Inequality In Nigeria Research Articles

Women in leadership, gender inequality in Nigeria, diversity and new trend of women in leadership positions in industries around the world

Women in leadership, gender inequality in Nigeria, diversity and new trend of women in leadership positions in industries around the world

Globalization and Income Inequality in Nigeria

Globalization and Income Inequality in Nigeria

Human Capital Development, Poverty and Income Inequality in Nigeria (1985-2020)

Test and Error Correction Model were the tools that were used to estimate the relationship between the variables. Data is from the World Bank Development Indicators (WDI) online database, 2021, Official Gazettes of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Education and Macrotrend, 2021. Empirical results showed that the ratio of human capital to government spending was positive at 5 per cent in the short term, in line with a previous expectation. The long-term relationship between human capital development, poverty and income inequality in Nigeria has been negative. The ECM has a weak rate of adjustment of 1.2 per cent and a 1 per cent significance of this imbalance is corrected annually. Therefore, among other things, it was recommended that the federal government should increase budget allocations for the education and health sectors, and improves living standards through empowerment and the acquisition of self-employment skills.

Climate Change, Poverty and Income Inequality Linkage: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria

There seems to be a vicious cycle between climate change and income inequality. Hence, this study examined the existence of a feedback relationship between climate change and income inequality in Nigeria. The study employed an annual data series for the period from 1980 to 2020. Income inequality was measured by Gini while climate change was captured by temperature. The upshot of the study revealed that there is a feedback substantial connectivity between climate change and income inequality. The impact of climate change on income inequality conformed to the U-shaped hypothesis. Other factors of climate change were population growth, economic development, and emission of carbon dioxide. Hence, the study pertinently advocates and recommends effective population control, reduction of income inequality through the provision of employment and education, and the supply of modern and efficient energy in the purse of economic growth and development.

Modelling the nexus between income inequality and shadow economy in Nigeria

Purpose — This paper aims to examine the relationship between the shadow economy and income inequality in Nigeria.Method — The paper employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS), and Granger causality. This methodology is used to avoid endogeneity and heterogeneity in the model. This paper gauged income inequality using two diverse indicators of the Gini coefficient: the Gini index in proportion to household disposable income and the Gini index in proportion to household market income. In accordance with the literature, our empirical analysis draws on data from the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID), the World Bank, World Development Indicators, and the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) for Nigeria from 1991 to 2018.Result — The findings of ARDL and FMOLS suggested a positive relationship between income inequality and the shadow economy, based on both measures of income inequality. In the short term, however, the shadow economy and income inequality are negatively correlated. Furthermore, we discovered a one-way causal relationship exists in Nigeria between the shadow economy, household disposable income, institutional democracy, household market income, and corruption control (CCI).Recommendation — Shadow economy has been regarded as an avenue to create job opportunities and raise poverty-income levels. It is critical that, for the shadow economy to reduce income inequality in Nigeria, policymakers should develop much better policies aimed at addressing income inequality.Contribution — In order to understand the relationship between income inequality and shadow economy activities in Nigeria, this study employed three methodologies, namely: Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL), Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), and Granger Causality. The result offers reliable recommendations for pro-poor interventions that aim to limit the growth of informality via redistributing incomes.

Has economic growth reduced poverty in Nigeria? A critical analysis of the last two decades

Purpose — This paper aims to examine how Nigeria's economic growth over the past two decades has contributed to poverty reduction.Method — This study adopted the desktop research method of qualitative and quantitative data and used various sources, including academic journals, publications, books, articles, and reports. The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of Nigeria, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Human Development Report, the World Bank Indicators, and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin are all places where secondary statistical data comes from.Result — Nigerian economy has experienced significant growth over the last two decades, but poverty rates in the country remain high. We also discovered that the Nigerian economy's high level of inequality, corruption, jobless growth, and monocity are some issues that have hindered the translation of economic growth into significant poverty reduction.Recommendation — Based on the analysis of this research and the peculiarity of the Nigerian economy, this paper recommends that diversification of the economy, investment in public services, and policies that encourage pro-poor growth are effective strategies that would lead to more significant poverty reduction. In addition, there is a need to study the nature of inequality in Nigeria. An in-depth study needs to be done on income inequality and the multidimensional forms of inequality prevalent in the country.Contribution — Research on economic growth and poverty in Nigeria mostly concentrated on the relationship between these variables. Only a few studies have investigated why the poverty rate continues to rise amid economic growth. This study tries to fill this gap and contribute empirically to the current literature on economic growth and poverty in Nigeria by studying the economic situations and factors surrounding the country's rising poverty rate.

Trade Openess, FDI and Income Inequality: New Empirical Evidence from Nigeria

A huge number of empirical literature has carried investigation on trade openness-income inequality nexus globally. However, there are areas of knowledge gap on the part of the impacts of FDI inflows on inequality to the Nigerian economy. As a result of this knowledge gap and growing concern for variations in methodologies and scope which makes the debate on nexus between trade openness, FDI and income inequality not beyond controversy. Hence, this study examines the nexus between trade openness, FDI and income inequality in Nigeria between 1981 and 2019 using ARDL methodology. Our findings show that shows that trade openness exerts a negative effect on income inequality in the short-run. This implies that rising trade openness leads to decline in inequality. Equally, the study finds that FDI is negatively related to income inequality. The findings are in tandem the theoretical prediction of Stolper-Samuelson‘s theorem in case of Asia that trade openness and FDI inflow impact income inequality. The findings on government expenditure also exerts a positive effect on inequality. Given that proxies for institutional and macroeconomic determinants demonstrate a diverse variety of indications and effects, this study suggests a policy stimulus aimed at enhancing economic and social structures while also stimulating FDI influx potential in order to raise household incomes.

INTERACTION EFFECT OF INFORMALITY AND CORRUPTION ON INCOME INEQUALITY IN NIGERIA

Engagement in informal economic activities serves as a survival strategy for underprivileged majority in developing economies with high level of corruption. Consequently, this study examined the main and interaction effects of informality and corruption on income inequality in Nigeria from 1996 to 2020 using autoregressive distributed lag-bound testing technique. The study result showed evidence of long-run relationship among informality, corruption and income inequality. The main effects of informality and corruption on income inequality are negative and statistically significant in both the short and long run. However, corruption reduction in a year was found to reduce income inequality in the subsequent year. Furthermore, the interaction effect of informality and corruption on income inequality was found to be negative and statistically significance in both the short run and the long run. Corruption reduction was found to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for reduction of inequality. Consequently, this study recommended creation of socioeconomic environment conducive for the growth, expansion and eventual formalization of informal businesses. The study also recommended that inequality-reduction be made the end goal of corruption-reduction by ensuring that the proceeds from successful anticorruption campaign are channelled to policies and public projects which redistribute income to the less privileged.

'Financial Inclusion-Income Inequality' Nexus in Nigeria: Evidence from Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) Modeling Approach

High level of exclusion from the financial system could be a consequence of low level of financial development evident in such economy. Low financial access and access to financial services/products is a one of the contributory factors to the level of income generated by households and businesses and by extension the level of income inequality in such economy. To examine the “Financial Inclusion-Income Inequality” nexus in Nigeria, this paper specifies income inequality in Nigeria as a function of deposit money banks’ loans to SMEs, banks’ credit to the private sector, number of bank branches, and broad money supply-to-GDP ratio. The data used in this study are annual time series data from 1992 to 2018. Specifically, data on financial access (measured by having a number of commercial banks branches and broad money supply-to-GDP); and access to financial services and products (measured by deposit money banks’ loans to SMEs and deposit money banks’ credit to the private sector) were collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. Data on level of inequality (measured by the Gini index) was collected from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The unit root tests (i.e., ADF and PP) shows that the time series are non-stationary until after first differencing. To empirically analyze the impact of financial inclusion on inclusive growth, the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) econometric technique was employed. The results show that the coefficients of financial access variables are significantly different from zero. That is, the improvement in the financial access component of financial inclusion will prove to be more effective in reducing the income inequality gap in Nigeria. This may not be unrelated to the reality on ground as it affects the cost of credit and the stringent requirements often included as pre-condition for granting of loans and supply of credits by deposit money banks and other business financing institutions. This paper therefore recommends policy that increases awareness among citizens on the importance of owning and maintaining a bank account; and establishment of more branches in the rural areas to serve the high and growing rural population.

COVID-19 pandemic and the widening oral health inequality in Nigeria.

The inequality in access to oral health care in Nigeria is driven by the low numbers of trained health care workers, disproportionate distribution of oral health facilities, low level of oral health awareness, and the challenge associated with out-of-pocket expenditures. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted oral health care delivery, access to oral health care services, thereby further entrenched inequality by increasing the out-of-pocket expenditure for health due to COVID-19 associated increased cost of medical services; high risk of worsening oral health care needs by patients who have routine and special oral health care needs; increased risk for oral health care needs by persons worse affected by COVID-19; and the high risk for general health problems by those whose access to routine and special health care needs were disrupted by the pandemic. The pandemic has however, also created opportunities to reduce the inequalities in the oral health care sector through adoption of teledentistry; integrated oral and general health care; improving oral health insurance coverage for the informal sector; and increasing public financing for health.

Evolution of Inequality in Nigeria: A Tale of Falling Inequality, Rising Poverty and Regional Heterogeneity

Evolution of Inequality in Nigeria: A Tale of Falling Inequality, Rising Poverty and Regional Heterogeneity

Climate Change and Counselling Education: The Incontrovertible Role of Counselling in Psycho-Social Human Adjustment in Nigeria

Climate change threatens to aggravate problem of mental health and social inequality in Nigeria. The causes and danger associate with it has continuously intensified its effect thereby causing some psychological and social problems in the life of people, communities and society at large. Therefore, it becomes pertinent for counselling professionals to come together to address the issues both at local and international levels.
 In this article, the focal point is on ways Counsellors can respond to climate change through counselling, advocacy, learning, sensitization and psycho-social human adjustment.

Covid-19 Pandemic, Violence and Social Inequality in Nigeria.

The measures to curtail the spread of COVID-19 and prevent loss of lives across the globe include; lockdown of schools, religious worship centres, business centres, and a general restriction of movement of the people. The lockdown, which involuntarily confined people to different places of abode has numerous effects on the individuals and the society. This paper seeks to examine how COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated violence and social inequality in Nigeria and attempts possible solutions to the problem. The methodology includes the review of literature and reports. The findings show that, the lockdown has resulted in heightened levels of gender-related domestic violence and social inequality in the society. The closure of all educational institutions has left many young people idle. Some of these youths have ended upengaging inimmoral sexual activities with the opposite sex. Children also suffered molestation and harassment from predators. Newspaper reports revealan increasein cases of rape in the society during this period. The lockdown has caused job losses and salary cut which have translated into a reduction in government, private companies and individuals’ revenue. This situation affected many families negatively as it led to financial hardship in homes and increased misunderstandings and various forms of negative tensions and domestic violence in the society. Spousal violence, landlord-tenant violence, house-owner and house-help violence, violence on widows, boyfriend- girlfriend violence is now more commonplace in the society. Even though it is undeniable that gender-based violence had existed before the pandemic, the malaise has been greatly aggravated by this deadly disease.

Access to paediatric surgery: the geography of inequality in Nigeria

BackgroundAbout 96.3 million children and adolescents aged 0–19 years reside in Nigeria, comprising 54% of the population. Without adequate access to surgery for commonly treatable diseases, many face disability and...

Financial Deepening and Income Inequality in Nigeria: Evidence from Zivot-Andrews and Gregory-Hansen Structural Break Analyses

Aligning with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10 agenda, this paper undertakes a structural break analysis on the effects of financial deepening on income inequality in Nigeria using annual data from 1980 to 2015 and error correction approach within the framework of the autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) model. Major findings are as follows: (1) in the long-run, financial deepening and per capita income have equalising impact on income inequality; (2) an equalising effect of financial deepening is observed at the turn of a break point; (3) surprisingly, in the short-run, financial deepening aggravates inequality, and (4) the equalising effects of these variables are robust to the choice of financial deepening variables, the different structural break points and model specifications. These results suggest that income inequality depends on financial deepening and per capita income and that not controlling for structural breaks may lead to wrong inferences when making decisions on issues related to reducing income inequality in Nigeria.

Gender inequality: determinants and outcomes in Nigeria

PurposeThis paper aims to shed light on gender inequality in Nigeria exploring new available data. It makes a case for attention to women empowerment and likely economic outcomes. The general objective of the research work is to ascertain the direction of gender inequality and show the pattern of inequality. Also, sectoral trends are obtained by analyzing and examining income inequality in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThe paper obtained data from the Living Standard Measurement Survey Wave 3, published 2017 with emphasis on the earnings that accrued to both male and female. The study employed the ordinary least square (OLS) method to show the relationship between the mean income and other parameters such as the sector of employment, marital status and education level. Theil’s entropy index was used to measure the within and between inequality that exist in the economy and across regions and sectors while adopting the overcrowding theory.FindingsThe result shows that gender inequality is more pronounced across the region, location and in some sectors of employment than the others. Geographical area has a higher effect on earnings disparity but is more pronounced among females. Also, the result showed that gender within inequality was high in the regions, education, location, and marital status while a higher level of education contributes to high wages for women. However, married women are more deprived.Originality/valueThis study has further revealed the need to bridge the gap gender inequality has caused in Nigeria, especially related to income, education and geographical location, with a focus on both opportunities and outcomes.

The #EndSARS protest, corruption and insecurity debates in Nigeria

The mass protest to end the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (known as the #EndSARS protest) was a decentralized social movement and series of mass protests against police brutality in Nigeria. The protest started in 2017 as a Twitter campaign using the hash tag #ENDSARS to demand the disbanding of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad. This paper argues that the #EndSARS protest in Nigeria was a microcosmic manifestation of the deeply rooted dissatisfaction of Nigerians with the social, economic and political situation of the country. Data was collected using secondary sources such as internet material, journal, research reports and textbooks, and were analyzed using the expository and analytical method of inquiry, the paper demonstrates that the protest was just the avenue the Nigerian youths got to ventilate their frustration, disappointment and anger with the government. The paper asserts that nepotism, tribalism, insecurity and corruption are the underlying issues that fuelled the protest. Restructuring and resource control, which underline the gross inequality in Nigeria, are other current debates that gave rise to the protest. Following the analysis, the paper concludes that nepotism, tribalism, insecurity and corruption are the bane of Nigeria’s economic, political and social ill.

Information Literacy and Women Empowerment for National Development: The Role of First Ladies in Nigeria

Information literacy, the ability to access and utilize essential information empower women’s participation in national development and helps them to gain control over their lives. It is key to development and it promotes social inclusion by empowering people to seek and use the information to achieve their goals. It helps women to utilize available resources at their disposal to the best of their ability to achieve optimum results. Women economic empowerment and information literacy cannot be assessed without considering the economic inequality in Nigeria. Women empowerment is the means of reducing women's vulnerability and dependency in all areas of life. Women in Nigeria especially in the rural areas have been neglected, subjected and exposed to poverty with no means of supporting themselves. This paper looks at how information literacy and empowerment can raise the standard of living of women and the role and impact first ladies have played in empowering these women and going forward, how information literacy and women empowerment programmes can be better structured and sustained to further improve their living conditions and the socio-economic development of the nation.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Gender Inequality in Nigeria: Education and Empowerment of Women in Focus

This paper focuses on gender inequality in the area of education and empowerment of women in Nigeria. This has become significant in this time of novel global wealth coming with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (FIR). It was discovered through a doctrinal research that, Nigeria, aside from having many national legislations on gender equality, is also a signatory to major international human rights instruments on gender equality. However, the workability of these legal frameworks has remained doubtful as there are wide range of gender inequalities which makes it difficult for Nigerian women to achieve their full potentials. Intellectually, higher number of Nigerian men goes to school than women. It follows from here that, men in Nigeria are undoubtedly gainfully employed than the women. Women in Nigeria are often circumscribed to low-paying and very repetitive jobs. In view of this realization, there is every possibility of increased and massive inequality and unemployment as robots seems ready to replace the women work force in Nigeria. Hence, the researcher asks the question as to; how relevant will Nigerian women be in the area of education and empowerment in this time of FIR, despite the presence of the law? This paper argues that the legal framework on gender equality in Nigeria are mere cosmetological set up, which had not impacted on equality between women and men, despite the Women in Development theory (WID), which has been made part and parcel of the legal framework. The paper fears that if these inequality persists, there will be no place for Nigerian women in the FIR. Concerted efforts are required on the part of the government of Nigeria to see to the workability of the laws on gender equality so as to make women relevant in the FIR. It is in the light of the far-reaching implications of this that the makes recommendations.

Comparative Study of Education Funding in Nigeria

This study provides a comparative review of education funding across geopolitical zones in Nigeria and draws a nexus between Nigeria’s budgetary allocation to education and some selected African countries. Education funding in Nigeria has lagged the UNESCO’s advised 15%-20% of the government's annual budget to education in the last three decades. We assess education funding across the six geopolitical zones between 2010 and 2019 using content analysis of the respective states. A review of the WAEC enrollment for states in each zone is performed to compare how education funding impacts WAEC enrollment in Nigeria. The study identifies a link between poverty and income inequality and education funding in Nigeria by leveraging data from the World Bank and Nigeria Bureau of Statistics (NBS) from 2001-2019. We identify low funding of education as the primary driver of poverty and inequality in Nigeria. The study recommends a diversified funding mechanism to enhance the sector's funding and improve the quality of education in the country. Keywords: Education Funding, Poverty and Inequality, Nigeria DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-5-01 Publication date: February 28 th 2021