Economic Development Inequality Research Articles

DISPARITAS PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI ANTAR WILAYAH DI PROVINSI MALUKU UTARA

The objective of this research is to assess the economic development disparities among districts and cities in North Maluku in 2010 - 2015 period. This research is motivated by the diversity of natural resources and demographic conditions, differences in income per capita and economic growth contained in each regency and town in North Maluku. As a result of these differences, the ability to increase economic development is different from one region to the other region. The data collected for two months from February to March 2017. The data used are PDRB per capita data, population data and economic growth data obtained from Central Bureau of Statistics of North Maluku Province. Analysis of data in the form of descriptive analysis presented in tabular form using Williamson Index analysis tool. The results showed that the economic development district and cities in the province of North Maluku during the period 2010 - 2015 continues to inequality, where the data is used proved that there are significant differences among the districts and cities in North Maluku. Results proficiency level could be seen clearly when analyzed by Williamson Index which indicates that the rate of economic development was still classified inequality on inequality of economic development. This was due to the diversity of potential and natural resources among districts and cities that led to per capita income and economic growth becomes different resulting imbalance of economic development.

The Analysis of Economic Development GAP Between Regencies in Central Java Provinces

The purpose of this study were (1) to know how the development level of inequality of economic development in Central Java Province according to Williamson Index; (2) determine the extent of the influence of the labor force to the level of economic development of Central Java Province; and (3) know how to influence the allocation of development aid districts / cities to the economic development of Central Java province. This research is a quantitative research used panel data, time series data (years 2002-2011) and cross section (35 districts / cities in Central Java province). The data used in this research is secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The analytical method used is the method of multiple linear regression analysis of panel data with FEM methods used tools Eviews 7 software. Results of the study is to show (1) the economic development gaps between regions in Central Java province which is calculated using Williamson index during the period 2008-2011 showed a widening inequality; (2) the allocation of development aid from the central government uneven and areas that receive aid are too large can increase the level of inequality between regions. This is due to the construction of concentrated to areas that are already developed than areas that are still lagging behind, because the area is developed better facilities from areas not yet developed; and (3) R2 value of 0.9949 means variable variation inequality of economic development in Central Java province can be explained by variables of the labor force and the allocation of regional development funds amounting to 95.5% while the remaining 0.05% is explained by other factors outside the model

Pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi antar wilayah kebijakan pembangunan di Provinsi Jawa Timur

<p><em>This study aimed toknow the relationship and the pattern between economic growth and inequality of economic development in East Java at 2004- 2013. It is determined by the characteristics of development policy area in East Java at 2004- 2013.This research is carried out in East Java province that contains of 29 regencies and 9 cities. They are divided into 4 Bakorwil. This research uses the secondary data, then analyzed by analysis technique of Williamson Index to measure development inequality, correlation of moment product and Regression Curve Estimation.The results of this research are (1) the relationship pattern between economic growth and development inequality tends to be “U” so Kuznets hypothesis does not apply in East Java, and the correlation value of product moment does not significant so the relationship economic growth and development inequality cannot be described. (2) In each Bakorwil, the relationship pattern between economic growth and inequality of economic development is influenced by the characteristics of development policy area in East Java province, likewise with its correlation.</em></p>

Differentiation of the regions of Russia based on level of economic development

Assessments of the level of interregional differences by per capita GRP in current and constant prices are presented in the article. The tendencies of inequality in economic development of the regions of Russia in 1990–2013 have been studied.

Pola dan struktur pertumbuhan ekonomi serta ketimpangan pembangunan antar daerah di Provinsi Jambi

This study aims to analyze the pattern and structure of economic growth and development inequality between regions in Jambi Province. The data used are secondary data for the period 2004 - 2013 sourced from the Jambi Provincial Statistics Office and Jambi Province BAPPEDA. Data were analyzed descriptively using the Klassen Typology, Williamson Index and Theil Entropy Index. The results of the study found that there was no shift in the pattern and structure of economic growth in Jambi province. The economic growth of Jambi Province is relatively fluctuating with a tendency to increase. Inequality in economic development in Jambi Province in the period 2004 to 2013 was categorized as low.

Regional diversity and development between the southern provinces of Pakistan: a principal component analysis

Economic development is an important consideration for a country like Pakistan, especially for the southern provinces; Sindh and Balochistan. Unequal economic development in these southern provinces creates regional disparities. These regional disparities enhance significant political and social issues like rural poverty and uneven economic growth. During the last several decades these provinces have been facing increasing problems of regional inequalities in economic development. Hence it is necessary to investigate the problem areas with poor use of resources by advance statistical tech- niques like Principal Component Analysis. The results will pin point those areas where development activity and planning can be directed towards improving economic infrastructure and prosperity of the people. The broad objective of economic development is to balance the inherent land resources and optimization of resource use towards achievements of produc- tivity over a long period.

Macroenvironmental Factors Including GDP per Capita and Physical Activity in Europe

Socioeconomic inequalities in physical activity at the individual level are well reported. Whether inequalities in economic development and other macroenvironmental variables between countries are also related to physical activity at the country level is comparatively unstudied. We examined the relationship between country-level data on macroenvironmental factors (gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, public sector expenditure on health, percentage living in urban areas, and cars per 1000 population) with country-level physical activity prevalence obtained from previous pan-European studies. Studies that assessed leisuretime physical activity (n = 3 studies including 27 countries in adults, n = 2 studies including 28 countries in children) and total physical activity (n = 3 studies in adults including 16 countries) were analyzed separately as were studies among adults and children. Strong and consistent positive correlations were observed between country prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and country GDP per capita in adults (average r = 0.70; all studies, P G 0.05). In multivariate analysis, country prevalence of leisure-time physical activity among adults remained associated with country GDP per capita (two of three studies) but not urbanization or educational attainment. Among school-age populations, no association was found between country GDP per capita and country prevalence of leisure-time physical activity. In those studies that assessed total physical activity (which also includes occupational and transport physical activity), no association with country GDP per capita was observed. Clear differences in national leisure-time physical activity levels throughout Europe may be a consequence of economic development. Lack of economic development of some countries in Europe may make increasing leisure-time physical activity more difficult. Further examination of the link between country GDP per capita and national physical activity levels (across leisure-time, occupational, and transport-related domains) is warranted.

The determinants of disparities in inward FDI flows to the three macro-regions of China

This study investigates the determinants of disparities in inward foreign direct investment (FDI) among the three macro-regions of China. A pooled ordinary least squares model (POLS) is employed using a panel dataset at the provincial level. Variations in economic openness (government's preferential policies) and industrial and economic development in terms of market size, human resources, agglomeration and infrastructure are the prime causes of the uneven regional distribution of FDI, which further widens income and economic development inequalities among the three macro-regions. To reduce the degree of regional disparity, the government should offer more extensive preferential policies attracting FDI, especially in energy, transport, resources, high and new technology industries, into the inland regions and increase government investment in education and infrastructure in these areas.

Finance, Technology and Inequality in Economic Development

This paper presents an overlapping generations model with technology choice and credit market imperfections, in order to investigate a possible source of underdevelopment. The model shows that a better financial infrastructure that provides stronger enforcement of contracts facilitates the development of financial markets, which, in turn, enables firms to switch to more productive and capital-intensive technologies, thereby promoting economic development. In the presence of credit rationing, however, this technological switch widens inequality. Therefore, risk-averse agents would not be willing to improve the financial infrastructure to the level at which the technological switch occurs, resulting in a development trap. A remedy is to facilitate small firms' adoption of the currently used technology rather than the new one.

Dual Financial Systems and Inequalities in Economic Development

This paper analyzes the emergence and the evolution of a modern banking system, in a developing economy where banks coexist with informal credit institutions. Banks have a superior ability in mobilizing savings while informal lenders enjoy a superior information on borrowers. More specifically, banks cannot observe perfectly the behavior of borrowers; therefore the latter need to provide collateral assets in order to obtain bank loans. Physical collateral is not needed to borrow in the informal credit market: informal lenders can rely on social networks to obtain information on borrowers' behavior and invoke social sanctions to enforce repayment. The sustained growth path is associated with the successful development of the banking system that gathers savings on a large scale. However, informal lenders and other traditional credit institutions are necessary in the first stage of development when collateral is scarce. In this economy, the development of modern financial intermediaries is closely associated with the accumulation of collateral assets by entrepreneurs. This implies that the initial level of development as well as the initial distribution of wealth will determine the joint evolution of the real side of the economy and the financial system. Under certain conditions, two long-run steady-state equilibria exist: in the first one the economy stops growing and the banking system never successfully develops; in the second one the economy reaches a sustained growth rate and the informal sector asymptotically vanishes. The impact of the following policies is discussed: financial repression, micro-credit institutions and redistribution of assets.

Recommendations for cervical cancer screening programs in developing countries. The need for equity and technological development.

The cervical cancer screening programs (CCSP) have not been very efficient in the developing countries. This explains the need to foster changes on policies, standards, quality control mechanisms, evaluation and integration of new screening alternatives considered as low and high cost, as well as to regulate colposcopy practices and the foundation of HPV laboratories. Cervical cancer (CC) is a disease most frequently found in poverty-stricken communities and reflecting a problem of equity at both levels gender and regional, and this, is not only due to social and economic development inequalities, but to the infrastructure and human resources necessary for primary care. For this reason, the CCSP program must be restructured, a) to primarily address unprivileged rural and urban areas; b) to foster actions aimed at ensuring extensive coverage as well as a similar quality of that coverage in every region; c) to use screening strategies in keeping with the availability of health care services. In countries with a great regional heterogeneity, a variety of screening procedures must be regulated and standardized, including a combination of assisted visual inspection, cervical cytology and HPV detection; d) regional community intervention must be set up to assess the effectiveness of using HPV detection as an strategy in addition to cervical cytology (pap smear); e) the practice of colposcopy must be regulated to prevent the use of it in healthy women at a population level, thus preventing unnecessary diagnosis and treatment which not only are expensive but also causes unnecessary anxiety to women at risk; f) the operation of those clinical laboratories using HPV as a detection strategy must likewise be accredited and regulated and g) the CCSP program for assuring health care quality should meet the expectations of its beneficiaries, and increase the knowledge in cervical cancer related matters. Finally, though a variety of clinical tests on prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against HPV are recently being developed worldwide; it will take at least from 5 to 10-years time to have them available in the market. For this reason, it will be necessary to intensify the CCSP programs. All these reasons lay emphasis on the need to reinforce actions for CCSP programs. This paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Inequality, Inflation, and their Impact on China's Investment Environment in the 1990s and beyond

Inequality, inflation, and unemployment have become increasingly explosive problems in today's China. In conjunction with an analysis of the spatial pattern of inflation, this paper examines the current trend of China's spatial disparities, in terms of economic output, real consumption, and real income, within inter-provincial, inter-regional and urban-rural framework. This paper also investigates the combined effect of the current high rate of inflation and spatial disparity on China's investment and business environment in the 1990s. Findings of this paper suggest that inter-regional inequalities in economic development and income distribution, especially since 1990, have been accelerated/exacerbated by high inflation, which appears to hit the poorer areas disproportionally. Given the reinforcement of disparity and inflation and the current upsurges of rampant localism, the investment and business environment of China in the 1990s, in terms of political and social unrest and economic profitability, will...

Provincial disparities in levels of living: The case of Spain, 1970?1981

Regional inequalities in economic development in Spain are widely recognised, but similar patterns of levels of living have been less studied. Some of the general factors which might contribute to regional inequalities are discussed. Although it is difficult to identify their precise role, it is argued that the pattern of economic growth, the character of regional economic structures, population distribution and urbanisation, return migration, and the nature of Spanish regional and local government all contribute in varying ways to inequalities in levels of living in different regions. Furthermore, they suggest that such inequalities have persisted throughout the 1970's. The regional patterns are then described and trends of change between 1970 and 1981 examined. The evidence suggests that the decade saw a widening dichotomy in levels of living in Spain with the south and west showing deterioration and the N and E showing relative improvement.

KETIMPANGAN PENDAPATAN DAN POTENSI SEKTORAL DI KALIMANTAN TIMUR TAHUN 2002-2004

One of common characteristics of the less-developed countries is widespread of economic inequality among their regions. The problem of regional disparity occurs due to differentiation of both quality and quantity of human and natural resources. Indonesia is a classic example of a country with deep economic gap among its provinces. Ironically, East Kalimantan as one of the richest provinces in Indonesia has experienced the similar case. The development of Cities is approximately faster than that of Districts. Such situation is contributed by some factors such as concentration of economic activities, uneven distribution of investment, mobility rate of production, deprived domestic and international trade, etc. The implementation of policy on regional autonomy is intended to minimize such development upheaval. To some extent, however, autonomy laws have been sharpening the disparity among regions, particularly between oil-and-gas-based-regions and non-oiland- gas-based-regions. It means that natural resource (i.e. oil and gas) industry plays crucial role in escalating local development, especially where third sector (services, technology-based, communication, etc) is poorly developed. In the long-term perspective, the dependency on natural resource which is nonrenewable should be shifted to other sector having the potency to be continuously renewed. By using affiliation from Location Quotient (LQ) analysis, this paper tries to excavate the potency and inequality of economic development in East Kalimantan Province. The analysis aims to identify the priority of sound development sector in certain area and finding out the area owning advantage of location from any sector, in order to improve efficiency of economic activities.Keywords: ketimpangan ekonomi/pendapatan, sektor potensial, Kalimantan Timur.

The Problem of the Inequality of Economic Development in Europe in the Later Middle Ages

W e have all been accustomed for a long time to the existence of differences between the stages of development of various peoples, both in the modern and contemporary worlds and in antiquity. Although this seems to me to be a problem of great importance, historians of the Middle Ages have, however, rather neglected it. Comparing the phases of development of western and eastern Europe in the Middle Ages one can easily observe important differences. Rapid development in the economies of most of the eastern countries began late in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when the west had already reached the height of its medieval economic development. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the situation changed markedly. Now it is the west which enters a period of long and grievous crisis, while most of the eastern countries take a considerable step forward. In the sixteenth century there is once again a new situation. Several of the western countries, and particularly the northwestern, enter into an economic expansion which, in spite of the crises of the seventeenth century, will lead them into a privileged position especially in economic matters. The economic advance of several of the eastern countries dies out at the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and is followed by a regression of nearly two centuries. One should add that there were also considerable differences in stages of development and its dynamism between the different regions of the east and that the frontiers between the zones of economic development are not necessarily the same as the political frontiers. I would like to begin by indicating briefly the predominant situation in the east for most of the period from the tenth to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The characteristic of this period is rather slow economic development. The territories of modern Bohemia and south-west Russia achieved the best economic results at this time, while the economy of Poland was still at a rather low level. But all these areas had some features in common. Thanks to recent investigations one can say that in the east, just as much as in the west, agriculture formed the basis of existence, but it was an agriculture of an extensive and primitive kind. Triennial rotation was little known and the iron plough was still something of a rarity. In spite of the natural wealth available, mining was little developed.2 Commerce was dominated by luxury products destined

The Problem of the Inequality of Economic Development in Europe in the Later Middle Ages

The Problem of the Inequality of Economic Development in Europe in the Later Middle Ages