Inequality In Income Distribution Research Articles

PENGARUH PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI, INVESTASI DAN INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA TERHADAP KETIMPANGAN DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN DI INDONESIA

This study examines the impact of economic growth, investment and human development index on the inequality of income distribution in Indonesiafrom 2007-2016. The results of the study using panel data regression showed that: 1) Economic growth has a negative and insignificant effect on the inequality of income distribution in Indonesia with a significant of 0.2926; (2) Investment has a positive and significant effect on the inequality of income distribution in Indonesia with a significant amount of 0.0000; (3) The Human Development Index has a positive and insignificant effect on the inequality of income distribution in Indonesia with a significant amount of 0.2260; Based on the results of the joint test of the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable, the results obtained that together the variables of economic growth, investment and human development index have a significant effect on the inequality of income distribution in Indonesia by 10%.

The Impact of Education on Income Inequality in China: Measurement and Decomposition

In recent years, while maintaining steady and rapid economic development, the government has also achieved some results in adjusting the income distribution gap, but income distribution equity is still one of the focus issues of public concern. Since education is one of the important channels to obtain human capital and has an important impact on residents’ income level, this paper attempts to explore the impact of education on income inequality in China from the perspective of opportunity equality. Firstly, this paper uses the instrumental variable method to measure the contribution share of education in the income distribution inequality of Chinese residents, and further decomposes the proportion of reasonable and unreasonable components under the framework of opportunity equality theory. The measurement results based on the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data in 2017 show that: (1) The income inequality caused by education accounts for 50.87% of the total income inequality, and the proportion coefficient has significant age heterogeneity, indicating that the difference in education level is one of the important reasons for the uneven income distribution of Chinese residents. (2) Among the income inequality caused by education in China, the unreasonable component accounts for about 44%. This part of inequality is mainly determined by environmental factors for which individuals should not bear responsibility, such as family background, social environment and individual characteristics. In the lower age group, the proportion of income inequality caused by education attributed to environmental factors is higher. (3) The decomposition results based on the Shapley value method show that among all environmental factors, the contribution share of family cultural factors is as high as 42.94%, followed by family economic factors and social environmental factors (23.50% and 23.36% respectively), and the remaining 10.20% is attributed to individual characteristic factors. There are some differences in the contribution share of various environmental factors in different age groups. In addition, the longitudinal comparison of the measurement results based on CGSS data in different years shows that the above main indicators fluctuate irregularly in a small range, and the basic conclusions of this paper are robust. This study examines the important role of education in the income distribution of Chinese residents from the perspective of equity, and further explores the causes of unreasonable and unfair parts of income inequality caused by education, which provides further theoretical support and factual basis for the implementation of relevant policies to promote income distribution equity.

Determinan Ketimpangan Distribusi Pendapatan di Karesidenan Malang Tahun 2015-2019

This research examines the effect of the total population, minimum wages, and economic growth against income distribution inequality. The object in the study is a residency of Malang. The research used secondary data in 2015-2019 obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics Republic of Indonesia. The data analysis technique in this research used the panel data regression analysis. The results indicate that total population and minimum wages significantly influence income distribution inequality, while economic growth has no impact on income distribution inequality.

Analyzing the Aftermath of PSB A Voyage of Msme in Tamilnadu

Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a pivotal role in the nation's economic growth. These enterprises have been emerged as a vibrant and competitive segment of the Indian economy over the last five decades1. Small and medium-sized enterprises not only play a key role in large-scale sector of creating self-employment opportunities at relatively lower capital costs than large enterprises, but also help to industrialize rural and backward areas, thereby reducing regional imbalances, ensuring a more equal distribution of national incomes, and abundance2. These enterprises reinforce the national industries as ancillary units and this sector contributes enormously to the socio-economic growth of the country. This paper indicates to show how the role of these enterprise strengthens and creates among the youth and passionate people for self-employment opportunity to make them entrepreneurs in Tamil Nadu and contribute for the economic development in Tamilnadu3.

Income Inequality and Global Political Polarization: The Economic Origin of Political Polarization in the World

Both income inequality and political polarization have increased dramatically in much of the world over the past few decades. One might wonder how these two phenomena correlate with each other. Are there any striking similarities in the correlated patterns of income inequality and polarization across the globe? More importantly, how can improved equality in income distribution contribute to mitigate political polarization? Although the potential polarizing effects of income inequality is a growing concern, the evidence provided by the existing literature, however, has been mixed and incomplete. This research seeks to address the shortcomings of the current scholarship by using the repeated cross-sectional data from six waves of the World Values Survey from 1990 to 2020, to investigate whether and how widened income inequality and growing political polarization are linked globally. The findings indicate that there is a positive and statistically significant cross-country association between levels of income inequality and political polarization. The results remain robust to different specifications. This research has the potential for advancing the study of linkages between income inequality and its political consequences.

The burden of ischaemic heart disease in Brazil from 1990 to 2019 and the association between temporal changes and socioeconomic level

Abstract Introduction The burden of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) has declined in several countries, although IHD remains the leading cause of death globally. Brazil is a large country with high inequality in income distribution across different regions. Purpose This study sought to evaluate the burden of IHD in Brazil from 1990 to 2019, as well as the relationship between temporal changes and socioeconomic level of the Federative Units. Methods Estimates of prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to IHD were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We used databases from the Ministry of Health of Brazil to obtain the number of hospitalisations from acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the context of the public service. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, average educational attainment, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years, was used as a measure of socioeconomic status. Rates with 95% uncertainty intervals are reported. Results In 2019, the age-standardised prevalence rate of IHD was 1,709 (1,466–1,994) per 100,000 inhabitants. This rate remained stable from 1990 to 2019 (percent change: −1.1 [−2.6–0.5]). The estimate of deaths from IHD in 2019 was 171,246 (156,180–180,511), corresponding to 12% (11%-13%) of total deaths in the country (the leading cause) and 43% of all cardiovascular deaths. In 2019, the age-standardised mortality rate due to IHD was 75 (68–79) per 100,000. The unadjusted mortality rate due to IHD mildly increased from 2005 to 2019, while the age-standardised rate continuously decreased from 1990 to 2019 (cumulative percent change: −53 (−55 to −50, Figure 1). A negative correlation was observed between the change in age-standardised mortality rate from IHD in the period and the 2019 SDI (Figure 2). In 2019, the age-standardised DALY rate due to IHD was 1,563 (1,472–1,636) per 100,000. This DALY rate was equivalent to 5.7% (5.1%-6.3%) of total DALYs, meaning that IHD was the second most common cause of DALYs in Brazil in females and males. From 1990 to 2019, the crude DALY rate per 100,000 remained fairly stable, and the age- standardised DALY rate per 100,000 gradually declined (−50% [−52% to −48%]). There was a negative correlation between the change in age-standardised DALY rate from IHD in the period and the SDI (r2 0.59, p-value <0.01). The number of hospital admissions for ACS remained stable from 2008 to 2019 (33 per 100,000 in 2019). The number of hospitalisations due to AMI increased from 25 per 100,000 in 2008 to 39 per 100,000 in 2019 (percent change: 52%). Conclusions While age-standardised mortality, DALY rates continuously decreased from 1990 to 2019, the burden of IHD in Brazil remains high, probably due to ageing and population growth. Reductions in age-standardised mortality, DALY rates over time tend to be more pronounced in more developed regions. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Mortality rate (per 100,000)Change in mortality rate and SDI

Aplikasi Pengolahan Data dan Layanan Pada BAZNAS (Badan Amil Zakat Nasional) Kota Parepare

Zakat, infaq, and alms are parts of religious mechanisms that are based on the spirit of equal distribution of income. Therefore, the majority of Indonesians who are Moslems and are culturally obliged to give zakat. BAZNAS then seeks to create a management information system that can help BAZNAS and LAZ operations in a management information system that can produce tiered reports from city to province, province to center, and central to The President, through the Ministry of Religion, needs quality information, that is relevant, accurate and timely so that the right decisions can be made in accordance with the information system implemented by the amil zakat agency. Information system of all data processing in the amil zakat body can be stored neatly and not done manually so that work can be done efficiently and does not need a long time. This Application can make it easier for BAZNAS employees in making financial reports with this application making it easier for the public to access information about BAZNAS of Parepare City and make it easier for people to channel their zakat funds so that they no longer need to meet each other. advance or pay for it directly.

The Role of Financial Development in the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth: Evidence from Method of Moments Quantile Regression

This study sheds light on the linear and nonlinear relationship between financial development level and income inequality across 79 countries within a period of 1995 to 2016. To test this relationship panel the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR), which was recently published by Machado and Silva (2019), has been employed. Besides Pedroni and GUV cointegration tests, FMOLS and DOLS have been administered. Although traditional mean estimators can explain the heterogonous nature of analysed countries, since their results depend on conditional mean they fall short in making the responses heterogonous. In that sense, the effects of specific factors such as financial and economic developments which also impact income inequality have been inspected via MMQR, which also takes into account certain econometric difficulties such as heterogeneity and endogeneity in various quantiles. Compared to other methods, another advantage of MMQR is that by providing information on how explanatory variables can influence the entire conditional distribution, it allows the use of methods only valid in the estimation of conditional means, such as difficulty in noticing heterogeneity and endogeneity problems in panel data models. According to the results obtained from the MMQR model, Greenwood and Jovanovic’s (1990) inverted U hypothesis was accepted only in countries with an inequality income distribution between financial development and income inequality, whereas in counties with equal income distribution the income inequality widening hypothesis was confirmed. According to Panel FMOLS and Panel DOLS and also coefficient estimations, Greenwood and Jovanovic (1990)’s inverted U hypothesis was confirmed in the relationship between financial development and income.

Spatial panel data analysis of the relationship between tourism and income inequality

ABSTRACT There remains a continuous debate in the literature regarding the effect of the tourism industry on inequality. This study examines the tourism-induced Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for 34 countries in Europe, the Balkans, and Anatolia with a fourteen-year dataset using spatial panel data analysis. Results show the validity of this hypothesis. Therefore, one can conclude that the tourism industry contributes favourably to income equality only after some threshold. Moreover, findings indicate that increases in per capita income, urbanization ratio, and total labour force participation rate led to increased inequality. Therefore, to have desirable effects of the tourism industry on inclusive growth and sustainable development, investments should consider equality of income distribution.

Economic complexity, scientific productivity and income inequality in developing economies

AbstractThe state of income distribution in developing countries is important from an economic perspective, including per capita income, national savings, society's welfare and a socio‐political perspective for governments to attract public voters. Therefore, economic justice has always been a concern of governments because of its undeniable economic and social consequences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of macroeconomic variables such as economic complexity, scientific productivity and various economic, financial and political risks on the situation of income inequality in developing economies during the years 2000–2019, using an econometric Panel‐VAR method. The results showed that income inequality in selected middle‐income developing countries is moving towards better status due to an increase in scientific productivity and a reduction in economic, financial and political risks. While income inequality decreases as economic complexity increases above a certain threshold. The results of the analysis of variance decomposition showed that among the explanatory variables, the economic complexity has the largest share in describing the Gini coefficient as the index of income inequality distribution.

Which Families Benefited from the Recent Personal Income Tax Reform in Taiwan: Evidence from the Administrative Data.

This paper examines the changes in vertical equity across different types of tax filing families during the span of a series of drastic personal income tax reforms in Taiwan. The newly enacted 2016 Taxpayer Rights Protection Act has brought unprecedented challenges to the tax authority’s distributional goal and revenue stability. Utilizing the administrative tax return data collected by the Ministry of Finance’s Fiscal Information Agency between 2016 and 2018, we show that while the income tax has contributed to improving equality in income distribution, the effects, however, were limited and even declined slightly in recent years. We also found that distributions of tax benefits are generally regressive, especially among itemized and special deductions. It is also shown that the personal exemption and the adjustments of basic living expenses provided comparably more relief to households with dependents than to those claiming no dependents. According to our two-parameter metric encompassing the usage rates and the tax-benefit distributions for each deduction, we found that itemized deductions and special deductions, in general, are regressive. Specifically, we calculate and compare different representative families’ tax payments before and after the reform. While the tax reform has helped reduce many tax-filing families’ tax liabilities, most tax benefits generated from the expansion of exemptions and deductions would likely be enjoyed by families with higher incomes. In a broader reform-minded context, the analysis cautions the tax authority in Taiwan and equity pursuing policy makers in other countries not to prioritize an overarching short-term equity goal over long-term revenue stabilization. Phasing out or capping some of the itemized deductions such as donations and special deductions related to discretionary purchasing decisions looks to be a promising reform path toward improving equity and restoring revenue stability.

Intergenerational income mobility in Sweden: A look at the spatial disparities across municipalities

AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive overview of intergenerational income mobility in Sweden. Intergenerational income mobility is considered in both relative and absolute terms, and the analysis is carried out at the individual and municipality level. We use multilevel models to explore the correlation between upward mobility and social, economic and demographic characteristics of cities. We account for a wider set of local characteristics, such as the spatial distribution of income inequality within city and housing affordability that have not been considered by previous studies analysing social mobility in the United States or other European countries.The analyses are carried out on three subpopulations: offspring who live in a different municipality than their parents (spatial mobile population); offspring who live in the municipality where they grew up (spatial immobile population); offspring belonging to visible minority groups.Our results show substantial differences across municipalities, meaning that the particular combination of municipality attributes contributes to shaping the chance of status attainment among young generations. Highly mobile municipalities have more significant human capital, more residential segregation by income, more local levels of income inequality, and greater accessibility to jobs. The results indicate that dependence on parents’ support and network for upward mobility is of less importance, and that spatial mobility (regardless of background) especially to larger urban areas is associated with upward mobility for the children.

Relationship Between Income Distribution and Global Competitiveness Index

This study argues income distribution can determine Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) for a country. Two results of equality in income distribution affects GCI. One is economies of scale; because income equality consumption and production become more same structure and similar products produces more. Two is bargaining power; because consumption and production become more same import and export become more same to. Therefore, country can be gain monopolistic and monopsonistic power in foreign trade. Panel data model established for substantiates this argument covers 42 countries and annual data between 2007-2018. Econometric analysis results support the study. Model shown a positive relationship between income equality and the GCI. According to these results, GCI value decreases as GINI value increases. In other words, as the income distribution becomes unequal, the global competitiveness power of the country decreases. In this context, the study is an important source in explaining the effect of income distribution on GNI and gross domestic products (GDP).

How is the Income Disparity in the Context of North Sumatera Province: A Conceptual Framework

The dynamics of regional income has attracted the attention of practitioners, scholars and academics. A critical issue in development for the past and current decades is the disparity or inequality of income distribution among regions. The disparity of income distribution, in this case, refers to the convergence theory of the Solow-Swan model developed by Barro and Sala-i-Martin. Accordingly, the study will identify and analyse several prepositions. The contribution of this work for the next step will provide an additional wealth of knowledge in regional economics and regional development, especially with regard to the convergence of regional income disparities. This study also will contribute to the local governments to accelerate the convergence of income disparities in the Province of North Sumatera. Later, the authors' work will provide input to local governments on the variables that converge or diverge in the process of income disparity convergence so that recommendations can be taken based on the estimated study results.

ANALISIS KAUSALITAS ANTARA PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI, SEKTOR PARIWISATA, KETIMPANGAN DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN DAN KEMISKINAN DI KABUPATEN BADUNG

Economic growth, the tourism sector, inequality in income distribution and poverty are economic variables used to see the success of a region's development. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the independent variables, namely economic growth, the tourism sector, inequality in income distribution, and the dependent variable on poverty in Badung Regency. This study uses secondary data with multiple linear regression analysis techniques, and previously conducted the Granger causality test to see the causal relationship between variables. The results showed that simultaneously economic growth, the tourism sector and inequality had a significant effect on poverty. Partially only the tourism sector that affects poverty. The results of the Granger causality analysis show that there is a one-way relationship between the tourism sector and poverty, there is no causality relationship between poverty and economic growth and there is no causality relationship between income inequality and poverty.

Forecasting the Inequality of Income Distribution in Consequence of the Covid-19 Pandemic

This study aims to forecasting the Covid-19 Pandemic's effect on income inequality distribution in Kulon-Progo Regency during of 2020 to 2028. The study analysis tools utilized forecast are linear and non-linear trend. The historical data use during of 2010 to 2019, data source obtained from Central Bureau of Statistics Yogyakarta in statistical series book of 2020. The findings of forecast result show that the Covid-19 pandemic directly impact on the increased income inequality distribution. The implication is to carry out the process of economic recovery due to the Covid-19 pandemic case by identifying community groups who are vulnerable to decreased income through strengthening social safety nets. In addition, government policies can also optimize the utilization and transportation services to increase farmer exchange rates, because most people work in the agricultural sector.

The Effect of Economic Growth, HDI, District/City Minimum Wage and Unemployment on Inequity of Income Distribution in Province of D.I Yogyakarta (2010-2018)

The high inequality of income distribution that occurs in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province shows that economic development has not succeeded in bringing equity to the community. For this reason, an analysis is needed to determine the factors that inequality of income distribution in order to reduce inequality of income distribution that occurs in the Province of DI Yogyakarta. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of economic growth, HDI, Distric/City Minimum Wage, and Unemployment. This research uses secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency of D.I Yogyakarta Province. The data in this research is panel data consisting of cross section data from 5 districs/cities and time series data for 2010-2018. The data analysis used was panel data regression analysis with the Fixed Effect regression model. The results of the regression analysis show that economic growth does not have a significant effect on inequality of income distribution. Meanwhile, HDI, Distric/City Minimum Wages and Unemployment have a significant effect on the inequality of income distribution. HDI has a negative effect, while Distric/City Minimum Wage and Unemployment have a positive effect on inequality of income distributed in the Province of DI Yogyakarta in 2010-2018

Perceived Predictors of Poverty: Evidence from Nigeria

ABSTRACT The study examined perceived predictors of poverty in Nigeria. It employed a longitudinal survey of four perceived predictors of poverty: unemployment rate, population, inflation rate, and inequality in income distribution for the period 1980-2019. Augmented Dickey Fuller and Johansen’s tests were performed to test for stationarity and cointegration, respectively. Vector error correction model was employed in testing for statistical significance of the explanatory variables. Results showed that unemployment rate and inflation rate are significant predictors of the level of poverty in the short run, while only unemployment is a significant predictor of level of poverty in the long run.

Income Inequalities in EU Countries: Gini Indicator Analysis

Abstract Franklin Delano Roosevelt said that “the test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.” According to the World Economic Forum (2021), income disparity is at the top of global risks in the coming years. The development of income inequality is a growing concern worldwide, particularly since the Great Recession. This study is based on available data on the Gini coefficient of equivalized disposable income from 2005 to 2019 for the 27 European Union countries. We found that the indicator’s value demonstrates a reasonably even distribution of income (not exceeding 40%) in all European Union countries, except Bulgaria. We used the FORECAST ETS function (Excel for Microsoft 365) that is based on the AAA version of the Exponential Smoothing (ETS) algorithm to conduct our analysis. We grouped the EU 27 countries to investigate income equality behavior. According to the interval’s median of the sample’s standard deviation, we selected Italy, Spain, Germany, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria for further investigation. We conclude the absence of general trends in the inequality of income distribution in society due to the financial crisis factors. The research presents exploratory insights into income inequality in the European Union.

Income inequality and intragenerational income mobility in Sweden from 1983 to 2010: Following two birth cohorts

Sweden has been known for having one of the most equal income distributions in the world. However, in recent decades, Sweden has experienced increasing income inequality. An alternative way of measuring the development of inequality is to study and compare the income development within and between two birth cohorts according to gender and different positions of income distribution. The focus in this paper is to study how individual disposable personal income has changed by aging and at various positions of the income distribution, as well as the gender disposable income gap and intragenerational income mobility. Three positions of the income distribution were chosen: percentile 10; median; and percentile 99. Two cohorts, including all individuals born in 1948 and 1958, were tracked from 35 years of age to 53 years of age – with two 18-year overlapping periods, 1983–2000, and 1993–2010. The results show a complex and multifaceted image of the development of income inequality and mobility, within and between the two birth cohorts. Especially male low-income earners, born 1958, have been left behind. Income mobility differ according to gender where women have increased mobility in the bottom quintile and decreased in the top quintile, men experienced the opposite. When modelling mobility education have decreased to contribute to an upward mobility, especial for cohort born 1958. Taking all the results together, the development of increasing income inequality in Sweden is apparent.