Inequality In Chile Research Articles

Social Reproduction and Education: A Review of Chilean Education and Its Social Segregation Since 1820

ABSTRACT This paper provides a historical examination of the origins and persistence of social segregation within the Chilean educational system, tracing its inception to the nineteenth century. The analysis explores the geographical disparities that characterised the early education system, particularly the divide between rural and urban areas and the resultant inequitable access to primary education. The study further evaluates government interventions, such as the enactment of the Law for Compulsory Education in 1920, and their efficacy in addressing educational disparities. Additionally, the failure of the welfare state in Latin America is scrutinised to contextualise the enduring socio-economic inequalities underpinning the Chilean educational landscape. From the initial segregation based on geographic location to the present-day segregation primarily influenced by socio-economic status, the paper elucidates the historical trajectory of educational inequality in Chile. By delving into these historical developments, the study aims to enrich the understanding of the complex interplay between social inequality and education within the country.

Mortality inequality in Chile

AbstractThis paper analyses trends in mortality inequality in 330 Chilean communes from 1990 to 2010 for different age groups and both genders. Chile had substantial inequalities in local‐level mortality rates in 1990 but by 2010 these disparities had significantly decreased, especially among infants, children and the elderly. The only exception was Chilean men aged 20–39, for whom inequality in mortality remained persistently high. Robust economic growth and targeted health interventions in the 1990s contributed to declining mortality rates and mortality inequality. From 2000 to 2010, efforts to expand safety nets and improve health‐care access continued, with a greater impact on adults aged 49 years and above. Despite these advances, child mortality remains significantly higher than in developed countries, and the increasing number of female suicides in younger age groups represents a concerning trend.

Bus fare evasion of the Santiago de Chile transportation system from a stakeholders perspective

This research presents a paradigmatic case study of fare evasion in the Chilean public transport system. It identifies the perceptions of different stakeholders who interact within this system, raising a series of discourses around the social legitimacy of evasion, a conduct traditionally punished and considered wrong. The methodology consists of the use of 41 semi-structured interviews of public transport system stakeholders, such as users, operators, political authorities, social groups, policemen, and others. A qualitative analyses organizes the data into three dimensions: i) context in which evasion takes place, distinguishing between the historic context, the social context, and the moral context; ii) legitimacy of payment, raising the main arguments from which to defend payment as rightful conduct; and iii) legitimacy of evasion, identifying the perceptions that justify evasion as an acceptable social conduct. The conclusions state evasion is a symptom of a much deeper problem. Socioeconomic inequality in Chile allows us to understand the role of public transport as a social right that grants social inclusion, facilitating equal access to the opportunities society offers.

How do people understand inequality in Chile? A study through attitude network analysis

This article constitutes the first application of the attitude network approach to peoples' views on inequality. We adopt a network model in which nodes represent survey variables and edges their conditional associations. This allows us to conceptualize perceptions, beliefs, and judgments about inequality as a network of connected evaluative reactions. We analyze data from the 2019 ISSP Social Inequality Module for Chile, one of the most unequal countries in the world. Relying on a network approach, we systematically analyze the wide-ranging indicators measuring subjective inequality. Results show that conceptions regarding inequality, redistribution, taxation, and wages form a moderately connected unified belief system with a small-world structure. In addition, we stratify the sample by education, income, and social class, obtaining six attitude networks. We compare the structures of these networks, investigating differences in community membership, node centrality, and network connectivity, evidencing that people in lower social positions have a more multidimensional understanding of inequality. Our work contributes to social justice research by proposing an innovative conceptualization of these attitudes and providing evidence of their structural variation across different socioeconomic groups.

Inequality in Chile's Philanthropic Ecosystem: Evidence and Implications.

Philanthropy seeks to address deep-rooted social issues and assume responsibility for the creation of public goods not provided by the public sector-and in this way help reduce inequality. Yet philanthropy has also been criticized for bypassing democratic mechanisms for the public determination of how to invest in society-and thus may perpetuate other inequities. In both cases, inequality, defined as asymmetries of resources and power, plays a critical role in public goods creation and in the legitimacy of a country's philanthropic ecosystem. However, little empirical research examines the existence and role of inequality in country-level donation systems. To fill this gap, this study provides evidence of growing donation concentration in Chile's philanthropic ecosystem, with a focus on the culture sector, characterizes it by mapping systematic differences in ecosystem perceptions by actor type, and identifies and tests statistically structural and organizational factors associated with these perceptions. Inequality in Chile's donation system operates at multiple geographical, legal, and organizational levels, all of which are reflected in objective donation amounts and subjective ecosystem perceptions. We conclude that in Chile resource asymmetries and power imbalances hinder the fulfillment of philanthropy's promise and call for further research to identify policies that address inequities in emerging philanthropic ecosystems in Chile, Latin America, and beyond.

On the Character and Causes of Inequality in Latin America

On the Character and Causes of Inequality in Latin America

A New Admission System in Chile and Its Foreseen Moderate Impact on Access for Low-Income Students

Chile is known for universal school choice policies and a high level of economic segregation. In part, segregation has been linked to selective school admission policies. Chile implemented a centralized school admission system (New School Admission System), where PK–12 schools must accept any applicant, and lottery assignment is used for oversubscription. We exploit a natural experiment due to the phased implementation across grades and regions to attempt to detect any effects of this policy on access for and representation of low-income students using grade-within-school and year fixed effects. Eliminating admissions barriers may contribute to increased educational opportunity, but the impact may be limited by the multiple structural factors shaping inequality in Chile. We find little short-term change in access for low-income students.

“The Revolution Will Be Feminist—Or It Won’t Be a Revolution”: Feminist Response to Inequality in Chile

This article argues that gender inequality, which in Chile is superimposed on a societal and economic structure characterized by deep inequalities that cut across every aspect of society, has been sustained by a political and legal system that has severely limited women’s access to economic power and equality. The neoliberal policies implemented by the Pinochet dictatorship and maintained by the democratically elected regimes after 1990—generally characterized as an elitist democracy—have sustained this pattern of inequality. We argue that this gender inequality gave urgency to the regeneration and evolution of Chile’s feminist movement and drove the movement to develop claims against “the precarity of life,” uniting Chileans in a common struggle, contributing to the October 2019 “social explosion” and now the writing of a new constitution. We believe the current climate is rooted in the social mobilization that was the response to Chile’s economic and political system, and the feminist movement’s ability to put the rights of women at the forefront of the political and socio‐economic agenda. In conclusion, we reevaluate the current climate to consider what a significant feminist presence means and how women can be effectively included and benefit from Chile’s economy and influence its progress.

Local financial access and income inequality in Chile

This paper proposes a local financial access indicator which captures the accessibility of localities isolated from urban centers. As a case of study, we use Chilean data to show that higher level of local financial access reduces income inequality.

Tackling Gender Inequality in the Shadow of Neoliberalism: Analysis of Chile

Temel olarak refahın arttırılmasını misyon edinen politik ekonomik teori neoliberalizm, bireysel özgürlüklerin güvence altına alınmasını ve serbest piyasa ekonomisinin dış müdahalelerden olabildiğince arındırılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Neoliberalizmin serbest piyasa eksenli yaklaşımı ve bireysel düzeye indirgenmiş özgürlük tanımı, devletlerin toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği başta olmak üzere kolektif sosyal problemler ile mücadelesinin yüzeysel kalmasına sebebiyet vermektedir. Bu bağlamda, neoliberal konseptte minimal rol üstlenen siyasal iktidarın bireysel özgürlüklerin ötesine geçerek kolektif faydayı amaçlaması serbest piyasa ekonomisine ve refahın arttırılması misyonuna tehdit olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, tarihsel geçmişi 1970’li yılların ikinci yarısına dayanması itibarıyla neoliberal politikaların sistemli bir biçimde uygulandığı ilk ülke olan Şili’de toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği ile mücadelenin kapsamı ve sınırlılıkları analiz edilmiştir.

The exponential Pareto model with hidden income processes: Evidence from Chile

Building on the two-class income model (Banerjee and Yakovenko, 2010), this paper proposes a new methodology to estimate the income distribution that accounts for hidden sources of income, such as retained earnings. We promote and illustrate this methodology with a case study of the Chilean economy. Our results reveal that after including the hidden sources of income, economic inequality in Chile has remained relatively constant over the last 15 years.

Women Agrarian Entrepreneurs And Gender Inequality In The Chilean Rural Sector After Independence From Spain, 1830s-1860s1

We provide the first estimates of gender income and land inequality in Chile during the first decades after independence, when Chile was a predominantly agrarian society. We have used a new source: the records of the first agricultural censuses ever made for any Latin American republic. We found that there were over six times more male landowners than women, and that male owners gathered up to 87% of total agricultural income (of those paying the catastro ). On the positive side, we found that female landownership was more widespread than has previously been assumed by Chilean historians, although it was declining in relative terms. We have also identified the main elite women agrarian entrepreneurs, finding that one of the biggest landowners of this period was a woman, who has been ignored in the historiography. We have documented her economic activities, as well as those of many other prominent women agricultural entrepreneurs, thus showing that women’s involvement in crucial entrepreneurship activities started earlier than previously been acknowledged, from colonial times.

칠레의 국가폭력과 미완의 과거사 청산

This study examines the results of the process of the settlement of past history by tracing back the relation between the democratization and confronting the state terrorism during the Military Dictatorship in Chile. After the coup d’etat, the Chilean Military dictatorship committed large-scale state violence against human rights for 17 years. The democratic governments had to investigate and reveal the human right violations under the institutional obstacles that already had been established by the Military Dictatorship. It was impossible to promote trials of human-right violators because of La Ley de Amnistía of 1978 and the Constitution of 1980. In addition, neoliberal economic policy has exacerbated inequality in Chile.<BR>In a difficult situation, the first effort for the settlement of the past history was establishment of La Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación and publication of the report under Patricio Aylwin government. It compiled a record of the victims and recognized state violence in the national level. However, there were several definite limits for democratic government to go beyond finding the truth. The arrest and trial of Pinochet in London promoted the demand of justice on state violence in Chile. After the trial, it begun to put an end to impunity for Pinochet. The second effort was establishment of La Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura under Ricardo Lagos government.<BR>Although the Chilean transition to democracy maintained the basic continuity of confronting the state terrorism during the Military Dictatorship, the problems of state violence still remains. The human right issues with respect to Colonia Dignidad and Mapuche reveal that the problems of state violence is more extensive and deep-rooted in history of Chile. In this sense, the process of the settlement of past history is incomplete.

칠레의 국가폭력과 미완의 과거사 청산

This study examines the results of the process of the settlement of past history by tracing back the relation between the democratization and confronting the state terrorism during the Military Dictatorship in Chile. After the coup d’etat, the Chilean Military dictatorship committed large-scale state violence against human rights for 17 years. The democratic governments had to investigate and reveal the human right violations under the institutional obstacles that already had been established by the Military Dictatorship. It was impossible to promote trials of human-right violators because of La Ley de Amnistía of 1978 and the Constitution of 1980. In addition, neoliberal economic policy has exacerbated inequality in Chile.<BR>In a difficult situation, the first effort for the settlement of the past history was establishment of La Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación and publication of the report under Patricio Aylwin government. It compiled a record of the victims and recognized state violence in the national level. However, there were several definite limits for democratic government to go beyond finding the truth. The arrest and trial of Pinochet in London promoted the demand of justice on state violence in Chile. After the trial, it begun to put an end to impunity for Pinochet. The second effort was establishment of La Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura under Ricardo Lagos government.<BR>Although the Chilean transition to democracy maintained the basic continuity of confronting the state terrorism during the Military Dictatorship, the problems of state violence still remains. The human right issues with respect to Colonia Dignidad and Mapuche reveal that the problems of state violence is more extensive and deep-rooted in history of Chile. In this sense, the process of the settlement of past history is incomplete.

Develando los determinantes de la desigualdad del ingreso en Chile: Estudio empírico regional

Revealing the determinants of income inequality in Chile: A regional empirical study The study aims to answer which are the determinants of income inequality in Chile, from a regional perspective. The empirical analysis (1990-2016) shows that in Chile the relationship between the GDP per capita and the Gini does not have the traditional form of the inverted Kuznets U, but rather, the behavior is the inverse, same observed in countries such as United States and the United Kingdom. It is revealed that, initial values of income; the economic activity of the region; the concentration of indigenous population and human capital are important and robust determinants of income inequality in Chile.

Expanding higher education and wage inequality in Chile

PurposeThis study aims to analyse the contribution of the expansion and diversification of higher education to Chile's increase in wage inequality from 1992 to 2000 and its subsequent decrease from 2000 to 2013.Design/methodology/approachThe wage equation for each year is estimated using data from the national household survey, Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN). Using the method proposed by Firpo et al. (2009), the evolution of wage changes is decomposed into composition and wage structure effects of each explanatory variable at different points of the wage distribution.FindingsThe results show that the positive composition effect of higher education, derived from the increasing share of both workers with university degrees and those with vocational degrees, is substantially larger at the upper quantiles and exceeds the negative wage structure effect, thereby contributing to increasing wage inequality from 1992 to 2000. By contrast, the negative wage structure effect of higher education, primarily derived from the decreasing return to university degrees, is substantially larger at the upper quantiles and exceeds the positive composition effect, thereby contributing to decreasing wage inequality from 2000 to 2013.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by showing that the expansion of higher education increased inequality in the 1990s and decreased it in the 2000s while the increasing supply of workers with vocational degrees decreased wage premiums for university degrees in the latter period.

Adolescents’ Justice Evaluations of Earning Gaps in an Unequal Country: Evidence from Chile

Adolescents’ beliefs regarding inequality have received scant attention in social research. This article tackles the underlying processes that explain adolescents’ justice evaluations of earning gaps across status groups in Chile. I investigate whether their perception of earning gaps and fairness values mediate the relationship between socio-economic status and what they consider a just payment difference. Results show that perceptions of inequality and fairness values emerged as mediators between status and the level of inequality deemed as just, although perception played a stronger role. The results also provide evidence for a consensual legitimacy of inequality across status groups: adolescents from different status groups do not disagree on the fair payment gap. This legitimization of inequality does not necessarily entail acceptance by most youths of the high levels of income inequality in Chile. Their values and perceptions of inequality are anchored in their social standing, and this anchoring has consequences in terms of the legitimization of inequality.

Educational inequalities in disability linked to social security coverage among older individuals in five Latin American countries.

Although Latin American populations are ageing rapidly, many countries have important shortcomings in terms of access to social security coverage. Despite significant improvements regarding access to healthcare, the coverage gap in terms of pensions represents a major challenge for public health and equity in the region. The principal aim of this study was to systematically assess the association between social security coverage and disability among older individuals in five Latin American countries, as well as the extent of existing inequalities and its determinants. To do so we use cross-sectional and comparative data for individuals aged 60 and older in Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Paraguay and Uruguay from the Longitudinal Social Protection Survey (ELPS). We used multivariate regression to assess the association between disability and healthcare as well as pension coverage. Concentration indices (CI) and an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition approach were used to assess overall inequalities in disability according to education as well as their components. With the exception of El Salvador, we find significant inequalities in disability disfavoring lower educated individuals. With regards to healthcare, we find no significant association of healthcare coverage with disability in any of the five countries, nor does it explain educational inequalities in disability. However, pension access was associated with lower risks of disability in Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Uruguay, and explains a substantial share of educational inequality in Chile, Colombia and Paraguay. Whereas significant changes have already been made regarding universal healthcare coverage, the results suggest that expanding access to pensions may not only lead to improvements in health among older individuals in the region, but also substantially reduce socio-economic inequalities in health and successful ageing.

Inequality in Chile before the first globalization: an approach derived from agricultural market income, 1830s-1850s

This article assesses agricultural market income inequality by examining three untapped comprehensive agricultural censuses of all of Chile, undertaken in 1834, 1838 and 1852. Since there had been no Chilean income inequality measurements prior to 1860, this is a novel contribution. Given Chile’s great dependence on the agricultural sector during the pre-industrial period of the 1830s to 1850s, measures of agricultural market income inequality can safely be taken as a proxy for total income inequality. This study found that agricultural market income inequality was extremely high during the first decades after Chilean independence. Gini coefficients for agricultural market income among landowners were 0.75, 0.75 and 0.79 for 1834, 1838 and 1852 respectively, while the figures for the entire rural Chilean population, including the landless, were 0.79, 0.87, and 0.89. Around 85% of the population did not own any land and for an unskilled labourer to rent a plot of 1,500 hectares in 1834 cost 3.3 years of wages, and annual wages of 11.3 in 1838. In a conclusion that is at odds with previous historiographical findings, our data suggest that inequality in Chile was very high and had begun to increase decades before the first globalization.

Desigualdad, inflación, ciclos y crisis en Chile

En este artículo se analizan los efectos de fluctuaciones macroeconómicas, así como episodios de inestabilidad financiera e inflacionaria, sobre indicadores de desigualdad en Chile para el período 1960-2014. La relación entre los episodios de crisis y fluctuaciones sobre los niveles de desigualdad se estima a partir de un estudio de eventos y de estimaciones econométricas, donde indicadores de desigualdad se relacionan con distintas variables macroeconómicas y de desempeño educacional. Las principales conclusiones son que, las crisis bancarias e inflacionarias, así como períodos de contracción severa del ciclo, tienden a aumentar los niveles de desigualdad en Chile.