Equalization Method Research Articles

The effects of the integrative strategy on fostering reflective thinking and imparting basic basketball offensive techniques to female students

Objective: The objective of this study is to develop instructional materials that teach fundamental basketball skills to female students enrolled in the first year of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls at the University of Baghdad while also encouraging reflective thinking (RT). Research methodology: the researcher chose the experimental methodology with the two equal group's method. Finding the community and choosing the right sample for the study's kind and goals are essential to the accomplishment of any research project. A sample for the primary experiment was picked at random after the researcher confirmed the students' first-year basketball curriculum. This study community consisted of (40) fourth-year female students for the year (2022-2023). The number of students was split into (2) groups. Twenty students in-group (B) represent the experimental group, which follows the curriculum that the researcher has developed in an integrated, strategic manner. Result: The method of selecting the (integrative) strategy that was given to the students is right to the level of their skills and characteristics, as well as while taking into consideration the distinct characteristics among them by means of the presentation offered by the stations—from a complete demonstration of the skill, then a slow delivery, then the appearance of the integrated strategy—is also attributed as the reason for the superiority of the members of the experimental group. Concludes: The study concludes that the integrated approach has a beneficial impact on the post-tests for reflective thinking and the growth of basketball skills.

Research on Equalization Strategy of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Temperature and SOC Adaptive Fuzzy Control

To enhance equalization efficiency and address the issue of traditional equalization methods overlooking temperature factors, this paper proposes a multilayer equalization circuit for both intra-group and inter-group balancing. The traditional Buck-Boost equalization topology between groups is improved by incorporating a two-way interleaved inductor structure, which helps reduce equalization idle time. An adaptive fuzzy control equalization strategy for multiple objectives is applied to the topology. The state of charge (SOC) and temperature of the battery are used as key variables for equalization, with the equalization current dynamically adjusted based on changes in the SOC and temperature. This approach improves the balance between equalization speed and temperature control, reducing equalization time while limiting battery temperature rise. A simulation model is developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results demonstrate that, compared to the traditional Buck-Boost equalization topology, the proposed topology reduces equalization time by 15.1%. Additionally, under three different operating conditions, the equalization cotnrol strategy designed in this paper improves time efficiency by over 14% compared to traditional methods, while also reducing both the maximum temperature and temperature difference.

Socioeconomic inequalities in health behaviors in children and adolescents: evidence from an Australian cohort

BackgroundUnderstanding the association between socioeconomic inequalities and health behaviors is imperative for elucidating and effectively addressing health inequities among children and adolescents. Despite the wealth of literature on social gradients in health behaviors, longitudinal analyses of socioeconomic inequalities in the health behaviors of children and adolescents are relatively limited, particularly in the Australian literature. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between socioeconomic inequalities and health behaviors among Australian children and adolescents.MethodsThis study utilized the secondary data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (Waves 2–8), which included participants aged 2 to 15 years. Relative index inequality (RII) methods were used to investigate the associations between socioeconomic inequalities and the health behaviors of children and adolescents.ResultsCompared with their counterparts, children and adolescents with high socioeconomic status (SES) are 84% more likely to consume fruits and vegetables (RII = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.63–2.09) and 19% less likely to consume sugary beverages (RII = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.77–0.86), but more likely to consume sweet and savory foods (RII = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.01–1.19). Children and adolescents with high SES were less likely to spend their free time on screens (RII = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.81–0.91) and more inclined toward outdoor activities (RII = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.53–1.98).ConclusionThis study provides useful insight into socioeconomic inequalities and health behavior outcomes in children and adolescents. These findings stress the need for tailored interventions designed to improve the health behaviors of families from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Additionally, addressing unhealthy dietary behaviors, such as the higher consumption of sweet and savory foods among children from higher SES backgrounds, is equally critical. Such comprehensive interventions have the potential to reduce socioeconomic disparities in health behaviors and improve the well-being of the broader population.

Three-Position Vehicle Control Based on Neural Interface Using Machine Learning

The brain-computer interface is a complex system that allows you to control external electronic devices using brain activity. This system includes several elements – a device for reading brain activity signals, a hardware and software complex that processes and analyzes these signals, and a control object. The main challenge here is the development of methods and algorithms that can correctly recognize and predict the intentions of the person who uses this interface to provide solutions to control problems. This paper describes the mathematical formulation of the equipment control problem. Methods for preprocessing EEG signals, analyzing them, and making decisions about issuing a control signal are described; the structure of the software implementation of these methods is described, as well as a plan for experimental testing of the performance of the entire system that forms the brain-computer interface. For classification of EEG signals the methods of machine learning are used. A modification of the k-nearest neighbors method is proposed – the so-called fuzzy almost nearest neighbors method. An algorithm for the adaptive classification of EEG taking into account the drift of the parameters of the subject's model based on the method of recurrent objective inequalities (ROI) has also been developed. The control algorithm was implemented in the Python programming language. A remote-controlled wheelchair is considered as a control object, and turning the chair to the right or left is considered as a control task. To experimentally test the performance of the developed model and algorithms, more than 15 tests were carried out with five subjects in total. The approach developed and described in this article and its software implementation during testing demonstrated its effectiveness in the tasks of controlling the rotation of a wheelchair. Special attention was also paid to the resource intensity of the software implementation. Methods and algorithms were implemented taking into account the requirements that arise when performing calculations on low-performance devices with a limited amount of memory.

CGLS Method for Efficient Equalization of OFDM Systems Under Doubly Dispersive Fading Channels with an Application Into 6G Communications in Smart Overcrowded

CGLS Method for Efficient Equalization of OFDM Systems Under Doubly Dispersive Fading Channels with an Application Into 6G Communications in Smart Overcrowded

Spatial decay estimates for the coupled system of wave-plate type with thermal effect

<p>In this article, we investigate the spatial decay estimates for the biharmonic conduction equations within a coupled wave-plate system incorporating thermal effects in a two-dimensional cylindrical domain. Using the method of a second-order differential inequality, we can obtain the spatial decay estimates result for these equations. When the distance tends to infinity, the energy can decay exponentially. This result shows us that the Saint-Venant principle is also valid for the hyperbolic-parabolic coupled system.</p>

Complete γ‐th Moment Convergence for Weighted Sums Under WOD Setup

By utilizing the Rosenthal‐type maximal moment inequality and truncation method, we mainly investigate the complete γ‐th moment convergence for weighted sums of widely orthant dependent random variables in this paper. Some sufficient conditions of complete moment convergence are obtained, which generalize some corresponding ones of negatively orthant dependent random variables in the literature.

Infrared Image Enhancement Based on Guided Filtering and Adaptive Algorithm and Its FPGA Implementation

ABSTRACTDetail enhancement and noise suppression are critical to the performance of infrared imaging systems, and a method for enhancing infrared images based on guided filters is introduced in this paper. Firstly, the guidance filter and Gaussian filter are used to decompose the original infrared image into the base layer and the detail layer, and then the adaptive histogram equalization method is used to enhance the overall brightness and contrast of the base layer. For the detail layer, we will guide the filtering to obtain the gain factor through the “” rule processing, on this basis, the detail gain function is constructed to apply to the processing of the detail layer, and finally the basic layer and the detail layer are fused to obtain the final result image. The proposed method is compared with six other infrared image enhancement algorithms under different data sets and analyzed using subjective and objective evaluation indicators. The experimental data show that the proposed method can effectively improve the overall contrast and local details of the image and has good scene adaptability. Finally, we transplanted the algorithm to the FPGA bottom layer for implementation, and for 640 512 resolution images, the final implementation effect is almost no different from that on the PC side.

Parametric optimization and sensitivity analysis of the integrated Taguchi-CRITIC-EDAS method to enhance the surface quality and tensile test behavior of 3D printed PLA and ABS parts.

3D printing is a popular and cost-effective method for producing lightweight engineering parts with enhanced characteristics and detailed prototypes. Nevertheless, the quality of the print can be diminished by the selection of improper parameter settings. This investigation explored the impact of printing factors on the tensile behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) specimens. Experimental investigations were conducted to investigate the effects of infill pattern (grid, 2D, and 3D honeycomb), layer thickness (0.10, 0.15, and 0.20mm), infill percentage (30%, 50%, and 70%), and printing material on surface roughness and tensile characteristics where an irregular dependency was identified. In this scenario, the Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) Method was integrated with Taguchi and Criteria Importance through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) to prevent inconsistent judgments with a minimal number of experiments. PLA printed parts with 2D honeycomb design, 0.10mm layer thickness, and 50% infill provided the optimum results within the declared boundary conditions. The robustness and sensitivity of the employed MCDM method were assessed through a comprehensive analysis. The weights determined through other techniques, including the equal method, principal component analysis (PCA), and Entropy, were subsequently compared to CRITIC. The results indicated a stronger correlation between PCA and CRITIC. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation matrix results indicated that EDAS was significantly correlated with the MOORA method in comparison to the other methods (ARAS, WASPAS, GRA, COPRAS, and CODAS).

Can Gender-Responsive Public Procurement Approach be Incorporated into Public Procurement Law

The basic function of public procurement is to supply the requirements of public institutions on the market. However, the social state idea and sustainable approach bring innovative opinion of public procurement. Considering gender-responsive needs in purchasing processes, creating equal conditions between women and men, assuming a supportive role in reducing existing economic inequalities methods are among the important steps taken at this point. Considering the Turkish public procurement legislation, it can be seen that no concrete steps have been taken on the issues. The aim of this article is to analyse the applicability of the gender-responsive public procurement approach within the framework of Turkish public procurement legislation. In this context, evaluations have been made to bring an innovative perspective to the legislation, based on the principle of equality in the Constitution and the practices considered exceptions to the principle of equality in the Public Procurement Law.

Research on diversified fund allocation strategy

Money management is crucial in investing and is an important risk management tool. It can affect the magnitude of an investor's loss from a number of perspectives, including the reasonableness of position management, the effectiveness of capital allocation, the setting of stop-loss strategies, the degree of diversification of investments, and the regular evaluation and adjustment of capital flows. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the capital allocation issue in money management. Through a decade-long history of back-testing and evaluation of multiple indicators, this paper analyzes and compares three different methods of capital allocation. The methods mainly include the equal allocation of funds method, the profitability preference method, and the risk adjustment method. The results show that the Profit Preferred Method performs best in terms of strategy return and risk-adjusted return, while the Risk-Adjusted Method excels in the control of maximum retracement and is suitable for risk-averse investors. Despite the lower returns of the equal distribution method, its stability is still attractive.

Transient Stability Analysis for Grid-Connected Renewable Power Generation Systems Based on LMI Optimization Modelling

Grid-connected renewable power generation systems (RPGSs) may be disconnected from the grid under a transient process, which may possibly induce large-scale power outage accidents. Optimization of parameters based on transient stability analysis of RPGSs would be a feasible solution to such a problem. However, the accurate stability boundary of a grid-connected RPGS are hard to obtain, as the commonly used transient stability analysis methods have the problems of large computation burden with no quantitative solution (numerical method), low analysis accuracy (equal area method), and complexity or impossibility in implementation (Lyapunov function-based methods). In this paper, a modified transient stability analysis method is proposed. By calculating the largest area of the domain of attraction (LEDA) based on the linear matrix inequality (LMI) method and optimization modelling, and then applying parameter sensitivity analysis to the LEDA, the dominant parameters that have high impacts on the LEDA are revealed. A parameter optimization design method that can improve the system’s transient stability is eventually obtained. A hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation system of a 2 MW grid-connected RPGS is established based on the Typhoon HIL 602 device. The theoretical results are verified by using HIL simulation results.

Study of Water Resistance of Polyurethane Coatings Based on Microanalytical Methods.

This study investigates the effect of microstructural changes in polyurethane coatings on their water resistance properties. Polyurethane coatings with varying diluent contents were prepared and tested for water penetration resistance and mechanical property retention. The time-dependent behavior of water within the coatings at different immersion durations was analyzed using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Furthermore, the free volume and characteristic molecular groups of each coating were analyzed using microscopic techniques, including positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Results indicate that diluent content significantly alters the microstructure of the coatings. With increasing diluent content, both the average pore volume and free volume fraction initially decrease and then increase, while characteristic molecular groups, including hydrophilic groups, gradually decline. The water resistance performance of the coatings was significantly influenced by the combined effects of free volume and characteristic molecular groups. Among the five tested coating formulations, coatings with diluent contents of 20% and 25% showed a superior water penetration resistance, higher retention of mechanical properties after immersion, and relatively low total content of bound and free water at all immersion ages. The entropy weight method and the equal weight method were used to assess the overall water resistance, with the following ranking of scores: f20 > f25 > f30 > f15 > f10. This study offers theoretical support to guide the design and practical application of polyurethane coatings in real-world engineering projects.

PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF ABRASIVE WATER JET MACHINING PROCESS USING COPRAS AND VIKOR METHODS

Abrasive Waterjet Machining (AWJM) is one of the widely used non-traditional machining process to cut the hard materials like aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) and the materials which are very difficult to machine using conventional machining due to their high hardness and tendency to cause tool wear. Present work two popular multi criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) AND VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) Methods have been used to optimize the AWJM machining process parameters for the machining of AMMCs. Both equal weight and standard deviation methods are used to find the weight of three response parameters like material removal rate, surface roughness and kerf width. From the results it is observed that there is a strong correlation between the weight calculation and the MCDM techniques which shows the robustness of the techniques. It is also noticed that machining with highest traverse speed and with out silicon carbide (SiC) is giving good response paramètres. However machining with low traverse speed is giving worst response parameters.

Manipulator Trajectory Planning Based on Clustering Curve Discretization and B‐Spline

ABSTRACTIn addressing the welding trajectory planning problem for a six‐axis robot under visual guidance, a method based on clustering and isometric image trajectory curve discretization is proposed to enhance welding trajectory precision and improve welding quality. Firstly, the kinematic model of the six‐axis robot is established using the D‐H parameter method. Subsequently, the discrete processing of the welding trajectory map recognized by an industrial camera and chord error calculation are performed. The discrete trajectory is then interpolated using fifth‐order non‐uniform B‐spline interpolation, with welding speed planning based on an S‐shaped speed planner. Finally, the planned trajectory is verified by welding simulation in MATLAB and V‐REP simulation. The simulation results show that the end trajectory of the manipulator is smooth and stable. Compared with the equal arc length discretization method, the discretization accuracy of the proposed method is improved by 19% (plane curve) and 10.7% (space curve), indicating that the proposed discretization method improves the end tracking accuracy of the six‐axis robot.

Effects of salinity stress on the growth performance, histological characteristics, and expression of genes related to apoptosis and immunity in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Salinity is an important environmental factor affecting fish growth and development. To investigate the effects of salinity stress on the growth performance, tissue structures, and expression of genes related to apoptosis and immune response in large-sized channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) juveniles, an 8-week salinity stress experiment was conducted. Six salinity levels (3, 3.8, 4.7, 5.9, 7.3, and 9 psu) were set according to an equal logarithmic concentration gradient method, along with a control group (0), and growth performance and physicochemical indices were measured. The survival rate of channel catfish in all salinity groups was 100%. Body length, body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate decreased with increasing salinity, with higher salinity levels resulting in more significant reductions in growth performance. At 9 psu, both the specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain rate (WGR) decreased significantly to 0.61%/day and 40.86%, respectively (p < 0.05). Histological analysis results indicated that with the increase in salinity, the number of intestinal mucosal folds relatively increased, while the number of goblet cells gradually decreased. Hepatocytes became more densely packed, and the hepatic lobule gaps widened. Apoptosis detection results revealed that in the liver, the number of apoptotic cells at 4.7 psu salinity was more than that in the control group and at 9 psu salinity. In the intestine, the number of apoptotic cells at 9 psu salinity was significantly higher than in the other two groups (p < 0.05). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of the expression patterns of genes related to apoptosis and immunity showed that the expression levels of caspase 3, caspase 8, INF-I, IL-1β, and bax genes in the liver and intestinal tissues were higher in the experimental groups than in the control group, while the expression of bcl-2 decreased with increasing salinity in liver tissue but increased in intestinal tissue. These findings can provide theoretical guidance for the aquaculture of channel catfish in saline-alkali land.

Distributed state estimation of interconnected power systems with time‐varying disturbances and random communication link failures

AbstractState estimation of multi‐area interconnected power systems is crucial for reflecting system operations and guiding actuator responses. However, sensor faults, communication link failures, and external random disturbances can inevitably lead to power system failures. Therefore, designing a highly effective state estimation method capable of timely and accurate detection of sensor faults in the power grid to mitigate losses is of significant practical importance. This paper addresses the fault estimation problem in multi‐area power systems with parameter uncertainties and proposes a fault‐tolerant state estimator that accounts for communication link failures between network layers in each area. These communication link failures are modelled as Bernoulli‐distributed variables. State estimation is achieved using information from adjacent power system areas. Sufficient conditions for the error system's performance are provided using Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequality methods. Finally, simulations on a three‐area interconnected power system validate the proposed method's effectiveness in mitigating the effects of communication link failures and random disturbances. The method accurately and rapidly estimates sensor faults and the system state, ensuring stable operation and enhancing grid reliability.

Determining the Compaction Temperature of Warm-Mix Anti-Rutting Asphalt Mixture

In order to study the effect of a warm-mix agent on the compaction characteristics of an anti-rutting asphalt mixture, this study compared the compaction temperature of an anti-rutting asphalt mixture with different warm-mix-agent contents from two aspects: asphalt viscosity and asphalt mixture voids. Based on the rheological properties of asphalt, the optimal content of the anti-rutting agent was first determined as 6% by the weight of asphalt. Four warm-mix-agent contents of 0% (control group), 1%, 2%, and 3% were designed. The viscosity–temperature curve of the warm-mix anti-rutting modified asphalt was obtained by the Brookfield viscosity tests. After that, AC-20 standard Marshall specimens were prepared to conduct a series of consecutive temperature compaction tests. The voids were calculated based on the bulk density of the specimen measured by the saturated surface-dry method. Industrial Computerized Tomography (CT) was employed to further quantify the internal voids. Two voids–compaction temperature curves were constructed based on the saturated surface-dry and CT results, respectively. The comparative results show that significant differences exist between the compaction temperatures obtained from the three curves. The viscosity–temperature curve shows that when the warm-mix agent is increased from 0% to 3%, the compaction temperature only declines about 7.9%. However, the voids–compaction temperature curves from saturated surface-dry and CT, respectively, indicate a temperature decrease of 22.7% and 19.2%. This is because a warm-mix agent will interact with asphalt, resulting in a decrease in asphalt intermolecular adsorption, whereas an anti-rutting agent mixed with asphalt will increase the degree of cross-linking and aggregation between asphalt molecules. Both additions have a certain impact on the viscosity of the asphalt binder; thus the traditional method of using the asphalt viscosity–temperature curve to determine the compaction temperature of warm-mix anti-rutting asphalt mixture has become ineffective. It is suggested to use the equal voids method to determine the compaction temperature of warm-mix anti-rutting asphalt mixtures.

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Urban Construction Land in Resource-Exhausted Cities: An Empirical Study of Puyang, China

Resource-depleted cities face challenges of land structure imbalance and ecological environmental degradation, necessitating relevant research. Clarifying the land use evolution path and exploring the rationality of urban expansion are of significant importance for the sustainable development of resource-depleted cities. This study employs a comprehensive approach utilizing the land use transfer matrix, expansion intensity, expansion speed, and the equal fan analysis method to investigate the evolution characteristics of construction land in Puyang, a typical resource-exhausted city in China, from 1990 to 2020. Additionally, it identifies the driving factors based on a comprehensive approach combining the variance inflation factor (VIF), grey relational analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis. The main findings include the following: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the cultivated land area in Puyang decreased by 181,296 hectares, while the newly added construction land amounted to 24,846.30 hectares, primarily converted from cultivated land. (2) Puyang comprises five counties and one district. Among them, Hualong District exhibited the highest expansion intensity, speed, and area, whereas Taiqian County showed the lowest. This disparity is attributed to resource-centered land development and utilization. (3) From 1990 to 2020, urban expansion in Puyang primarily concentrated in the northeast direction, exhibiting a concentric outward expansion pattern. (4) Socioeconomic factors positively influenced the expansion of construction land, with the “year-end total population” having the most significant impact. Conversely, land use and natural resource factors negatively impacted construction land expansion, with “cultivated land area” being the most prominent. Additionally, policy and institutional frameworks played a regulatory and restrictive role in the evolution of construction land, while topography and location served as fundamental conditions for urban expansion. This study provides methodologies for sustainable development research in resource-exhausted cities and offers a foundation for land use planning research in resource-based regions of China.

Alamouti coding enabled polarization insensitive simplified self-homodyne coherent system for short-reach optical interconnects

Coherent technology inherent with more available degrees of freedom is deemed as a competitive solution for next-generation ultra-high-speed short-reach optical interconnects. However, the high system cost, elevated power consumption, and large footprint size pose formidable barriers to the application of conventional coherent systems in short-reach scenarios. Self-homodyne coherent detection exhibits its potential for short-reach applications due to the sharing of the signal carrier and the local oscillator (LO), which not only reduces the system cost but also eliminates the frequency offset. Nevertheless, the self-homodyne coherent technique suffers from the polarization fading issue due to the random polarization states of the remote LO. In this paper, an Alamouti coding enabled simplified self-homodyne coherent detection technique is proposed to solve the polarization fading issue, resulting in a polarization-insensitive receiver. Besides, to further reduce the computational complexity of the system, the digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) technique is discussed to alleviate the complexity of chromatic dispersion compensation (CDC), which is another dominant power consumption module of the receiver-side digital signal processing. The performance of the proposed scheme is demonstrated with a 50Gbaud 4-subcarrier 16/32QAM DSCM signal. The results show that polarization-insensitive self-homodyne detection is achieved by the transmitter-side Alamouti coding technique, circumventing the sophisticated automatic polarization controller for the polarization state tracking of the remote LO. In addition, by applying the joint dispersion compensation and equalization (JDCE) method for the DSCM signal, the CD-induced penalty can be fully addressed by increasing 4 taps in the equalizer for an 80 km single-mode fiber transmission without an individual CDC module, reducing the computational complexity of the system significantly.