundMany arthropods rely on their gut microbiome to digest plant material, which is often low in nitrogen but high in complex polysaccharides. Detritivores, such as millipedes, live on a particularly poor diet, but the identity and nutritional contribution of their microbiome are largely unknown. In this study, the hindgut microbiota of the tropical millipede Epibolus pulchripes (large, methane emitting) and the temperate millipede Glomeris connexa (small, non-methane emitting), fed on an identical diet, were studied using comparative metagenomics and metatranscriptomics.ResultsThe results showed that the microbial load in E. pulchripes is much higher and more diverse than in G. connexa. The microbial communities of the two species differed significantly, with Bacteroidota dominating the hindguts of E. pulchripes and Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota) in G. connexa. Despite equal sequencing effort, de novo assembly and binning recovered 282 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from E. pulchripes and 33 from G. connexa, including 90 novel bacterial taxa (81 in E. pulchripes and 9 in G. connexa). However, despite this taxonomic divergence, most of the functions, including carbohydrate hydrolysis, sulfate reduction, and nitrogen cycling, were common to the two species. Members of the Bacteroidota (Bacteroidetes) were the primary agents of complex carbon degradation in E. pulchripes, while members of Proteobacteria dominated in G. connexa. Members of Desulfobacterota were the potential sulfate-reducing bacteria in E. pulchripes. The capacity for dissimilatory nitrate reduction was found in Actinobacteriota (E. pulchripes) and Proteobacteria (both species), but only Proteobacteria possessed the capacity for denitrification (both species). In contrast, some functions were only found in E. pulchripes. These include reductive acetogenesis, found in members of Desulfobacterota and Firmicutes (Bacillota) in E. pulchripes. Also, diazotrophs were only found in E. pulchripes, with a few members of the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria expressing the nifH gene. Interestingly, fungal-cell-wall-degrading glycoside hydrolases (GHs) were among the most abundant carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) expressed in both millipede species, suggesting that fungal biomass plays an important role in the millipede diet.ConclusionsOverall, these results provide detailed insights into the genomic capabilities of the microbial community in the hindgut of millipedes and shed light on the ecophysiology of these essential detritivores.6T24awGbkoVb6oAp62-bVTVideo

Izveštavanje o održivosti - problem usklađivanja metrike na globalnom, nacionalnom i korporativnom nivou

The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) marks the most significant qualitative step forward in the pursuit of sustainable development, surpassing all previous efforts in that direction. They comprehensively address humanity's most pressing global challenges. Anchored in the principle of equity, the SDGs cover, in a balanced manner, diverse issues faced by both developed and less developed nations, with the overarching ambition to fulfil the goal of "leaving no one behind" by 2030. Therefore, within the SDG framework, in addition to addressing issues related to poverty, hunger, inequality, and child abuse, the challenges faced by developed countries such as the uncontrolled consumption of natural resources, environmental pollution, including negative spillover effects on other, mostly less developed countries, are also considered. It is even more important that behind the sustainable development goals lies a strong commitment to their successful implementation. The complexity of this process is determined by the global character and diversity of the goals as well as the intertwined responsibilities of institutions at the global and regional levels, governments of individual countries, companies, and the wider public. Loose institutional mechanisms at higher levels only amplify the challenges. In this paper, the focus is on measuring and reporting not only the activities related to sustainable development but also the progress made in that process. The imperative for reporting arises from the requirements of managing the SDGs at the global, regional, and national levels, as well as the need to transfer significant responsibility to companies that play a pivotal role in their implementation. Different responsibilities in this process require tailored metrics, which are challenging to be established institutionally due to the variety of goals and issues. A particular problem lies in the lack of clear understanding of the relationships between global, national, and corporate reporting needs, making it challenging to find universally applicable solutions. The presence of multiple conceptual frameworks in the field of corporate sustainability reporting highlights the significant complexities inherent in this area. Bearing the aforementioned in mind, although the primary focus is on sustainability measurement and reporting, equal efforts are devoted to clarifying the connections between global, national, and corporate reporting, as their understanding is a key prerequisite for establishing a high-quality and coherent sustainability reporting system.

Untold Stories of Teachers and Graduates of Alternative Learning Systems

The study aimed to determine the experiential accounts of Alternative Learning System teachers and graduates and the relationship between their experiences in the 1st District of Ilocos Sur. It utilized the transcendental phenomenological research applying the focus group discussion and a reviewed semi structured open-ended question. Participants' responses were recorded and transcribed verbatim, listed, categorized, coded, and thematized using the Moustakas framework. Teachers and graduates of Alternative Learning System share a unique relationship characterized by equal efforts to achieve a common goal and built on mutual respect, trust, and understanding. In conclusion, the relationship between teachers and graduates is crucial to the program's success. The equal efforts of both parties have resulted in the empowerment of individuals who have not been able to complete their basic education through traditional means. It is important to recognize the role of teachers in the lives of graduates and provide them with the necessary support and resources to continue their work. In this way, Alternative Learning System programs can continue to make a positive impact on the lives of those seeking to improve their lives through education.

Exploring How Corporate Social Responsibility Achieves Gender Equality in the Workplace from the Perspective of Media Image

The importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in promoting gender equality in the workplace is increasingly recognized. This study aims to comprehensively explore the role of CSR in achieving workplace gender equality through media image and representation. Methodologically, the study employed a literature review approach, analyzing existing research and scholarly works related to CSR, gender equality, and media influence. The findings of this study underscore the pivotal role of CSR in driving gender equality within workplaces. Media portrayal and corporate initiatives are shown to have a significant impact on shaping public perceptions and expectations regarding gender equality efforts by organizations. The analysis revealed that media strategies, collaborations, and advocacy contribute to fostering a supportive environment for gender equality initiatives and enhancing corporate image. However, it is important to acknowledge limitations such as the potential for media bias and the complexity of cultural influences on gender perceptions. The study also highlights the need for further empirical research to enhance the understanding of the dynamics between CSR, media, and gender equality. In conclusion, this study highlights the substantial contribution of CSR in promoting gender equality in workplaces, with media acting as a powerful catalyst for change. The study suggests that a collaborative approach between organizations, media, and policymakers is pivotal in driving long-lasting change. Future research directions could delve deeper into cross-cultural analyses and explore the effectiveness of specific media strategies in different contexts.

A Close Study on Domestic Violence Against Women: Islamic Perspectives and Remedies

Women empowerment refers to the process of giving women the power to take control of their lives, rights, and decision-making. It is about creating a society where women are treated equally, with respect, and have access to the same opportunities as men. It involves promoting women's education, encouraging their participation in politics, and breaking down gender stereotypes. However, prevailing information of domestic violence against women is rampant in many places around the world. Domestic violence is a form of abuse that can occur in any intimate relationship. It can take many forms, including physical, emotional, sexual, and financial abuse. It is crucial to protect individuals from domestic violence, especially women, who are most often the victims of this type of abuse. Islam recognizes the rights of women and emphasizes their equality with men. Women have the right to own property, inherit, and engage in business. The religion also promotes modesty and respect for women, including the obligation to protect them from harm. As well as Islam addresses domestic violence through teachings of respect, communication, patience, and consent between spouses. It prohibits harm, emphasizes gender equality, and encourages seeking guidance from knowledgeable sources and family support. By promoting these principles, Islam aims to prevent domestic violence, foster healthy relationships, and ensure the well-being and dignity of all family members. The United Nations has recognized the severity of this issue and has implemented various initiatives to combat domestic violence. We must all work together to ensure that everyone is safe and free from abuse in their own homes. Their motto for this effort is "Women's Rights are Human Rights," which was famously declared by Hillary Clinton during her speech at the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China. The UN has since adopted this statement as a guiding principle for their gender equality and women's empowerment efforts worldwide. It is essential to emphasize the role of education and communication in protecting women from domestic violence. By educating individuals on what constitutes abuse and how to recognize the signs, we can empower them to take action and seek help. Additionally, open and honest communication between partners can prevent misunderstandings and potential conflicts that may escalate into violence. We must continue to prioritize education and communication as solutions to combat domestic violence and ensure the safety and well-being of all individuals, particularly women. The qualitative research methodology is applied in this research and the article will be published in an index journal at the earliest.

The Possession-Possessor Dichotomy in the Turkish-Museum Novel

ABSTRACT This article explores the possession-possessor dichotomy in the Turkish museum-novel. The process of curation presents itself as an aesthetic concept refracted between literary and visual perceptions of everyday life. The research presented focuses on the relationship between curatorial practices and storytelling, and its aesthetic importance to the process of archiving the identity of nations. The Museum of Innocence by Orhan Pamuk and The Flea Palace by Elif Shafak will be portrayed as literary institutions that resemble museums as re-imagined reconstructions of the nation’s social life. The collector figure in the literary and visual imaginations find themselves at the forefront of existential questions: Are the resulting collections controlled by the collectors, or is there a point in which the collections themselves begin possessing their original creators? Furthermore, this article argues that within the selected texts, the practice of collecting is institutionalized through the moving of an accumulation of objects from the private space to the public, manifested through museums, which can be otherwise thought of as memory institutions. Novel-writing originates from the same compulsive obsession as collecting: each process represents and equal effort to create, control, and manipulate one’s perceptions of the world and of their recollection of the past.

Fatal neural angiostrongyliasis in the Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) leading to defining Angiostrongylus cantonensis risk map at a zoo in Australia

Neural angiostrongyliasis (NA) is a parasitic disease caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm). This study presents a case of NA in a captive Bolivian squirrel monkey from a zoo in western Sydney, Australia. The objective was to identify the A. cantonensis cox1 haplotype responsible for the infection and compare its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to known Australian mtDNA. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to assess the risk of infection, focusing on the resident rat population in the zoo. Methods involved trapping rats and collecting rat faeces for Angiostrongylus detection, speciation, and cox1 haplotype confirmation. Various techniques were employed, including necropsy, morphological examination, and molecular methods such as ITS-2 qPCR, cox1 sequencing, and ITS-2 metabarcoding. Cluster analysis of rat faeces distribution and Angiostrongylus detection utilised an equal sampling effort (ESE) approach. Gastropods were collected throughout the study for Angiostrongylus surveillance using a hypersensitive qPCR assay. Results revealed significant clustering of rat faeces near exhibits with fresh food provision and absence of predators. Angiostrongylus-positive faeces were uniformly distributed across the zoo property. Mitochondrial DNA analysis confirmed the presence of the Ac13 haplotype of A. cantonensis in the monkey. Morphology, ITS-2 metabarcoding and partial cox1 sequencing detected only A. cantonensis, with the Ac13 cox1 haplotype predominating. A high prevalence of infection (64%, 9/14) was found in brown rats, with quantification of larvae indicating high shedding rates. Co-infections with both Ac13 and local SYD.1 A. cantonensis cox1 haplotypes were observed. Only three gastropods (all of which were Angiostrongylus-negative) were found in the survey. To minimise the risk of exposure for susceptible species, targeted rodent control was implemented in areas with higher exposure risk. A potential strategy (which requires further exploration) to consider for future zoo design was suggested. This study provides insights into the epidemiology and genetic diversity of A. cantonensis in Australia, emphasising the importance of control measures to prevent future outbreaks.

Yugoslav Totalitarian Society, Discrimination Against Albanian and Bulgarian Minorities in Macedonia

The Balkans as a region of Southeast Europe is one of the most sensitive regions of Europe; this is where the sparks of war arose from the time of the Ottoman Empire until 2001 when a political solution was finally given to each problem of nationalities and inequalities in this region. The former Yugoslavia as an artificial creation of a state, lacking nationality, is one of the sources of conflicts which erupted with bloody wars caused by Serbia. The Yugoslav federation which gained political power after World War II consisted of 6 republics and 2 provinces. According to the Federal Constitution of Yugoslavia, all peoples must be integrated into Yugoslavia. Unfortunately within Yugoslavia there were privileged peoples, and others who were treated as secondary-class people. Albanians in Yugoslavia, most of whom belonged to the Autonomous Province of Kosovo, did not experience the status of equal population in Yugoslavia; Bulgarians were treated the same, most of whom lived in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. The Republican government in Macedonia influenced by the Federal one has directly influenced Macedonia in the manner of discrimination against national minorities such as Albanians, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Roma, Ashkali, Turks, etc., while the: Serbian, Montenegrin, Macedonian people have been the most privileged ones within the Republic, as well as in the Yugoslav Federation.The communist regime in Yugoslavia denied any minority efforts for equality and prosperity. The most vocal in the quest for rights were Albanians and Bulgarians, who faced torture, draconian punishments, internment, and even murder in Yugoslav concentration camps. Yugoslavia, namely the Socialist Republic of Macedonia from 1945 until 2001, was the most dictatorial regime in the history of Southeast Europe for Albanians and Bulgarians; unfortunately the Bulgarian community in Macedonia, even with the new constitution, has not resolved its political, cultural, educational status etc…