Inequality In Modern Societies Research Articles

Global problem of growing economic inequality and tokenization of assets as a prospect of its solution

The paper is dedicated to the discussion of tokenization of backed assets as a promising and potentially new solution to the long-standing and unresolved issue of growing economic inequality in modern society. Asset tokenization is considered as a simple and technologically realistic way to facilitate the financial availability of valuable investment assets (real estate, securities, gold, etc.), which is a modern and unexpected manifestation of blockchain technology, provided that tokens of real assets are recorded in decentralized information platforms. The paper successively solves three working tasks: the problem of global wealth inequality has been described, and its solution through increasing digital financial accessibility has been presented; the essence of tokenization of assets as a new phenomenon and trend in the modern digital economy has been presented; the idea of asset tokenization due to its ability to radically increase the level of accessibility of investment assets for any strata of the population owing to a unique property of divisibility of the distributed ledger token has been explained. The author uses considerable aggregated data and a review of modern foreign literature. The author concludes that asset tokenization can indeed be a new means of significantly reducing the barrier to investment for billions of people worldwide by lowering the threshold of minimum investment costs and increasing the liquidity of existing physical assets. To make this possible, regulatory compliance, regulation and storage must be addressed. Many countries and organizations have taken steps to better understand the asset tokenization and proper value. It also causes the reconfiguration of institutions and rules of operation of the market infrastructure.

ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ И ГЕНДЕРНОЕ РАВЕНСТВО: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПУТИ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ

In the process of developing the digital economy, developed countries that are making the transition to a new technological order are facing an increasing number of social risks, one of which is the increase in gender inequality in the sphere of labor and society as a whole. The main goal of the article is to reveal the problem of gender inequality in the modern society of Kyrgyzstan. The article examines the employment of women and men in the economy, wage differentiation, and the level of unemployment by gender and participation in the digital economy and in STEM professions. In conclusion, measures to overcome gender inequality in modern digital society were proposed.

Violence against women as a form of socio-gender inequality in modern society

Violence against women as a form of socio-gender inequality in modern society

Dіgital Inequality in Modern Society: Ukrainian Dimension of Global Trends

Nowadays, the pervasive informatization becomes a precondition for further human development. Although, its macrosocial reformative effect is connected not only with obtaining new advantages and abilities in different spheres of people’s life, but also with a bunch of modernization risks and threats for the sustainable human society development. The debatable process of the global informatization actualizes the task of comprehension of one of the world’s major and key problems – the phenomenon of the digital inequality.The article covers the observation of the specific aspects of the digital inequality deployment in the modern society as well as determination of the actual complex estimate of the problem significance for Ukraine. Digital inequality is investigated as a dynamic threat which simultaneously propagates on the global, regional and local levels. The main factors of shift of balance are defined together with its current measures.In as much as the digital inequality phenomenon is complex and it has many aspects this study is based on a complex approach which takes into account the evolution of the digital inequality and identification of two stages of its deployment. For the purpose of determining the situation with digital inequality in Ukraine statistical investigations and monitoring methods were applied. This allowed determining the current status of the digital inequality and the dynamics of the key indexes in Ukraine regarding the level of development of the informational society in the world’s ranks data.The research findings made possible to conclude that Ukraine stays in the role of relatively hind ward country with a «catch-up» informatization inside of which both stages of digital inequality deployment take place simultaneously. The main steps of state policy implementation intended for minimization of destructive occurrences of digital inequality have been suggested.

Institutes of inequality in modern society

The ambiguous process of global changes associated with the growing instability of modern society, the aggravation of the social tension in the world between developed and developing countries, the opposition of the well-being of the chosen minority to disadvantage and poverty of the majority, has highlighted the imperfection of existing institutions and the need to move to a new model of the social world order. On the basis of institutional analysis, the article reveals the inefficiency of the functioning of public institutions, which leads to the reproduction of unstable structural social interactions and the opposition of various societies, groups, individuals. The problem of transforming existing institutions into institutions of inequality turns into a system (structure-forming) and becomes relevant both in fundamental theoretical development and in its practical solution in ensuring the development and enhancement of the vitality of modern society.As a result of the research it was shown that the systemic crisis of modern capitalist society is, first of all, an institutional crisis related to the imperfection and inefficiency of the functioning of its key institutions (family, property and state). They essentially stopped (or cease) in various ways to promote social development and began to turn into institutions of inequality at different levels of the social system and encompass its various structural elements: at the level of the institution of the family it is associated with the beginning of the deformation of the institutional matrix of the relationship between a man and a woman (gender balance between role positions); at the level of the institution of property, it is predetermined by the concentration of power and the distribution of resources in the hands of pseudoelites; at the state level, it is due to the fact that it is being transformed into a supranational corporation, which, depending on the nature of its legitimacy (or illegitimacy), reproduces certain permissible (or unacceptable) limits of social inequality.

Craft in Organizational Society

Modern society is experiencing a revival of craft, yet our understanding of the role of craft in society remains very sparse. Craft appears to be an important component of the new economy and may provide opportunities to dampen inequality in modern society. As such, enhancing our understanding of the craft revival seems to be essential. In addition, we also lack a solid understanding of the unique organizations and networks that engage in craft production. Key for these actors appears to be striking a balance between tradition and innovation. The purpose of this symposium is to bring together a diverse panel of distinguished scholars conducting research on craft to (1) discuss the importance of and recent developments in the area; (2) chart out a course for future research, and; (3) engage in an interactive discussion with audience members around the topic.

Comparative Analysis of Inequality, Corruption, and Trust Studies in Modern Societies

AbstractThe article is concerned with the specific relationship of corruption and inequality in modern societies. This linkage is expanded with the category of trust, which is certainly an important concept in modern societies. There are different points of view on the relationship between corruption and social inequality. The paper proposes to make comparative analysis of this relationship and to interpret it based on the current social situation. First, it should be noted that there is a direct link between the levels of corruption and inequality. The high level of corruption is usually associated with high levels of inequality. But the hypothesis of a strong direct relationship between these concepts is controversial. The path from inequality to corruption may be indirect through trust, but this relationship is a key to understanding why some societies are more corrupt than others. But it is not so simple: the correlation between inequality and corruption is weak. Inequality and corruption are not directly related, there are deviations from this relationship.

Development of Evolutionary Neurosociology: Behavioral Biograms and Biological Predisposition to Social Inequality

In recent years, there is growth of interest for neurobiology, neuroscience, behavioral genetics, evolutionary biology, social neuroscience for the traditional problems of sociology. The mechanisms of dominance hierarchy (in sociology it is known as a problem of social inequality) is one of the issues that has caught attention of these disciplines. Although the results are relevant, they are largely ignored by social scientists. Exceptional attempts are the efforts of those sociologists who work in such new areas as neurosociology and evolutionary sociology. In this article, taking into account the results of their research, I apply evolutionary theory together with the findings of neuroscience to the problem of social inequality. I analyzed behavioral biograms (biological predispositions of certain social behavior) – aggressive, mother-infant bonding, hierarchy, male domination, incest avoidance, territoriality – as an evolutionary source of social inequality in modern society.

U. Beck’s study on globalization and social inequality in modern society

In article some aspects of research of a social inequality in the conditions of the globalization, described by U. Beck within the methodological approach accepted by it, as attempt to give the adequate description of modern social reality are considered.

The Persistence of Workplace Gender Segregation in the US

AbstractOccupational gender segregation remains one of the defining elements of gender inequality in modern societies. Recent trends for the United States show that occupational segregation remains high and did not substantially decline in the decade of the 2000s for the first time since 1960. Men and women work in different occupations because of a combination of forces, including culturally defined choices by workers themselves, discrimination by employers, and differences in skill levels and qualities. Research has shown that occupational segregation is an important aspect of gender inequality in earnings and contributes to other forms of inequality as well. The prospects for reducing gender segregation in the short term appear slim, based on the weak effects of educational attainment, cultural attitudes, and state intervention in the current period.

The Mechanisms of Social Exclusion in Modern Society: The Dilemma of Active Labor Market Policy*

AbstractIn this article, I examine the social exclusion approach that has influenced social policy in Europe, and demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in explaining the emergence of new forms of inequality in modern society. First, I consider recent studies of social exclusion to show two important points: the paradigm shift from poverty to social exclusion and the introduction of a new policy framework of social inclusion. At the same time, I examine the inherent dilemma of social exclusion in response to radical critics of the social exclusion approach. Next, I point out an internal dilemma in the active labor market policies prioritized today by European Union member states. This dilemma is that these policies make the unemployed more vulnerable by forcing them into paid work. I then show how the enhancement of social networks in local communities and the provision of assistance to support cultural identity can serve as a buffer to compensate for the destructive influence of the economic dimension of social inclusion. In addition, I point out that citizenship as rights claiming is indispensable to social inclusion for all. Finally, drawing on the analysis outlined above, I conclude that a multi‐tiered mechanism of social inclusion can reasonably be considered the most effective framework in a precarious society where people bear various risks in the era of globalization.

Onderwijs als nieuwe sociale scheidslijn?: de gevolgen van onderwijsexpansie voor sociale mobiliteit, de waarde van diploma's en het relatieve belang van opleiding in Nederland

The increased educational participation has resulted in more social mobility and less social inequality in modern societies. So, educational achievement may have become a new social cleavage in society instead of social origin. Until now, it is unclear whether this actually has been the case, because educational expansion has resulted in credential inflation and probably also to a weakening of the impact of educational qualifications on occupational success. What consequence of educational expansion is dominant in the Netherlands, is unknown. This article focuses on the following questions: What development has occurred in (1) the intergenerational transmission of status positions from parents to their children, (2) the labour market value of credentials in terms of occupational success and (3) education as social cleavage instead of social origin? On the basis of data from the Family Survey Dutch Population 1992-2009, we have shown that the intergenerational transmission of status positions from parents to their offspring has decreased over time, but primarily among men. In addition, credential inflation has taken place in the labour market, which has resulted in a diminished effect of level of education on the occupational status achieved by individuals. Meritocratization in the labour market stagnates. The ultimate consequence is that the relative importance of education, compared to social origin, as a social cleavage has not increased in Dutch society.

Life Courses in the Globalization Process: The Development of Social Inequalities in Modern Societies

This article examines the impact of the globalization process on individual life courses and employment careers in modern societies from an international comparative perspective. Empirical results are summarized from the GLOBALIFE research project (Life Courses in the Globalization Process), which studied the effects of globalization on life courses for the first time. As the results demonstrate, the globalization process has had diverse effects on different phases of the life course. Qualified men in their mid-careers are broadly protected from the effects of globalization, while young adults are the losers of the globalization process. We also find that educational and class characteristics determine the extent to which an individual faces increasing labour market risks. Under globalization, these effects have intensified. The results of the GLOBALIFE project thus indicate that globalization triggers a strengthening of existing social inequality structures. Another central finding is that globalization has not led to the same outcome across various modern societies. Globalization appears to be distinctly filtered by deeply embedded national institutions. These institutional packages entail diverse strategies of labour market flexibilization which themselves differentially shape patterns of social inequality in modern societies.

IPOS Sutherland Memorial Lecture: psycho‐oncology and health care research

Remarkable changes of health-care systems, increasing costs of health care and of social inequality in modern societies, an aging population and the increase of chronic illnesses such as cancer implicate various future challenges for the provision of health care. Health-care research aims to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of patient-oriented services involving the evaluation of innovative treatment approaches and settings. It deals with the patients' path through different areas of health-care systems in order to identify significant factors for the provision of quality assurance of structures and resources concerning treatments, processes and health outcomes. Health-care research focusses on three main topics that play an important role for quality management: (1) the admission to health-care services and assessment strategies including indication, utilization and specificity of settings and target groups; (2) the treatment process including the implementation, standardization and flexibility of services and dose-effect relationship of interventions; (3) health-care outcome including effectiveness and efficiency of interventions and services, the cost-benefit relationship and the transfer from research to health-care practice. Given the objectives of health-care research, the topics of health-care research in psychosocial care for cancer patients include the study of structural conditions of psycho-oncological services, the epidemiology of distress and mental disorders and the subjective need of psycho-oncological support in cancer patients, the improvement of psycho-oncological measures and assessment strategies in daily treatment, the study of psycho-oncological interventions under routine conditions, and quality assurance. Requirements of future health-care research and developments of psycho-oncology including aspects of orientation, strategies, health-care equity, and resources are discussed.

Globalisierung und die Veränderung sozialer Ungleichheiten in modernen Gesellschaften

This article deals with the effects of globalization on individual life courses and employment careers and the resulting changes in patterns of social inequality in modern societies. Empirically, we draw back to results from the international research project GLOBALIFE which studied the effects of globalization on modern life courses for the first time. The results show that the effects of globalization on individual life courses show marked differentiation with regards to specific life course phases: while especially the employment of mid-career men remained considerably stable under globalization, the careers of young adults, mid-career women as well as late-career workers underwent significant alterations. At the same time, results from the GLOABLIFE study indicate that the changes induced by globalization have not yet led to identical results at the national level. Globalization appears to be differentially filtered by deeply embedded and path-dependent national institutions. These “institutional packages” entail variable forms of labour market “flexibilisation” which themselves differentially shape patterns of social inequality in modern societies: While Scandinavian countries have largely succeeded in limiting an increase in social inequality under globalization through active public welfare engagement, globalization has led to a significant amplification of social inequalities in other regime types, either between labour market insiders and outsiders (in conservative and Southern European countries) or between individuals with different human capital resources (in liberal countries).

Return of Inequality in Modern Society? Test by Dispersion of Life-Satisfaction Across Time and Nations

It is said that inequality is returning to modern nations and that this is manifest in the widening disparities in income in the late 20th century. This trend is attributed to neo-liberalism, globalisation and immigration, and is seen as a turn in the long-term trend towards a more civilised society. In this paper I challenge the idea of rising inequality. I argue that income difference falls short as an indicator of inequality and cannot be meaningfully compared across time. Instead I propose to measure inequality in another way, not by difference in presumed chances for a good life, but by the dispersion of actual outcomes of life, using the standard deviation of life-satisfaction as an indicator. Comparison across time in EU nations over the years 1973–2001 shows that the dispersion of life-satisfaction became smaller instead of larger. Comparison across 80 nations in the 1990s also shows lower dispersion in the most modern countries. So the trend towards greater equality seems to persist. If there is any truth in the theory that access to scarce resources has become more unequal, the tendency must have been compensated in some way, possibly by greater equality in personal capabilities.

Labor Markets’ Institutional Properties And Distributive Justice In Modern Society: A Comparative Empirical Analysis

The paper’s main argument is that the rates of distributive injustice in industrial societies are significantly influenced by labor markets’ institutional properties. Markets characterized by institutional properties that heavily favor capital at the expense of labor are expected to produce more distributive injustice - as well as more income inequality – than others. In particular, distributive injustice is expected to be inversely linked with labor’s institutional power in economy and society. The paper intends to make a contribution to institutional analyses of distributive justice and related social problems such as income inequality in modern societies.

"Your Blues Ain't Like My Blues": Race, Ethnicity, and Social Inequality in America

Introduction Our charge is to reflect on the study of social inequality in sociology. The breadth of this assignment is virtually overwhelming, encompassing as it does the wide range of hierarchical systems and relationships in society based on factors as varied as social class, gender, race, education, ethnicity, age, income, language, and region to name but a few indicators. To make the task more manageable, we restrict our attention to racial and ethnic inequality. Interestingly, as we reviewed the research record, evaluated key statements and anticipated future directions in the study of race and ethnicity, we found ourselves led inexorably to consider connections across and between the various hierarchical systems operating in modern society. It became apparent that race and ethnic inequality reflected, and were in turn reflected in, the broader reality of social inequality in modern society. However, while we recognize the interconnections between race/ethnicity and other stratification systems in society, we also recognize the unique significance, status, and power of race/ethnic identity as anchor or master factors in the U.S. system ofracialized social inequality. America's unique racial and ethnic reality was shaped by a history that included the enslavement of Africans, the conquest of Indians and Mexicans, the exploitation of Asian and other nonwhite labor, and pastand continuing racial/ethnic discrimination. More generally, a fundamental aspect of the American experience (and some would argue, the American character) has involved commitment to, embrace of, and engagement with the philosophy of White Supremacy (Takaki 1990; Mills 1997; Lubiano 1998; Zia 2000). Wace and ethnicity are socially constructed identities that vary across time, space, situation, and perception. It is this particular quality that introduces ambiguities into the debate on the

Incorporating Gender Inequality into Income Distribution Research

Income distribution research assumes equal sharing of resources within the household. This assumption has been criticized for leading to an underestimation of the extent of gender inequality in modern societies. In this paper two alternative methods of deriving an income distribution are presented, both of which make other assumptions about the extent of sharing of resources within households. The first is a partial sharing distribution modelled from survey data; the second is a distribution of individual income, i.e. no sharing of resources. The methods are then applied to income distribution data from the 1991 Swedish Level of Living Survey and the respective distributions are compared with the baseline distribution, assuming equal pooling of resources. As expected, the results indicate that differences between men and women increase but the extent of this increase is somewhat less than expected. Nevertheless, the analysis highlights how gender inequality can be brought into the field of income distribution.

Equality and Inequality in Modern Society, or Social Stratification Revisited

This paper attempts both to “bring up to date” the author's conception of social stratification as set forth in two previous general papers written in 1940 and 1953, and to broaden the field of consideration by giving special attention to the forces pressing toward equality in various respects, as well as the bases of inequality. The position taken is that the erosion of the legitimacy of the traditional bases of inequality has brought to a new level of prominence value‐commitment to an essential equality of status of all members of modern societal communities.Inequalities, among units of societal structure which are essential in such fields as economic productivity, authority and power, and culturally based competence, must be justified in terms of their contribution to societal functioning. The balancing of the respects in which all members of the societal community and many of its collective subunits must be held to be equal with the imperatives of inequality constitutes one of the primary foci of the problem of integration in modern society. A few suggestions about the mechanisms by which this integrative process can operate are presented.