Inequality In Income Distribution Research Articles

POVERTY IN BULGARIA: A GENERAL CHALLENGE

The current article is not committed to the complex task of providing solutions to the deepening unfavorable economic situation in the country, but rather to put an emphasis on one of the most pressing problems for society in Bulgaria - poverty. European statistics report that our country faces the highest risk of poverty compared to other members of the European Union. Among those most at risk are some of the working people - the so-called working poor, children and persons over 65 years of age. Bulgaria is the EU-27 country with the highest inequality in income distribution and a low poverty threshold. The research has an empirical and analytical focus, considering indicators that have a direct relationship to the high proportion of the poor population in our country.

Equal Distribution of National Income through the Concept of Green Economy: an Exploratory Studies

The initiation of national economic growth gives the government a focus on handling economy equally in both rural and urban areas. The considerations that make the economy must be sustainable among others which the current generation who enjoys goods and services produced from natural resources and the environment has a moral obligation to leave the services of these natural resources for future generations. The aim of this research is initiated to promote equitable economic growth through the conservation of natural resources that can be used sustainably from each generation. The approach used in this research is qualitative with exploratory study method. The analysis technique used is literature search and case analysis related to the entity of equal distribution of national income and the green economy concept. The results of this study indicate that there are seven strategic steps and green economy using macro-regional economic indicators namely genuine saving to monitoring the distribution of national income. This result is to describe concepts of green economy, green growth and green development are basically intended to operationalize the linkages of economic, social and environmental pillars in the context of sustainable development.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pembangunan Ekonomi Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Utara

Economic development means the process of increasing total income and per capita income, taking into account population growth, significant changes in the country's economic structure, and equal distribution of income between residents. Economic growth is an inseparable part of economic development; Economic growth results in economic growth and vice versa, economic growth increases the speed of the economic development process. Economic growth is the process of increasing the production capacity of the economy which is reflected in an increase in national income. A country is claimed to be in economic growth when its real GDP is higher. Developing countries.

A Comparative Analysis of Household Incomes of People with Different Levels of Education in Poland and the USA

Abstract Research background Household income is one of the most important economic categories depending on various factors, in particular on the level of education of the head of the household. Salaries are treated as the market valuation of graduates made by employers. Hence, the question arises of how the education system affects the distribution of household income, in particular in the group of people with higher education. Purpose The aim of the paper is to apply the Singh-Maddala model to describe the income distribution of people with primary, secondary and higher education in Poland and the USA. On the basis of numerical characteristics and measures of income inequality, the situation of education, in particular higher education, and its impact on household income in the analyzed countries were assessed. Research methodology The study used data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) from 2020. All analyzes were based on the Singh-Maddala model. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the model parameters. Results The analysis showed that the higher the level of education, the better the income situation of the household. In Poland, salaries in the group of people with higher education are the most unequal, while in the USA the greatest income inequalities occur in the group of people with primary education. Novelty The paper describes the issue of household income distribution and income inequality, which is an important and current socio-economic problem. To describe and analyze the economic situation of the household incomes of people with different levels of education in Poland and the USA statistical data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) was used. Empirical studies conducted for different samples add significantly to existing knowledge on the topic.

A study of agro-economic development and its impact on socio-economic inequality in Ukraine

In today’s world, the problem of inequality is gaining global significance, and numerous international institutions set among their main tasks the fight against its manifestations – economic, social, etc. The study of economic inequality during martial law is extremely relevant, as it primarily negatively affects people’s lives and well-being, provokes crises and additional social tensions, and, as a result, destabilizes the state system and the national economy, which are already in a state of crisis due to military operations. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the causes of social and financial stratification of Ukrainian society in the context of agro-economic development. The dynamics of salary in Ukraine, in particular, in the agricultural sector, was studied using the method of statistical analysis, and the index of general economic stratification was calculated using the Gini coefficient method. Statistical data on the development of the agricultural land market was analysed, starting from the end of the moratorium in July 2021 and until June 2023. As a result, the current key indicators of the land market in Ukraine, and information on salary in various sectors of the economy in the period from 2014 to 2022 were obtained, and the incomes of agricultural employees were analysed, which turned out to be below average. For a more objective assessment, statistics on the largest agricultural countries of the European Union were used and compared with their inequality indicators. The calculation of the Gini coefficient showed a 10% increase in the inequality of income distribution of Ukrainian households between 2014 and 2022, but it was still lower than the current indicators of such European countries as Germany, Sweden, and Poland. The practical significance of the work lies in the development of recommendations for reducing the gap between rich and poor in Ukraine, in particular in the agricultural sector, which can be used by the relevant authorities to redistribute the agricultural market and optimize tax legislation

Measuring the relationship between income distribution inequality and life expectancy at birth in OECD countries with Hellinger correlation analysis

Bu çalışma, “doğumda yaşam beklentisi” ve “gelir dağılımı adaletsizliği” arasındaki ilişkinin Hellinger korelasyon analizi ile ölçülmesini konu almaktadır. Analizler 2019 yılı verileri üzerinden 29 OECD ülkesi için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gelir dağılımı adaletsizliğini temsilen, Gini katsayısı ve Palma oranı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın birincil amacı, klasik Pearson korelasyon analizi ile anlamlı sonuç vermeyen “doğumda yaşam beklentisi” ile “gelir dağılımı adaletsizliği” arasındaki ilişkinin, Hellinger korelasyon analizi uygulandığında anlamlı olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Çalışmanın bir diğer amacı ise, gelir dağılımı adaletsizliğinin doğumda yaşam beklentisi üzerindeki etkisinin, cinsiyetlere göre farklılık gösterip göstermediğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu nedenle, doğumda yaşam beklentisi değişkeni; toplam nüfusun doğumda yaşam beklentisi, kadınlar için doğumda yaşam beklentisi ve erkekler için doğumda yaşam beklentisi şeklinde üç ayrı kategoride ele alınmıştır. RStudio 4.0.5. HellCor paketi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen uygulamalar sonucunda; klasik Pearson korelasyon analizi ile ölçülen ilişkilerin tamamı istatistiksel olarak anlamsız bulunurken, doğumda yaşam beklentisi ile Gini katsayısı arasındaki tüm Hellinger korelasyon katsayıları 1’e yakın, çok yüksek ilişkili bulunmuştur. Fakat aynı durum Palma oranı için geçerli değildir. Doğumda yaşam beklentisi ile Palma oranı arasındaki tüm Hellinger korelasyon katsayıları düşük bulunmuştur. Bu durumun, Gini katsayısı ile Palma oranının hesaplanma yöntemlerinin farklı olmasından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, gelir dağılımı adaletsizliğinin, hem kadınların hem de erkeklerin doğumda yaşam beklentileri ile ilişkisinin benzer olduğu; gelir dağılımı adaletsizliğinin, cinsiyetlerden bağımsız olarak, tüm toplumun yaşam beklentisi ile yüksek ilişkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Impact of Nutrition on Life Expectancy in Russian Regions

The paper studies the impact of nutrition on the life expectancy (LE) of men, as well as women in Russian regions. The empirical analysis is based on data from the Federal State Statistics Service. The panel data includes 1694 observations (77 regions of the Russian Federation in 2000–2021). The authors suggest a summary indicator of regional nutrition patterns based on the nutrition norms developed for 10 food groups by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The study was run using fixed effect models while controlling for indicators of the socio-economic development of regions.Econometric analysis shows that LE of men and LE of women increases with the decrease in the number of deviations from the regional nutrition norms. Alcohol consumption also reduces the LE of men and women, but the effect on men's life expectancy is more pronounced. As expected, the regional GRP per capita increases life expectancy, while inequality in income distribution leads to the LE decrease. The most important factor that positively affects LE of men, as well as LE of women is the proportion of urban citizens. In addition, LE is also affected by regional healthcare design: the number of doctors per 1000 people increases the LE of women; the number of hospital beds per 10 thousand people is associated with both the LE of men and LE of women. COVID-19 significantly contributed to the decrease in LE of men and especially of women. Its negative impact was already noticeable in 2020 but became particularly pronounced in 2021.The study draws attention to a significant regional variation in the LE of men and LE of women related, among other things, to deviations from the food consumption patterns. The findings may be of interest to regional authorities responsible for developing healthy nutrition policies in Russian regions and increasing the LE of men and women.

The impact of financial development on income inequality and poverty.

The Turkish economy has undergone a structural transformation with impressive economic performance during 2002-2018 and then a slowdown. The implementation of policies on the financial markets results in a significant capital inflow, which leads to an increase in the volume of domestic credit. Despite improvements in Türkiye, income inequality and poverty are still relatively high. While much of the literature shows that financial development accelerates growth, there is no consensus on its clear impact on poverty and inequality. While some studies stress that financial development improves inequality and combats poverty by increasing the ability of advantage of new investment opportunities, and by improving the allocation of capital, others point out that the beneficial impact of financial development depends on whether the overall population or the upper-income groups benefit or not. Therefore, this paper aims to empirically investigate the impact of financial development on inequalities and poverty during the 2002-2017 period when Türkiye relatively has been prosperous. According to simultaneous equation regression findings, the widening of the financial sector leads to more equal income distribution and poverty alleviation.

Income inequality and COVID-19 in the USA

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the effects of inequality in income distribution, gender, race and education on incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19 in the USA. For this purpose, a cross-sectional model was estimated for a sample of 2805 US counties. The results obtained allow us to conclude that inequality in all its aspects posed a risk factor for incidence rate and, particularly, for mortality from COVID-19. Other results obtained show that access to healthcare, education attained, ease of adaptation to teleworking, vaccination and healthy lifestyle habits were key factors affecting incidence and mortality.

Strategi Pemberdayaan Pembangunan Pendidikan: Studi Kasus Distrik Beoga Barat Kabupaten Puncak

This article aims to analyze the implementation of the tasks and functions of educational empowerment, analyze the role of the government in educational empowerment, and analyze the strategies of educational empowerment in Beoga Village, West Beoga District, Puncak Regency. Research method: Case study method. This thesis concludes several things as follows: The tasks and functions of educational empowerment in West Beoga District can be said to be not going well, especially in implementing the tasks and functions of education as an actor in socializing the nation's socio-cultural ideology and values, preparing the workforce to reduce poverty, ignorance and promote social change, and equal distribution of income and opportunities, caused by the security conditions (conflict areas) that resulted in the absence of learning activities in schools, in addition to the absence of teachers who were displaced and afraid of the conflict, as well as the reluctance of students to go to school due to the conflict that occurred. The role of educational empowerment as community servants, facilitators and provision of funds is not working well in North Beoga district, this can be seen from the lack of development of existing educational facilities and infrastructure such as local classes, reading books, curriculum, teaching aids and the inadequate quality of teachers. This role is also not optimal due to the lack of local government budget support for the education sector. The educational empowerment strategy, especially in improving the quality of teachers and students, is not working well. This condition is characterized by the lack of development of teachers' competence and professionalism through education and training, technical guidance and strengthening of other competencies, thus affecting the quality of education services in West Beoga District.

Zakat menjadi Instrumen dalam Mewujudkan Stabilitas Perekonomian

Zakat that is managed properly and professionally will support the formation of economic conditions that grow with equity, increase productivity accompanied by equal distribution of income and increase employment for the community. Potential as a source of spending in Muslim communities, a source of funds to overcome various kinds of social costs caused by human relations, and able to build economic growth as well as the inclusion of income economic growth with equity. This will indirectly prevent usury practices, create economic cooperation, and social security, and most importantly can lift the economy of weak people which has an impact on maintaining economic stability. This is where the importance of the role of the state in the management of zakat lies, so that economic, social, and educational functions in Zakat obligations can be realized.

James Crotty’s Advice to Koreans

The Korean economy achieved rapid economic growth with equal income distribution for over three decades until the late 1990s when, in 1997, a financial crisis occurred. Mainstream economists and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) attributed this crisis to the problem of East Asian crony capitalism. The Korean government accepted this perspective and implemented neoliberal economic restructuring and financial opening after the crisis. However, James Crotty argued that the crisis in Korea was a result of haphazard financial opening and the withdrawal of state intervention. Most importantly, he extensively criticized the post-crisis economic reform in Korea imposed by the IMF. He believed that it would lead to lower economic growth and higher inequality, and he advised Koreans to oppose it. This article examines Crotty’s argument about the Korean economy and how the latter changed in the 21st century. JEL classification: F34, H12, O19, O53

Factors Affecting Income Distribution Inequality

Uneven income distribution is a problem that affects many nations throughout the world, including Indonesia, and if it is not remedied right away, the process of economic progress will be slowed. This study examines the relationship between the growth of the agricultural sector, the human development index, the labor force participation rate, and inflation in West Sumatra Province from 2007 to 2022. The Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of West Sumatra Province provided secondary data that were utilised in this study's quantitative methodology. Multiple linear regression is the technique used, and data processing application analytic tools are used. The results of the regression analysis reveal that while the HDI, TPAK, and inflation variables have a significant and adverse impact on income distribution inequality, the agricultural sector development variables, as measured by agricultural sector GRDP data, have a significant and positive impact. Additionally, the findings of this study demonstrate that, from 2007 to 2022, the agriculture sector development variables of HDI, TPAK, and inflation collectively (simultaneously) have a significant impact on income distribution inequality in West Sumatra Province.

Politik- und Marktversagen erfordern Entgeltund Rentenkorrektur

Abstract Pension policy with regard to statutory pension insurance can be described as a failure, at least since the Riester pension. It does not secure the standard of living and many pensioners are poor despite their pensions. In addition to a reduction in benefit levels, unemployment and significant inequality in income distribution also contribute to these developments. The author calls for compensating for this market and political failure and for raising the pension back to its original level.

How Much Financial Development Accentuates Income Inequality in Central and Eastern European Countries?

Financial development is often associated with significant economic growth, but studies have shown that a high level of financial development can be the cause of deepening income inequality in many countries. The main objective of the proposed study is to identify to what extent financial development influences income inequality in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC). Thus, for the model specification we used as dependent variable the Gini coefficient and as independent variable the financial development index. The sample period for the analysis was from 2004 to 2019, restricted by the lack of data on the Gini coefficient in CEECs. Data on the financial development index were collected from International Monetary Fund, and data on the Gini coefficient were extracted from the World Bank’s Poverty and Inequality Platform. The study unravels several contributions. First of all, the use of quantile regression allowed for the examination of the effects of financial development across the entire distribution of income inequality. Second of all, the use of a comprehensive financial development index offered a more robust and comprehensive measure of financial development compared to single indicators. Taking into account that the Gini coefficient must be close to zero, this result was a positive one with, in essence, financial development reducing income inequality in CEECs. Thirdly, the specific focus on CEECs fills a gap in the literature. Finally, the findings of this study have important policy implications. The obtained results indicate a negative causal relationship between financial development and income inequality, emphasizing the fact that the relationship between these two components cannot be generalized for all regions. These might include measures to promote financial inclusion, improve financial literacy, and enhance the stability and efficiency of financial systems. Supporting financial development in CEECs and similar transition economies can be an effective strategy for tackling income inequality.

Determinants of poverty and income inequality on the islands of Sumatra and Java

Poverty and inequality are the main problems faced by a country including Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the comparison of poverty and inequality levels on the islands of Sumatra and Java and to analyze the effect of the human development index (HDI), gross regional domestic product (GRDP), the level of open unemployment (TPT) and total population on poverty and income distribution inequality in Sumatra and Java. The research method used is quantitative descriptive with multiple regression analysis using panel data with provincial research objects on the islands of Sumatra and Java. Based on the results of the study, if you look at the comparison of the poverty rate on the island of Sumatra and Java, based on the data, it can be seen that the average poverty rate on the island of Sumatra is 10.6%, which is higher than the average poverty rate on the island of Java, which is 8.8%. while the level of inequality in income distribution on average in Sumatra is 0.327, lower than the average income distribution inequality in Java, which is 0.393. The regression results show that on the island of Sumatra the HDI variable has a significant negative effect on poverty and inequality, GRDP has a significant negative effect on poverty and poverty has a positive effect on inequality. TPT has a significant positive effect on poverty and not significant on inequality. Total population is not significant to poverty and inequality. While the regression results on the island of Java show that the HDI variable has a significant negative effect on poverty and not significant on inequality. GRDP has no significant effect on poverty and inequality. TPT has a significant positive effect on poverty and not significant on inequality. And population has no significant effect on poverty and inequality.

Analisis Pengaruh Produk Domestik Regional Bruto, Investasi, dengan Jumlah Angkatan Kerja pada Tingkat Kemiskinan di Kabupaten Pasuruan

Economic development is a process of increasing overall per capita income through accounting for population growth and is accompanied by fundamental changes in the economic structure within a country and equal distribution of income for a country's population. The aim to be realized through carrying out this research is to obtain information and carry out an analysis of GRDP with poverty, to find out and analyze the labor force in poverty, and to find out and analyze investment in poverty. The data used is in the form of secondary data in the form of time series data from 2007 to 2021 which was obtained through the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The method applied in this research is multiple linear analysis with the SPSS for 24 windows analysis tool. The results obtained through the conduct of this research show that GRDP has a significant impact on poverty, the labor force has an insignificant impact on poverty and investment has an insignificant impact on poverty.

Теоретико-методологічні засади інклюзивного розвитку підприємництва і суб’єктів агробізнесу

Agribusiness is one of the critical elements of the national economy responsible for food production and supply. Due to globalization, climate change, and military actions, domestic agricultural producers face numerous challenges that require a paradigm shift in business practices. In addition, current trends in the global economy indicate an active growth in the importance of inclusiveness as a mainstream business organization. This is especially relevant to the agricultural sphere, where an inclusive approach can solve the problems of inequality of income distribution, lack of access to resources and markets for products, involvement of all groups and strata of the population in economic activity, etc. The article aims to systematize and improve the theoretical and methodological framework for the inclusive development of entrepreneurship and agribusiness. The theoretical and methodological basis of inclusive entrepreneurship and agribusiness has been studied. It has been shown that the concept of inclusive development of entrepreneurship and agribusiness actors is a logical continuation of the methodology development of corporate social responsibility and sustainable development in the context of globalization and growing social inequality. It has been determined that inclusive development of an enterprise is a strategic orientation towards creating such a corporate culture and working conditions when each employee feels his importance, recognition, and the opportunity to develop and realize his potential, regardless of his social, economic, or other status, to achieve the general well-being, sustainable development of the enterprise itself and the territorial community in which it is located. It has been argued that an inclusive approach to the organization of entrepreneurship and agribusiness contributes to sustainable, socio-ecologically balanced economic growth and social justice, biodiversity conservation, reduction of carbon emissions, adaptation to climate change, re-socialization of people with special needs, including veterans of military operations, and the formation of a democratic civil society. Keywords: inclusive development, inclusive entrepreneurship, inclusive agribusiness, inclusion, sustainable development, methodology.

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Investasi dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Indonesia

The study aims to examine the extent of the influence of economic growth, domestic investment, foreign investment and human development index on income distribution inequality in Indonesia in 2018-2022. This type of research is descriptive and associative, the data used is panel data where the research was conducted in Indonesia in 2018-2022. This research uses the Eviews 12 application, the model chosen is the Fixed Effect Model. The F test shows that economic growth, domestic investment, foreign investment and human development index have a significant effect on income distribution inequality. While in the t test, economic growth and foreign investment have a negative and insignificant effect on income distribution inequality, domestic investment has a positive and insignificant effect on income distribution inequality, human development index has a significant negative effect on income distribution inequality The results of the Coefficient of Determination (R2) test found 0.968. This means that 96.8% of the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable, while 3.4% is explained by other variables outside the model or not included in this study.

Socio-Economic and Property Crime Rate in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effects of socio-economic factors (inequality in income distribution, poverty, unemployment, and population) on crime rates in 31 provinces in Indonesia. The article utilizes yearly data published by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS-Indonesia) from 2013 to 2022. This study examines the socio-economic effects on crime rates using the two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (SYS GMM). The estimation shows that the lag in the number of property crimes positively and significantly affects property crime in Indonesia. This result indicates a dynamic relationship with the property crime rate. Moreover, poverty, unemployment, and total population positively and significantly affect short- and long-run property crime rates. However, the Gini index shows a positive correlation but lacks significance in both short- and long-term effects. These estimation results recommend that efforts be made to alleviate poverty and ensure equitable income distribution. Poverty and inequality reduction need to be pursued by all parties, especially the government, through initiatives aimed at expanding employment opportunities and sustainably empowering the community's economy.