Inelastic Collisions Research Articles

Trapping paramagnetic molecules in a dynamic magnetic trap

Trapping molecules in strong-field-seeking states is particularly attractive to scientists in the field of molecular optics. If the external field is strong enough, all molecules are strong-field seekers. Contrary to the weak-field-seeking states, molecules trapping in strong-field-seeking states can avoid the loss caused by the inelastic collision which is a stumbling block for evaporative and sympathetic cooling. Unfortunately, the formation of a magnetostatic maximum in free space is forbidden according to Maxwell’s equations and Earnshaw’s theory. In this paper, a dynamic magnetic trap consisting of three pairs of Helmholtz coils is proposed. The time-sequence control is given together with the distribution of the magnetic field in space. The influence of the switching frequency and electric current flowing through the wires on the number of trapped molecules is investigated. We obtain the changes in the locations and the phase-space distribution within a switching cycle by trajectory simulation. Finally, the influence of the time during which the field is off on the performance of our trap is studied.

Cold electrons at a weakly outgassing comet

ABSTRACT Throughout the Rosetta mission, cold electrons (<1 eV) were measured in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Cometary electrons are produced at ∼10 eV through photoionization or through electron-impact ionization collisions. The cold electron population is formed by cooling the warm population through inelastic electron–neutral collisions. Assuming radial electron outflow, electrons are collisional with the neutral gas coma below the electron exobase, which only formed above the comet surface in near-perihelion high-outgassing conditions (Q > 3 × 1027 s−1). However, the cold population was identified at low outgassing (Q < 1026 s−1), when the inner coma was not expected to be collisional. We examine cooling of electrons at a weakly outgassing comet, using a 3D collisional model of electrons at a comet. Electron paths are extended by trapping in an ambipolar electric field and by gyration around magnetic field lines. This increases the probability of electrons undergoing inelastic collisions with the coma and becoming cold. We demonstrate that a cold electron population can be formed and sustained, under weak outgassing conditions (Q = 1026 s−1), once 3D electron dynamics are accounted for. Cold electrons are produced in the inner coma through electron–neutral collisions and transported tailwards by an E × B drift We quantify the efficiency of trapping in driving electron cooling, with trajectories typically 100 times longer than expected from ballistic radial outflow. Based on collisional simulations, we define an estimate for a region where a cold electron population can form, bounded by an electron cooling exobase. This estimate agrees well with cold electron measurements from the Rosetta Plasma Consortium.

Hyperfine and Zeeman interactions in ultracold collisions of molecular hydrogen with atomic lithium.

We present a rigorous quantum scattering study of the effects of hyperfine and Zeeman interactions on cold Li-H2 collisions in the presence of an external magnetic field using a recent abinitio potential energy surface. We find that the low-field-seeking states of H2 predominantly undergo elastic collisions: the ratio of elastic-to-inelastic cross sections exceeds 100 for collision energies below 100 mK. Furthermore, we demonstrate that most inelastic collisions conserve the space-fixed projection of the nuclear spin. We show that the anisotropic hyperfine interaction between the nuclear spin of H2 and the electron spin of Li can have a significant effect on inelastic scattering in the ultracold regime, as it mediates two processes: the electron spin relaxation in lithium and the nuclear spin-electron spin exchange. Given the predominance of elastic collisions and the propensity of inelastic collisions to retain H2 in its low-field-seeking states, our results open up the possibility of sympathetic cooling of molecular hydrogen by atomic lithium, paving the way for future exploration of ultracold collisions and high-precision spectroscopy of H2 molecules.

Mobility and diffusion of intruders in granular suspensions: Einstein relation

The Enskog kinetic equation is considered to determine the diffusion D and mobility λ transport coefficients of intruders immersed in a granular gas of inelastic hard spheres (grains). Intruders and grains are in contact with a thermal bath, which plays the role of a background gas. As usual, the influence of the latter on the dynamics of intruders and grains is accounted for via a viscous drag force plus a stochastic Langevin-like term proportional to the background temperature T b. In this case, the starting kinetic equations are the Enskog and Enskog–Lorentz equations for grains and intruders, respectively, with the addition of Fokker–Planck terms to each one of the above equations. The transport coefficients λ and D are determined by solving the Enskog–Lorentz kinetic equation by means of the Chapman–Enskog method adapted to inelastic collisions. As for elastic collisions, both transport coefficients are given in terms of the solutions of two integral equations, which are approximately solved up to the second order in a Sonine polynomial expansion. Theoretical results are compared against numerical solutions of the inelastic Enskog equation by means of the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. In general, good agreement between theory and simulations is found, especially in the case of the second Sonine approximation. Knowledge of the coefficients λ and D allows us to assess the departure of the (conventional) Einstein relation ϵ=D/(Tbλ) from 1. As expected from previous results for driven granular gases, it is shown that when the bath temperature T b is replaced by the intruder temperature T 0 in the Einstein relation, the origin of the deviation of ε from 1 is only due to the non-Maxwellian behavior of the reference state of intruders (measured by the cumulant c 0). Since the magnitude of c 0 is in general very small, deviations of the (modified) Einstein relation ϵ0=D/(T0λ) from 1 cannot be detected in computer simulations of dilute granular gases. This conclusion agrees well with previous computer simulation results.

Emergent Flow Signal and the Colour String Fusion

In this study, we develop the colour string model of particle production, based on the multi-pomeron exchange scenario, to address the controversial origin of the flow signal measured in proton–proton inelastic interactions. Our approach takes into account the string–string interactions but does not include a hydrodynamic phase. We consider a comprehensive three-dimensional dynamics of strings that leads to the formation of strongly heterogeneous string density in an event. The latter serves as a source of particle creation. The string fusion mechanism, which is a major feature of the model, modifies the particle production and creates azimuthal anisotropy. Model parameters are fixed by comparing the model distributions with the ATLAS experiment proton–proton data at the centre-of-mass energy s=13 TeV. The results obtained for the two-particle angular correlation function, C(Δη,Δϕ), with Δη and Δϕ differences in, respectively, pseudorapidities and azimuthal angles between two particles, reveal the resonance contributions and the near-side ridge. Model calculations of the two-particle cumulants, c2{2}, and second order flow harmonic, v2{2}, also performed using the two-subevent method, are in qualitative agreement with the data. The observed absence of the away-side ridge in the model results is interpreted as an imperfection in the definition of the time for the transverse evolution of the string system.

The exact solutions for the non-isospectral Kaup–Newell hierarchy via the inverse scattering transform

We begin by introducing a non-isospectral Lax pair, from which we derive a non-isospectral integrable Kaup–Newell hierarchy. The new general solutions for the non-isospectral integrable Kaup–Newell hierarchy are obtained through the inverse scattering transform (IST) method. Finally, we obtain the soliton solutions of a reduced non-isospectral integrable equation from non-isospectral integrable Kaup–Newell hierarchy. For 1-soliton solution, we obtain the explicit expression and analyze the dynamical behavior of soliton solution; for 2-soliton solutions, we verify that collisions between soliton solutions are inelastic collisions. The significant difference of the paper from the works finished by other authors (such as Ning et al., 2004 [11,12]; Li et al., 2008, 2010, 2012) lies in except for the spectral parameter λ being higher order, not one-order of λ.

Tracking an untracked space debris after an inelastic collision using physics informed neural network

With the sustained rise in satellite deployment in Low Earth Orbits, the collision risk from untracked space debris is also increasing. Often small-sized space debris (below 10 cm) are hard to track using the existing state-of-the-art methods. However, knowing such space debris’ trajectory is crucial to avoid future collisions. We present a Physics Informed Neural Network (PINN)—based approach for estimation of the trajectory of space debris after a collision event between active satellite and space debris. In this work, we have simulated 8565 inelastic collision events between active satellites and space debris. To obtain the states of the active satellite, we use the TLE data of 1647 Starlink and 66 LEMUR satellites obtained from space-track.org. The velocity of space debris is initialized using our proposed velocity sampling method, and the coefficient of restitution is sampled from our proposed Gaussian mixture-based probability density function. Using the velocities of the colliding objects before the collision, we calculate the post-collision velocities and record the observations. The state (position and velocity), coefficient of restitution, and mass estimation of un-tracked space debris after an inelastic collision event along with the tracked active satellite can be posed as an optimization problem by observing the deviation of the active satellite from the trajectory. We have applied the classical optimization method, the Lagrange multiplier approach, for solving the above optimization problem and observed that its state estimation is not satisfactory as the system is under-determined. Subsequently, we have designed Deep Neural network-based methods and Physics Informed Neural Network (PINN) based methods for solving the above optimization problem. We have compared the performance of the models using root mean square error (RMSE) and interquartile range of the predictions. It has been observed that the PINN-based methods provide a better estimation performance for position, velocity, mass and coefficient of restitution of the space debris compared to other methods.

Low-velocity impact experiments of porous ice balls simulating Saturn's ring particles: Porosity dependence of restitution coefficients and the mechanism of inelastic collision

We investigated the porosity dependence of the restitution coefficient (ε) of porous ice balls with porosities of 49.6%, 53.8%, and 60.8% colliding with granite, ice and porous ice plates at a low impact velocity (vi = 0.93–96.9 cm s−1) and temperature of −13.8 °C. The relationship between the impact velocity and the restitution coefficient was divided into two regions by the critical velocity vc: In the quasi-elastic region (vi≤vc), the restitution coefficient had a constant value of εqe regardless of the impact velocity and could be explained by using Dilley's viscous dissipation model. In the inelastic region (vi≥vc), the restitution coefficient decreased with the impact velocity and could be explained by using the improved Andrews' plastic deformation model. We then determined the porosity dependence of the εqe and vc empirically for collisions between the porous ice ball and the porous ice plate from our results. Then we extrapolated the porosity dependence of the restitution coefficient by substituting the calculated εqe and vc for the porosity of 10 to 70%. The restitution coefficient was found to decrease with increasing porosity of the porous ice, and to be strongly dependent on the porosity of the porous ice. Considering the energy budget in the steady-state dense ring system which is controlled by the restitution coefficient of the ring particles, the velocity dispersion of the ring particles was estimated to be ∼10−2 mm s−1 to cm s−1 for the ring particles with the porosity from 45% to 70% and < 10–90 cm s−1 for those with the porosity <45%.

Two-dimensional vector solitons in Bose-Einstein-condensate mixtures

We derive two decoupled KP-I equations from the system of two-dimensional (2D) Gross-Pitaevskii equations for a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), using the multiple-scale expansion method. We produce asymptotic analytical vector-soliton solutions, viz., dark-dark (DD) and dark-antidark (DAD) one-soliton and two-soliton states, by tuning coupling constants and norms of species, and address their evolution numerically under the action of the harmonic-oscillator (HO) trap, in the local-density approximation. We find that shallow single-line DD and DAD solitons are stable, while single-lump DAD solutions (weakly localized truly-2D states) split and lead to nucleation of two half-vortices. We also find that the BEC mixture placed in the HO trap admits stable asymptotic multi-soliton solutions, e.g., two-line DD and DAD solitons and two-lump DD ones, which were not reported before. In particular, the two-lump solutions describe inelastic collisions between the lumps. The analysis developed in this work may also be applied to systems with spin-orbit coupling and gauge fields, which have been realized in atomic BEC.

Accurate measurement of hydrogen concentration in transition metal hydrides utilizing electronic excitations by MeV ions

This study focuses on enhancing the accuracy of hydrogen content verification in hydrogen-rich ultrathin materials relevant for sustainable energy applications. Ion beams are used for distinctive real-space detection leveraging elastic and inelastic interactions with hydrogen atoms. However, the lack of experimental reference data on electronic interactions poses a challenge to the accuracy of analytical techniques. We investigate the effect of absorbed hydrogen on the electronic energy deposition of 15N-ions in amorphous transition metal compounds, specifically V and Zr, covering concentrations >1H/M. Employing resonant nuclear reactions and Rutherford backscattering, the energy loss is found to increase considerably with hydrogen content, in line with Bragg's additivity. The electronic energy loss cross section for 15N-ions at 6.5 MeV measured (64.55±3.38) eV cm2/1015 atoms. Results are compared to semi-empirical and theoretical models. The findings improve hydrogen profiling accuracy using 15N-nuclear reaction analysis and enable unprecedented methods for hydrogen quantification by other, commonly available ion beams.

Space-curved resonant solitons and inelastic interaction solutions of a (2+1)-dimensional generalized KdV equation

Space-curved resonant solitons and inelastic interaction solutions of a (2+1)-dimensional generalized KdV equation

Painlevé analysis and inelastic interactions of the lumps for a generalized (2+1)-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries system for the shallow-water waves

Water waves, one of the common natural phenomena, are recognized as complex and often turbulent. A generalized (2+1)-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries system for the shallow-water waves is conducted in this paper. We perform the Painlevé analysis and find that the system is Painlevé integrable. We study the inelastic interactions of the lumps for the system. We find that two lumps, which propagate along the curves with the equal amplitude, are symmetric about the x axis before the interaction, where x is a scaled spatial variable. After the interaction, amplitudes of the two lumps are different, but in the process of moving, the lower lump gradually increases, while the higher lump gradually decreases, and the velocities of two lumps at the infinity are equal. We observe two different inelastic interactions of the three lumps: (1) the three lumps are symmetric in time and space, and they slowly contract (before the interaction) and swell (after the interaction); (2) the three lumps slowly fuse and after the interaction they form a straight line forward, and their amplitudes are gradually equal when t → ∞.

Determination of collision mechanisms at low energies using four-vector correlations.

In molecular dynamics, a fundamental question is how the outcome of a collision depends on the relative orientation of the collision partners before their interaction begins (the stereodynamics of the process). The preference for a particular orientation of the reactant complex is intimately related to the idea of a collision mechanism and the possibility of control, as revealed in recent experiments. Indeed, this preference holds not only for chemical reactions involving complex polyatomic molecules, but also for the simplest inelastic atom-diatom collisions at cold collision energies. In this work, we report how the outcome of rotationally inelastic collisions between two D2 molecules can be controlled by changing the alignment of their internuclear axes under the same or different polarization vectors. Our results demonstrate that a higher degree of control can be achieved when two internuclear axes are aligned, especially when both molecules are relaxed in the collision. The possibility of control extends to very low energies, even to the ultracold regime, when no control could be achieved just by the alignment of the internuclear axis of one of the colliding partners.

Ion mobility calculations of flexible all-atom systems at arbitrary fields using two-temperature theory.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) separates and analyzes ions based on their mobility in a gas under an electric field. When the field is increased, the mobility varies in a complex way that depends on the relative velocity between gas and ion, their electrostatic potential interactions, and the effects from direct impingement. Recently, the two-temperature theory, primarily developed for monoatomic ions in monoatomic gases, has been extended to study mobilities at arbitrary fields using polyatomic ions in polyatomic gases, with some success. However, this extension poses challenges, such as inelastic collisions between gas and ion and structural modifications of ions as they heat up. These challenges become significant when working with diatomic gases and flexible molecules. In a previous study, experimental mobilities of tetraalkylammonium salts were obtained using a FAIMS instrument, showing satisfactory agreement with numerical two-temperature theory predictions. However, deviations occurred at fields greater than 100 Td. To address this issue, this paper introduces a modified high-field calculation method that accounts for the structural changes in ions due to field heating. The study focuses on tetraheptylammonium (THA+), tetradecylammonium (TDA+), and tetradodecylammonium (TDDA+) salts. Molecular structures were generated at various temperatures using MM2 forcefield. The mobility was calculated using IMoS 1.13 with two-temperature trajectory method calculations up to the fourth approximation. Multiple effective temperatures were considered, and a linear weighing system was used to create mobility vs. reduced field strength plots. The results suggest that the structural enlargement due to ion heating plays a significant role in mobility at high fields, aligning better with experimental data. FAIMS' dispersion plots also show improved agreement with experimental results. However, the contribution of inelastic collisions and energy transfer to rotational degrees of freedom in gas molecules remains a complex and challenging aspect.

First close-coupling study of the excitation of a large cyclic molecule: collision of c-C5H6 with He.

Recent astronomical observations revealed an increasing molecular complexity in the interstellar medium through the detection of a series of large cyclic carbon species. To correctly interpret these detections, a complex analysis is necessary that takes into account the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) conditions of the emitting media (e.g. when energy level populations deviate from a Boltzman distribution). This requires proper state-to-state collisional data for the excitation and de-excitation processes of the molecular levels. Cyclopentadiene (c-C5H6), which was recently detected in cold interstellar clouds, is extensively studied in many aspects due to its large importance for chemistry in general. At the same time, there are no collisional data available for this species, which are necessary for a more precise interpretation of the corresponding detections. In this work, we first provide an accurate 3D rigid-rotor interaction potential for the [c-C5H6 + He] complex from high-level of ab initio theories, which has been used to study their inelastic collision by the exact close coupling quantum scattering method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where this method is systematically applied to treat the dynamics of molecular collisions involving more than ten atoms. We also analyse the collisional propensity rules and the differences in contrast to calculations, where the approximate coupled states scattering methods is used.

Micro-ballistic response of thin film polymer grafted nanoparticle monolayers.

Self-assembled polymer grafted nanoparticles (PGNs) are of great interest for their potential to enhance mechanical properties compared to neat polymers and nanocomposites. Apart from volume fraction of nanoparticles, recent experiments have suggested that nanoscale phenomena such as nanoconfinement of grafted chains, altered dynamics and relaxation behavior at the segmental and colloidal scales, and cohesive energy between neighboring coronas are important factors that influence mechanical and rheological properties. How these factors influence the mechanics of thin films subject to micro-ballistic impact remains to be fully understood. Here we examine the micro-ballistic impact resistance of PGN thin films with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) grafts using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The grafted chain length and nanoparticle core densities are systematically varied to understand the influences of interparticle spacing, cohesion, and momentum transfer effects under high-velocity impact. Our findings show that the inter-PGN cohesive energy density (γPGN) is an important parameter for energy absorption. Cohesion energy density is low for short grafts but quickly saturates around entanglement length as adjacent coronas interpenetrate fully. The response of γPGN positively influences specific penetration energy, , which peaks before chain entanglement starts (<Ne). We further divide the ballistic response into three regimes based on grafted chain length: short graft, intermediate graft, and entangled graft. The short grafted PGNs show fragmentation due to almost no cohesion between particles, and the rigid body motion of the nanoparticles absorbs most of the energy. When chains are in the intermediate graft length regime, the film fails by chain pull-out, and unraveling of grafts is the primary dissipation mechanism. The Ashby plot of penetration energy, Ep, indicates ballistic processes are inelastic collisions when grafted chains are short and vary with density in a power law fashion as expected from momentum transfer. The response indicates that a lower nanoparticle weight fraction, ϕwtNP, leads to higher energy absorption per mass, that is, the added mass of nanoparticles does not warrant proportionate increases in energy absorption in the parametric range studied. However, the peak deceleration, Ab, shows a clear positive effect of adding NPs. Finally, PGNs with intermediate chain lengths simultaneously show relatively higher and Ab.

Neutrino constraints on inelastic dark matter captured in the Sun

The flux of neutrinos from annihilation of gravitationally captured dark matter in the Sun has significant constraints from direct-detection experiments. However, these constraints are relaxed for inelastic dark matter as inelastic dark matter interactions generate less energetic nuclear recoils compared to elastic dark matter interactions. In this paper, we explore the possibility for large volume underground neutrino experiments to detect the neutrino flux from captured inelastic dark matter in the Sun. The neutrino spectrum has two components: a mono-energetic “spike” from pion and kaon decays at rest and a broad-spectrum “shoulder” from prompt primary meson decays. We focus on detecting the shoulder neutrinos from annihilation of hadrophilic inelastic dark matter with masses in the range 4–100 GeV and the mass splittings in up to 300 keV. We determine the event selection criterion for DUNE to identify GeV-scale muon neutrinos and anti-neutrinos originating from hadrophilic dark matter annihilation in the Sun, and forecast the sensitivity from contained events. We also map the current bounds from Super-Kamiokande and IceCube on elastic dark matter, as well as the projected limits from Hyper-Kamiokande, to the parameter space of inelastic dark matter. We find that there is a region of parameter space that these neutrino experiments are more sensitive to than the direct-detection experiments. For dark matter annihilation to heavy-quarks, the projected sensitivity of DUNE is weaker than current (future) Super (Hyper) Kamiokande experiments. However, for the light-quark channel, only the spike is observable and DUNE will be the most sensitive experiment.

Atomic models for description of high-Z impurities dynamics in tokamak plasmas – summary of HARMONIA project

Since the year 2019, the project entitled „Study of the mutual dependence between Lower Hybrid current drive and heavy impurity transport in tokamak plasmas ”has been jointly executed by Polish (IFJ PAN) and French (CEA-IRFM) research teams. A particularly crucial topic studied within this project is the influence of not fully ionized high-Z impurities (e.g. tungsten ions) on suprathermal electrons dynamics. The influence can be studied using a Fokker-Planck solver. However, in this case, it is necessary to modify the electron-ion collision operator, in order to incorporate the efect of partially ionized high-Z atoms, arising from uncontrolled influxes of impurities. This, in turn, requires atomic models that are accurate enough but allow preforming fast and efficient calculations for all elements present in the plasma, regardless their local level of ionization. For this purpose, a few simple atomic models for elastic and inelastic collisions of electrons with high-Z ions have been proposed and implemented into a Fokker-Planck solver – LUKE code and DREAM (Disruption and Runaway Electron Analysis Model) code. Those semi-empirical atomic models have been calibrated and optimized using results of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, Dirac-Fock-Slater (DFS) method, relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock (MCDHF) method or available reference experimental data. This paper introduces to the achievement of the whole project, with a special emphasis placed on eforts to incorporate the physics of partially ionized high-Z elements in kinetic calculations.

Simulation of displacement damage induced by protons incident on Al&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;Ga&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;i&gt;–x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;N materials

Gallium nitride materials, due to their excellent electrical properties and irradiation resistance, are expected to be used in future space electronics systems where electronic devices are composed of different amounts of Al&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;Ga&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;i&gt;–x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;N materials. However, most of their displacement damage studies currently focus on GaN materials, and less on Al&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;Ga&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;i&gt;–x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;N materials themselves. The mechanism of displacement damage induced by 10-keV to 300-MeV protons incident on Al&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;Ga&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;i&gt;–x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;N materials with different Al content is investigated by binary collision approximation method. The results show that the non-ionization energy loss of Al&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;Ga&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;i&gt;–x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;N material decreases with proton energy increasing. When the proton energy is lower than 40 MeV, the non-ionization energy loss becomes larger with the increase of Al content, while the trend is reversed when the proton energy increases. Analyzing the primary knock-on atoms and non-ionizing energy deposition caused by protons, it is found that the primary knock-on atoms’ spectra of different Al&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;Ga&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;i&gt;–x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;N materials are similar, but the higher the content of Al, the higher the proportion of the self primary knock-on atoms generated by elastic collisions is. For the non-ionizing energy deposition produced by protons at different depths, the energy deposition due to elastic collisions is largest at the end of the trajectory, while the energy deposition due to inelastic collisions is uniformly distributed in the front of the trajectory but decreases at the end of the trajectory. This study provides a good insight into the applications of GaN materials and devices in space radiation environment.

Insights from multinucleon transfer reactions in 206Pb+118Sn

Multinucleon transfer reactions for the 206Pb +118 Sn system were measured at Elab = 1200 MeV using the PRISMA large solid-angle magnetic spectrometer. The experiment was conducted at laboratory angles around the grazing angle, covering an angular range of approximately 20°. The resulting differential and total cross sections, along with Q-value distributions for various neutron and proton pick-up and stripping channels, are presented. The Q-value distributions suggest a transition from quasi-elastic to deep inelastic collision processes, particularly in channels involving nucleon transfers. The experimental results have been compared with GRAZING code calculations, showing good agreement for few-nucleon transfer channels, while channels with large nucleon transfers are underestimated, indicating the involvement of more complex processes.