Ineffective Use Research Articles

Brain imaging provides insights about the interaction between instruction and diagram use for mathematical word problem solving

Diagram use is generally considered an effective strategy in solving mathematical word problems, and many teachers demonstrate the use of this strategy when they are teaching. Despite such demonstrations, however, the majority of students evidence poor, ineffective use of diagrams in problem solving. This may be due to a lack of task-appropriate instruction, but to date, there is inadequate evidence to support this idea. Therefore, the present study aimed to better understand the development of diagram use competence following the provision of task-appropriate instruction, focusing on both behavioral and neurophysiological evidence (i.e., brain activity, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy or fNIRS). Sixteen participants (mean age 15.7 years) were asked to solve mathematical word problems for which the use of tables (which is one kind of diagram) was deemed effective. Data collection progressed in three phases: (1) Pre-test without the demand for diagram use, (2) Pre-test with demand to use a table, and (3) Post-test (after participants received instruction on table use for problem solving). Although table use increased in Phase 2, it was only in Phase 3 that such use led to increases in correct answers. In Phase 3, fNIRS measurements also indicated an increase in blood flow to the frontal area (DLPFC and VLPFC) of the brain usually associated with working memory activity. These results demonstrate important neurophysiological changes resulting from task-appropriate instruction that promotes effective strategy use and improves learning performance.

CURRENT ISSUES OF PROVISION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES BY PRIMARY MEANS

This publication analyzes approaches in Ukraine to ensuring fire safety of buildings and structures of various purposes with the help of primary fire extinguishing means. The statistics of fires that occurred in houses and structures in the first half of 2022 are given, which includes the total number of deaths of people, including children, from the consequences of fires, as well as the main reasons for the ineffective use of primary fire extinguishing agents when extinguishing fires at the initial stage of their occurrence. The issue of modern principles and approaches to the selection, evaluation criteria and use of primary fire extinguishing agents by the leading countries of the world was considered. The main approaches of the world's leading countries aimed at providing primary means of fire extinguishing for buildings and structures of various purposes are highlighted. Attention is focused on the regulatory documents in force in Ukraine, which regulate the requirements and criteria for equipping various construction sites with primary fire extinguishing equipment, and their main shortcomings are identified. The main requirements for the operation of primary fire extinguishing equipment, their order and priority of implementation are given. It was determined that for primary fire extinguishing agents, the main technical parameters for the possibility of their use in buildings and structures are its fire extinguishing capacity and the volume of fire extinguishing substance used in it. For the premises in buildings and structures where the primary means of extinguishing fire will be used, the class of possible fire and the category of explosion and fire hazard are characteristic. The types of fire extinguishers and fire extinguishing substances with which they are equipped, as well as the main normative documents in Ukraine to which they must comply, are given. The existing classes of fires, types of fire extinguishers and their general rules of operation, as well as the main criteria for their placement in different buildings and structures, are disclosed. It is noted that the Institute of Public Administration and Scientific Research on Civil Protection has developed a new regulatory document, which will improve the fire-fighting condition of buildings and structures of various purposes. Also, work in this direction will be continued and the development of a new regulatory document on the provision of primary means of fire extinguishing for wheeled vehicles will begin in the near future. Keywords: primary means of fire extinguishing, norms of belonging, rules of operation of fire extinguishers.

Comprehension of HIV/AIDS messages in Lesotho

Targeted audiences do not always comprehend HIV/AIDS visual campaigns that are meant toeducate and inform, and thus such campaigns do not result in a positive change in behaviourand attitude. This is possibly ascribable to the inappropriate use of graphic imagery and othervisual elements in many such campaigns. Even though the cost of the ineffective use of graphicimages in information and awareness might be difficult to calculate – especially with regard tohealth-related problems in which lives are involved, – the effectiveness of any visual healthcommunicationmaterial in terms of meaningful learning, comprehension or retention cannevertheless be determined by means of post-testing. In this study, the comprehension of the loveLife outdoor campaign material was thus post-tested amongst 301 subjects from five high schools in both urban and rural areas. The study set outto determine the subjects’ comprehension of both the messages and the graphic imagery andevaluated the material for self-efficacy. The results indicate that suitable graphic imagery fostersmessage comprehension, that inappropriate imagery inhibits comprehension, and that realisticand appropriate imagery is preferred to abstract and representational imagery. In addition, it wasfound that familiar images are a vehicle towards improved comprehension of HIV/AIDS messages.

Investigation the role of online experience in learning (E-Learning) environment a review for researchers

E-Learning implementation is an area in progress that continues to evolve with time and further research. Researchers in this field argue that e-Learning is still in its infancy, resulting into numerous implementation technologies across a wide e-Learning spectrum. These technologies include TV, CD ROMs, LMS, CMS, LCMS and virtual world as well as collaborative technologies. This paper provides a general overview of the learning process, evaluates some current implementation trends pointing out a range of frameworks and strategies used in the past decade. It further looks at the changes created by the adoption of e-Learning within the higher education process. This is followed by an identification of emerging issues from which two problems are identified:1) The limited uptake of technology as an instruction delivery method: and2) The ineffective use of technology to support learning.The aim of the paper is primarily a review to inform researches about current work in these different areas.

The purpose of the text is the effectiveness/benefits of dragon fruit and guava fruit that can lower blood glucose levels in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic degenerative disease caused by insufficient insulin hormone, or the body’s ineffective use of the insulin produced, with clinical symptoms such as polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, and weakness accompanied by blood sugar levels ≥ 200 mg/dL and fasting blood sugar ≥ 126 mg/dL. Material and Method: This was a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental design. Results: Most of the respondents were female (70%) either in the treatment group or (60%) in the comparison group and had an average age between 45 and 59 years (50%). The average decrease in blood sugar level was 69.40 mg/dL. Red guava (NAMBUIRA) showed an effect on the blood sugar levels in type 2 DM patients at Talang Ratu Palembang Public Health Center (P = 0.000). Conclusion: NAMBUIRA pudding contains antioxidants and is rich in fiber and had an effect on reducing blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 DM at Talang Ratu Public Health Center of Palembang.

A new facet of category theory: cognitive disadvantage and its implications for safety in the cockpit

The typicality effect suggests typical category members provide a cognitive advantage, such as being quicker and easier to recognise and describe. The reverse effect has not been explored in an applied environment. Non-typical flight safety events appear to pose problems for pilots, leading to delayed recognition and ineffective use of checklists. Fifty-six airline pilots completed an experiment that tested a real-world typicality gradient, comparing pilot performance on a group of four non-typical events against four randomly selected events. Non-typical flight safety events elicited a greater number of response errors and a greater response latency when compared with a random selection of safety events. We specify and measure cognitive disadvantage and suggest innovations in pilot education, such as locating troublesome events and improving recognition guidance. Our new findings can be used to better prepare pilots for event diversity and inform safety in other work systems of interest to ergonomics. Practitioner summary: Typical safety events in work environments provide a cognitive dividend, supporting effective recognition and response. In this study, we frame and measure the opposite effect, the cognitive disadvantages of non-typical events. Non-typical events pose significant risk in work systems such as air transport, and we suggest innovations in pilot knowledge and training that make use of this approach.

Key stakeholders' experiences and expectations of the care system for individuals affected by borderline personality disorder: An interpretative phenomenological analysis towards co-production of care.

BackgroundThe diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) consists of extreme emotional dysregulation and long-term disability when left untreated. It is associated with ineffective use of health care systems and mismanaged care in emergency departments, which can result in a revolving door phenomenon of urgent system usage, poor treatment outcomes, or patients falling out of care entirely–all of which primarily affect patients with BPD as well as their caregivers and clinicians. This crisis must be addressed with a comprehensive understanding of key stakeholder perspectives on the challenges of the system and potential solutions.ObjectiveThis study explored the perspectives of three key stakeholder groups (i.e., patients, clinicians, and caregivers) in relation to their experiences with and future expectations of the care system for those affected by BPD.MethodsFour patients with BPD, three generalist clinicians with experience treating BPD, and three caregivers of individuals with BPD participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Participants were asked about their experiences with the current healthcare system and their suggestions for improvement. Responses were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.FindingsIn-depth analysis of the qualitative data revealed twelve shared themes and three themes that were unique to each key stakeholder group. These themes are discussed and used to inform recommendations for promising practices, policies, and training in this area.ConclusionFindings support the importance of a comprehensive mental health system approach for improving the accessibility, effectiveness, and acceptability of the management and treatment of BPD.

400 Improving Heat Stress Resilience to Reduce the Negative Effects of pre- and Postnatal Heat Stress in Swine

Abstract Heat stress will become a more substantial issue for swine production as global temperatures continue to rise. Efforts have been made to mitigate the negative impacts of heat stress through advances in genetic selection, nutrition, precision technology, and management practices. However, heat stress is still a limiting factor to swine production that must be addressed. A key aspect to mitigating heat stress-related production losses in swine may be developing better management approaches and genetic selection techniques to improve heat stress resilience. This is especially true for heat stress sensitive populations such as gestating and lactating sows. Gestating and lactating sows are considered heat stress sensitive due to greater metabolic heat production resulting from fetal growth and milk production, respectively. Additionally, swine offspring are adversely affected by in utero heat stress, which imprints long-term negative phenotypes that reduce health and productivity regardless of environmental conditions. To address these concerns, swine producers have implemented a variety of cooling and management strategies to mitigate heat stress. However, the recommended or perceived heat stress temperature thresholds for implementation may not accurately reflect the thermal requirements of modern swine with current genetics or at variable gestation stages leading to ineffective use. As such, a re-evaluation of heat stress thresholds for modern swine is warranted. Additionally, genetic selection for productivity traits (e.g., litter sizes and lean growth) has increased metabolic heat production resulting in increased heat stress sensitivity. Therefore, the ability to perform large-scale measures of and implement heat stress tolerance traits within breeding populations may be advantageous for producers to improve heat stress resilience within their herds. Taken together, as heat stress becomes a greater issue for the swine industry, it will become increasingly important to develop sustainable approaches that improve swine heat stress resilience while maintaining or improving producer profitability.

Understanding Africa’s terrorism debacle: a critical analysis of counterterrorism in Burkina Faso

ABSTRACT Despite Burkina Faso’s emergence as a strong player in terrorism activity in Africa, the country is practically overlooked by Critical Terrorism Studies scholarship. This article is framed at the intersection of Critical Terrorism Studies and Postcolonialism, investigating how a “critical” examination of the terrorism situation in Burkina Faso could advance our knowledge of terrorism in Africa. In-depth interviews were conducted with senior military officers and security practitioners in and out of Burkina Faso. These interviews, together with political speeches and media reports, were analysed using Critical Discourse Analysis. The study found a bifurcated counterterrorism policy in Burkina Faso with overdependence on “sticks” approaches, yet without the funds or morale to implement them. This is, however, not unique to Burkina Faso, as countries like Nigeria and Kenya have also struggled with the ineffective use of force to tackle terrorism violence. The article argues that the Western-centric post-9/11 global discourse on terrorism transposed and patronised a kind of uncritical terrorism knowledge to African spaces, effectively contributing to the lack of progress in addressing the incessant violence. It recommends to African policy makers to rethink counterterrorism from African philosophical standpoints, view preponderant terrorism knowledge more critically, and adopt context-specific measures against terrorism violence.

Assessment of Sustainable Biomass Energy Technologies in Pakistan Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process

Pakistan is not merely confronting the energy crisis but also dealing with the scarcity of economical technologies for the utilization of energy resources. From the basic resources, renewable energy is one of the considerable resources. Due to environmental issues related to greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollution in Pakistan, the other energy resources are constricted. In rural areas, biomass resources are a fundamental need for domestic purposes. The prominent reason for environmental degradation and deforestation is due to ineffective use of such resources. Biomass resources for heating and cooking purposes are abundantly available in rural areas of Pakistan. In this context, this study helps us select the applicable cookstove technologies for the Sindh province for the proper utilization of biomass resources. The AHP (analytical hierarchy process) was used as the central methodology for the cookstove ranking. Concerning its improvement, four main criteria corresponding to 12 sub-criteria were considered for the selection of three cookstove technologies, i.e., traditional cookstoves (TCS), efficient cookstoves (ECS), and biogas cookstoves (BCS). The final decision of the AHP framework exposed the ECS technology as the advantageous technology, followed by the BCS and TCS, respectively. To analyze the results, a sensitivity analysis of the major results has also been carried out, and under the final ranking matrix, the ECS alternative got the highest weightage, nearly 36.56%, based on the developed model.

An optotracer-based antibiotic susceptibility test specifically targeting the biofilm lifestyle of Salmonella

Antimicrobial resistance is a medical threat of global dimensions. Proper antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for drug development, patient diagnosis and treatment is crucial to counteract ineffective drug use and resistance development. Despite the important role of bacterial biofilms in chronic and device-associated infections, the efficacy of antibiotics is determined using planktonic cultures. To address the need for antibiotics targeting bacteria in the biofilm lifestyle, we here present an optotracing-based biofilm-AST using Salmonella as model. Our non-disruptive method enables real-time recording of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, providing specific detection of the biofilm lifestyle. Biofilm formation prior to antibiotic challenge can thus be confirmed and pre-treatment data collected. By introducing Kirby-Bauer discs, we performed a broad screen of the effects of antibiotics representing multiple classes, and identified compounds with ECM inhibitory as well as promoting effects. These compounds were further tested in agar-based dose-response biofilm-AST assays. By quantifying the ECM based on the amount of curli, and by visualizing the biofilm size and morphology, we achieved new information directly reflecting the treated biofilm. This verified the efficacy of several antibiotics that were effective in eradicating pre-formed biofilms, and it uncovered intriguing possible resistance mechanisms initiated in response to treatments. By providing deeper insights into the resistances and susceptibilities of microbes, expanded use of the biofilm-AST will contribute to more effective treatments of infections and reduced resistance development.

Teacher Roles in of Learning Materials Management in the Implementation of Competency Based Curriculum (CBC)

Teachers play a critical role in the implementation of curriculum innovation such as CBC. Use of learning materials in instruction is a key pillar of effectively implementing CBC. The goal of using learning materials in the classroom is to assist both the teacher and the learners be consistent in educational content and achieving educational objectives. Furthermore, learning materials aid in motivating students, developing creativity, evoking prior knowledge, encouraging the process of understanding, decoding, organizing, and synthesizing educational content, logical thinking, and reasoning, communicating and interaction, and contributing to the development of skills and the acquisition of values, as well as the retention of desirable values and attitudes. However, it has been observed by many scholars that teachers have often neglected the use of learning materials in teaching hence contributing to poor implementation of curriculum in the basic education sector. To remain relevant in the implementation of CBC, the teachers as class managers should effectively plan, organize, leads, and communicate in class using learning materials. The purpose of this desktop study was to highlight how teachers can effectively manage learning materials in order to effectively implement CBC curriculum. Through analytic review of previous studies, the study found that learning materials are critical to the implementation of CBC curriculum. Ineffective use of learning materials is likely to contribute to none realization of the objectives of CBC. The study recommends that there is need to establish units within individuals or groups of scholars where teachers will actively engage in preparation of learning materials to use in their various subjects. There is also need to make development of learning materials as a critical component of teachers training curriculum.

PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN PETANI TENTANG DAMPAK PENGGUNAAN PUPUK KIMIA

Direct risk of exposure to pesticides can occur not only during the spraying process, but can also occur during the mixing process, even after the spraying process. Farmers' knowledge of using personal protective equipment (PPE) when spraying is a risk factor for poisoning. Situation analysis Intensive and unprocedural and ineffective use of pesticides. The use of pesticides that are not as recommended is caused by the knowledge factor of the farmers within themselves, namely perceptions and low knowledge of the use of pesticides according to recommendations that are still wrong or low. This activity is to provide education on the behavior of farmers spraying pesticides in applying the use of pesticides in the field (land). The solution offered by the implementing team is to provide understanding and education on how to use personal protective equipment, how to pay attention to wind direction and how to mix pesticides to farmer groups. The results obtained before the implementation of the provision of material and training were 22 people at the sufficient level and 18 people at the less level. After education, 30 people were in the good category and 10 people were in the enough category. Educational activities that have been carriedout by the implementing team can be a solution and a respondent for farmer groups as an effort to reduce the level of risk of exposure to pesticides

Orphan GPR26 Counteracts Early Phases of Hyperglycemia-Mediated Monocyte Activation and Is Suppressed in Diabetic Patients.

Diabetes is the ninth leading cause of death, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths worldwide. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity. T2D increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy, and kidney failure by two-to three-fold. Hyperglycemia, as a hallmark of diabetes, acts as a potent stimulator of inflammatory condition by activating endothelial cells and by dysregulating monocyte activation. G-protein couple receptors (GPCRs) can both exacerbate and promote inflammatory resolution. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) indicate that GPCRs are differentially regulated in inflammatory and vessel cells from diabetic patients. However, most of these GPCRs are orphan receptors, for which the mechanism of action in diabetes is unknown. Our data indicated that orphan GPCR26 is downregulated in the PBMC isolated from T2D patients. In contrast, GPR26 was initially upregulated in human monocytes and PBMC treated with high glucose (HG) levels and then decreased upon chronic and prolonged HG exposure. GPR26 levels were decreased in T2D patients treated with insulin compared to non-insulin treated patients. Moreover, GPR26 inversely correlated with the BMI and the HbA1c of diabetic compared to non-diabetic patients. Knockdown of GPR26 enhanced monocyte ROS production, MAPK signaling, pro-inflammatory activation, monocyte adhesion to ECs, and enhanced the activity of Caspase 3, a pro-apoptotic molecule. The same mechanisms were activated by HG and exacerbated when GPR26 was knocked down. Hence, our data indicated that GPR26 is initially activated to protect monocytes from HG and is inhibited under chronic hyperglycemic conditions.

Teaching Efficiency or Inefficiency in Elementary Physical Education

The school curriculum clearly defines that the main purpose of elementary physical education is to help students develop positive attitudes towards physical education, engage in lifetime physical activity through the development of knowledge and skills, develop an integrated personality and cultivate moral and social values. How close are elementary children to the above purpose? Is this achieved through elementary physical education class? The purpose of the study was to examine the teaching efficiency or inefficiency of classroom teachers when teaching physical education, from the perspective of time. For that purpose, 30 elementary school teachers (18 female and 12 male) from public schools all over Cyprus were randomly selected to participate in this study. Participating teachers were assigned to teach physical education in their schools. Teachers were asked to give 2 dates on which school visits to schools were scheduled to attend their courses and collect data related to their teaching, such as time management, presentation of activities, organization of children and equipment, feedback provided and others. For data collection purposes a previously validated recording instrument designed by Silverman, Subramaniam, & Woods (1998) was used. The teacher behavior instrument required the coder to collect data on both instructional behaviors (e.g., explanation, demonstration, and monitoring) and organizational behaviors (e.g., children organization and equipment organization). In addition, informal semi-structured interviews with the teachers were also conducted, in order to learn about their beliefs about teachers’ behaviors in class and the value they give to them, such as organizational behaviors and others. The descriptive statistical analysis revealed data that show in principle the diversity, from class to class, in the variables that have been studied. The most important factor, however, is the ineffective use of the available class time, which negatively affected the components of a physical education course, such as the consumption of a large part of the time in organizational or other processes while deducting time that could be offered to the children for more physical activity, more efforts, and probably better learning. Data analysis revealed four important themes that should be of concern to those involved with physical education: 1) The need for better time management, 2) The need to improve the teaching and organizational factors of the class, 3) The need for feedback to students during practice time, and 4) The need for final assessment when at the end of the class.

Neuromodulation in Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Narrative Review.

Chronic primary pelvic pain syndrome (CPPPS) is a heterogeneous disease with unknown pathogenesis and a lack of distinct pathological features, which complicates diagnosis and therapy and has a significant impact on patients' daily life. Because pharmacological management is ineffective and long-term use may result in additional system damage, developing a more effective treatment is critical. Neuromodulation has advanced rapidly over the last few decades, and various types of neuromodulations have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of CPPPS. In this article we discuss the evolution of neuromodulation technology in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain, its application to various subtypes of chronic pelvic pain, and the comparison of relevant efficacy and parameter differences, as well as assess the relative advantages and disadvantages of sacral neuromodulation, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation , transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, electroacupuncture, and pudendal neuromodulation. Furthermore, it was noted that chronic pelvic pain should be evaluated in terms of pain, associated symptoms, psychological problems, and quality of life. Although neuromodulation approaches have been shown to be effective in treating chronic pelvic pain, more extensive multicenter trials are required to confirm this.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40122-022-00405-w.

Three-Dimensional-Printed Vaginal Molds for Use After McIndoe Neovagina Creation.

Surgical vaginoplasty is a highly successful treatment for congenital absence of the vagina. One key to long-term success is the use of an appropriate vaginal mold in the immediate postoperative period. We present the use of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed vaginal mold, customizable to the anatomy of individual patients. Vaginal molds were designed using a 3D modeling software program. The design included narrowing around the urethra, holes for egress of secretions, and a knob for insertion and removal. Dental resin was 3D-printed into various-sized vaginal molds, and postprocessing was performed. We present the use of the 3D-printed mold for a patient with a history of cloacal exstrophy and a unique pelvic shape. Two prior neovagina surgeries in this patient had been unsuccessful due to ineffective handheld dilator use; the patient experienced success with the 3D-printed intravaginal mold. The use of the 3D-printed vaginal mold is an alternative to the limited commercially available models today and allows for customization to user anatomy. With 3D printers becoming more widely accessible, we believe this method could become universally accepted, with hopes of contributing to increased patient satisfaction and decreased complications.

Tarımda Drone Kullanımı ve Geleceği

Tarım, yaşamın sürdürebilmesi için hayati bir faaliyet alanı olmakla birlikte, tarım dışı diğer sektörlere hammadde sağlaması, milli gelir ve istihdama katkısı nedeniyle de stratejik bir faaliyet alanıdır. Teknolojinin hızla gelişmesiyle ortaya çıkan yeni teknikler veya cihazların tarımda kullanılması tarımsal uygulamaların daha kolay ve etkin yapılabilmesini sağlamaktadır. Son yıllardaki en popüler teknolojik gelişmelerden biri olan drone’ların tarımda kullanımı yaygınlaşmakta ve yeni uygulama alanlarının da eklenmesiyle daha da popüler hale gelmektedir. Drone’ların popüler olması ve tarımda kullanımı, tarım dışı farklı disiplinlerden olanların da ilgisini çekmektedir. Farklı disiplinlerde olanların tarım konusundaki bazı teknik bilgilerinin yetersiz olmasından dolayı, drone’un tarımda kullanımı ile ilgili yanlış bilgiler veya efektif olmayan kullanımlar da oluşabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, drone ve bileşenleri, drone’un avantaj ve dezavantajları, drone ile kullanılabilen kamera ve sensörler hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Daha sonra günümüzde tarımda drone kullanım alanları örnek uygulamalar ile açıklanmış ve gelecekte tarımda drone kullanımı ile öngörüler sunulmuştur. Ayrıca drone’un tarımda kullanımı ile bazı yanlış bilgiler ve efektif olmayan kullanımlar hakkında açıklamalar yapılmıştır.

Çocuk Evliliklerinde Yapabilirlik Yaklaşımının Uygulanması: Türkiye Örneği

Restriction of freedoms emerges as an important human development problem in Turkey as well as in the rest of the world. This problem also hinders people’s access to other capabilities, particularly if basic 'capabilities' such as education, health and income, which are important for the development of girls as individuals, cannot be achieved and lead to the ineffective use of developmental inputs by girls. From this point of view, in this study, the problem of child marriage is discussed in the context of talent approach due to the importance of the given situation both in Turkey and the world. Starting from the case of child marriage, the causes and consequences of this problem are boldly emphasized. In addition, within the framework of Nussbaum's capability approach, it is pointed out that in traditionally patriarchal societies, women's capacity was seen as less valuable and limited compared to men. This situation, therefore, might cause gender inequality. The capability approach provides a distinctive framework suggesting that justice in a society should be assessed based on people’s ability to achieve what they have reason to value. Based on perspective, it proposes that the analysing an individuals’ welfare should not be limited to what he or she has as a resource, but what she or he can do and be with this resource since resources are only instruments to achieve ends, or valuable beings and doings. In this study, gender inequality was tried to be highlighted through the interviews which have been done with child brides in the context of the capability approach. Finally, it is emphasized how the capability approach can be applied to the problem of child marriages and suggestions are presented.

AI based Pilot Contamination Analysis for 5G MIMO based on Multi Antenna Routing Networks and Multi-User Pilot Scheduling

Pilot contamination, a type of inter-cell interference, limits performance of large multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna systems.A drawback that results in ineffective bandwidth use is the burden of pilots who must estimate the channel regularly due to the acquisition of channel state data for channel estimation.Thus, there is a trade-off between spectral efficiency (SE)as well as quantity of pilots needed to evaluate channel.This research proposes novel technique in pilot contamination analysis (PCA) for 5G network based on MIMO by multi antenna routing system. The main aim is to detect pilot contamination and enhance spectral efficiency of the network. Here pilot contamination is detected using multi-user pilot scheduling with convolutional adversarial training model. As a result, a security breach occurs when crucial information slips to Eve during downlink transmission.Ability of the legitimate user to maintain secrecy can be greatly enhanced by knowing of an active eavesdropper.We also analyse the likelihood of detection, the likelihood of a false alarm, and the likelihood of a detection error.Simulation results show that suggested strategy to find PCA is effective.the proposed technique attained SINR of 72% , spectral efficiency of 85%,normalized MSE of 73%,PCA detection accuracy of 95%.