Ineffective Use Research Articles

Improving The Efficiency and Reducing Risks of The State and Municipal Procurement

The relevance of the research topic is caused by the urgent need to resolve issues that hinder the work of the state customer, especially aspects that allow to implement corruption schemes in the state order, getting rid of which is of state importance. The authors understand the system of state and municipal procurement simultaneously as a set of its participants and their actions according to the rules established by the regulator. They point to the objectively existing specifics of the regulation of the procurement system and assign an important place to the issue of compliance with the requirements of the law in relation to it in assessing the effectiveness of its functioning. The article discusses the main identified patterns of offenses in the field of procurement, however, it is stated that it is impossible to draw up a complete analysis of them, since not all crimes are detected, and the methods of their commission are constantly changing. The results of offenses in the field of state and municipal purchases, including corruption, can be: the quality of purchased goods, works, services; cost overruns and ineffective use of budget funds; delaying the deadlines for order execution; the emergence of the need to re-conduct the tender procedures, which also delays the final deadlines for the execution of the necessary actions; opposition to natural competitive processes in the markets. The authors analyze the recommended methods of crime prevention, and argue that organizational and administrative methods may be preferable to legal ones. The article also analyzes the causes of risks in the field of municipal procurement and suggests the ways to minimize them.

Adverse reactions of vancomycin in humans: A protocol for meta-analysis.

Background:Vancomycin is effective against Gram-positive bacteria and considered as a last resort in the case of ineffective use of other antigens. While due to the occurrence of adverse reactions, the application of vancomycin is strictly limited. We will conduct a meta-analysis to summarize adverse reactions of vancomycin in humans.Methods:To collect comprehensive randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the following electronic databases will be searched: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China Science and Technology Journal Database. The range of publication time will be from the inception of the database to August 2020 without language limitation. Two reviewers will independently conduct selection of studies, data extraction and management, and assessment of risk of bias. Any disagreement will be resolved by discussion with the third reviewer. Review Manager 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration) will be used for meta-analysis. The Cochrane risk of bias tool will be used to assess the risk of bias.Results:This study will synthesize the data from the present eligible high quality RCTs to explore the incidence of adverse reactions such as hypersensitivity reactions, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, phlebitis, and agranulocytosis.Conclusion:This meta-analysis will provide systematic evidence for adverse reactions of vancomycin in humans.Study registration number:INPLASY202080094

Factors associated with women's decision to undergo early mammography contrary to guidelines

Abstract Background For young women, mammography has limited effectiveness and entails exposure to radiation, discomfort and additional costs. As in other countries, the Israel Ministry of Health does not officially recommend mammograms for women under age 50 who do not belong to risk groups. The study identifies factors associated with the willingness to undergo mammography, contrary to the official guidelines. Methods Using the Health Belief Model (HBM), we surveyed Israeli women aged 40-51 who are not at high risk for developing breast cancer and who had or had never undergone mammography. Results The results show that socio-demographic characteristics, private insurance coverage, out-of-pocket payments to physicians, and two HBM categories-lower levels of perceived barriers to mammography (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.53-0.92) and higher levels of health motivation (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.19-2.29) - are associated with the decision to undergo mammogram. In addition, higher levels of perceived susceptibility to illness (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.00-1.73) and previous experience with mammography (OR = 8.26, 95% CI = 3.71-18.41) are significant predictors of women's intentions to undergo early mammography. Conclusions Understanding the factors associated with women's tendency to have mammograms contrary to recommendations can help nurses and healthcare policymakers in creating health-promotive programs targeting this group of women. Taking policy steps to increase women's confidence in Ministry of Health guidelines will reduce the potential damage of cumulative radiation over the lifetime of young women and lower the number of false positives. Preventing unnecessary mammograms might reduce costs to households and HMOs, lessen ineffective use of medical facilities and help relieve the burden on the health system. Key messages Taking policy steps to increase women's confidence in Ministry of Health guidelines will reduce the potential damage of cumulative radiation over lifetime and lower the number of false positives. Preventing unnecessary mammograms will reduce costs to households and HMOs, lessen ineffective use of medical facilities and help relieve the burden on the health system.

Optimal management of production processes using the function of losses in the production processes

In today’s modern world the manufacturing processes are designed in such a way as to ensure the desired quality of the end product. In this article are considered some aspects of desired quality in performance. The described quality management tools are based on Taguchi’s theory Quality Engineering and Robust Engineering. In relation to this in the paper are presented a new application for assessing the losses of society from the irrational use of resources or their harmful impact in the transformation into a production process, the possibilities of Taguchi’s theory in assessing the losses of the stakeholders in the functioning of the enterprise - in case of ineffective or inefficient use of the production process and proposal of the possibility for a complex assessment of the losses of the society and the stakeholders from the production of products and operation of production processes at quality indicators different from the desired nominal values

A model to adopt Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Business Intelligence (BI) among saudi SMEs

Objective of the study: This paper touched upon the major issues that are related to intention towards the use of ERPBI in the Saudi private sector – Saudi Arabia is an example of a developing countryMethodology / approach: This paper used a qualitative approach and the sample of the study comprised of 30 experts from the Saudi private sector, who were involved in ERPBI.Originality / Relevance: According to prior studies in literature, there is no specific model that supports and explains ERPBI, and as such, this increases the chances of ineffective adoption and use of ERPBI. This study found that ERPBI adoption models are lacking, and those that exist are inapplicable as they exclude several significant factors for successful adoption.Main results: The findings indicated that for the promotion of the ERPBI model, the entire significant factors have to be considered and incorporated. Those factors are: system quality, service quality, and information quality factors, change management, effective communication, training factors, clear vision and planning, competitive pressure, and government role.Theoretical / methodological contributions: This study’s results open door for future research based on the gap in theories applied and the factors investigated in the context of developing nations. Social / management contributions: Shedding light on the factors and their relationship with ERPBI use success would assist top management in minimizing losses through system use for enhanced cash flow, and improved performance of employees and that can eventually bring about the overall performance of the organization.

Evaluation of drug therapy problems, medication adherence and treatment satisfaction among heart failure patients on follow-up at a tertiary care hospital in Ethiopia.

Drug therapy problems (DTPs) are major concerns of healthcare and have been identified to contribute to negative clinical outcomes. The occurrence of DTPs in heart failure patients is associated with worsening of outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess DTPs, associated factors and patient satisfaction among ambulatory heart failure patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH). A hospital based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 423 heart failure patients on follow up at TASH. Data was collected through patient interview and chart review. Descriptive statistics, binary and multiple logistic regressions were used for analyses and P < 0.05 was used to declare association. Majority of the patients were in NYHA class III (55.6%) and 66% of them had preserved systolic function. DTPs were identified in 291(68.8%) patients, with an average number of 2.51±1.07.per patient. The most common DTPs were drug interaction (27.3%) followed by noncompliance (26.2%), and ineffective drug use (13.7%). β blockers were the most frequent drug class involved in DTPs followed by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The global satisfaction was 78% and the overall mean score of treatment satisfaction was 60.5% (SD, 10.5). Prevalence of DTPs as well as non-adherence among heart failure patients on follow up is relatively high. Detection and prevention of DTPs along with identifying patients at risk can save lives, help to adopt efficient strategies to closely monitor patients at risk, enhance patient's quality of life and optimize healthcare costs.

Determinants of women's decision to undergo early mammography: A survey study.

For young women, mammography has limited effectiveness and entails exposure to radiation, discomfort, and additional expense. This study identifies factors associated with women's willingness to undergo mammography despite official guidelines to the contrary. Using the Health Belief Model, we surveyed Israeli women aged 40-51 who are not at high risk of breast cancer and who had or had never undergone mammography. The results show that sociodemographic characteristics, private insurance coverage, out-of-pocket payments to physicians, and three Health Belief Model categories - lower perceived barriers to mammography, higher expectations of benefits, and stronger health motivation - are associated with the decision to undergo mammography. In addition, higher levels of perceived susceptibility to illness and experience with mammography are significant predictors of intentions to undergo early mammography. Understanding the determinants of women's tendency to undergo mammography contrary to recommendations may help nurses and healthcare policymakers to create health promotion programs targeting this group of women. Preventing unnecessary mammograms may reduce costs to households and health maintenance organizations, mitigate ineffective use of medical facilities, and alleviate the burden on the healthcare system.

Incorporating BIM and Green Building in Engineering Education: Assessment of a School Building for LEED Certification

AbstractAs a remedy to excessive amounts of energy consumption, adverse impacts on the environment, and ineffective use of resources in the construction industry, the number of green buildings (GBs...

Factors to Consider While Attempting Image Restoration: Limitations to the Impact of Sound Strategy Application

William Benoit has been the leading scholar in image restoration. Case studies based on his work give insight into effective and ineffective use of image restoration strategies. However, various factors appear to limit the success of attempts to restore individual or organizational image after it has been damaged through an untoward act, even when sound image restoration tactics are applied. Analysis of a situation involving former Ohio State University football coach, Jim Tressel, offers insight into why it is possible to apply proper strategy, as outlined by Benoit, and still fail in one’s attempts to restore image.

Potential, flow and demand of rice provisioning ecosystem services – Case study in Sapa district, Vietnam

Although Vietnam has become the third biggest rice exporter in the world, famine is yet challenging managers in many provinces, especially in the Northern mountainous areas of Vietnam. In contrast with financial profits, formal rice supply chains have recently not provided enough food for all people in these provinces. The ecosystem service approach has the potential to give better chances to communicate with decision makers, especially with agricultural managers by raising awareness and improving understanding related to potential, flow and demand of/for rice provision. In this study, probability approaches through a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) and statistical approaches through a Hybrid Neural-Fuzzy Inference System (S-HyFIS) were used to quantify and map the potentials of the rice provisioning ecosystem service (RPES) in the Sapa district in the Lao Cai province in northern Vietnam. In addition, various statistical data related to actual rice production, population numbers and rice consumption were collected from 1990 to 2010 to quantify the RPES flows and demands. A conceptual model depicting the relations between RPES potential, flow and demand is proposed, in which the efficiency of site selection for rice cultivation and implemented farming practices play important roles in determining RPES supply. The results indicate an ineffective use of farming practices in the 1990s and show improvements in the new millennium in the case study area. A small surplus of RPES supply was found in the whole Sapa district since the year 2003, which has been used for tourism and export purposes. At the same time, the RPES demand was unmet in six communities. To generate a better rice supply chain and to better match supplies with actual demand, parts of the surplus of RPES could be transported from service providing areas to neighboring poor communities.

Mujeres prostituidas y trabajadoras sexuales: ¿es el derecho del trabajo una vía para superar la condición de vulnerabilidad?

El presente texto aborda un tema tan complicado como la prostitución desde la perspectiva de la política del derecho y sin ahondar en la dicotomía existente entre el abolicionismo y el movimiento pro-derechos. Al contrario, en el ar­tículo se plantea un enfoque alternativo que ponga la dignidad y la voluntad de los sujetos en el centro y de manera conjunta, situándose en un espacio intermedio y apostando por la necesidad de establecer un diálogo sobre la base de dos premisas: la aspiración de la desaparición de la prostitución como meta final y el reconocimiento de derechos a las personas que deciden prostituirse, sin que eso implique un uso impropio, y poco efectivo, del derecho del trabajo. En cambio, se plantean otras alternativas para, en el momento presente, dotar de herramientas que permitan una salida de la vulnerabilidad a través del reco­nocimiento de derechos.

Quality of evidence in a post-Soviet country: evaluation of methodological quality of controlled clinical trials published in national journals from Uzbekistan

BackgroundMost researchers in Uzbekistan prefer to publish their reports in journals of their home country. Moreover, the proportion of healthcare practitioners who prefer to use these national sources of information also remains high. However, the quality of publications from national journals, in post-Soviet countries, has not been systematically evaluated until now. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of randomized controlled trials’ (RCTs) reports published in medical journals from Uzbekistan. We supposed that reports had at least minimal quality to contribute to the higher quality of healthcare.MethodsTo evaluate the quality of RCTs, we selected two journals from the list of national medical journals for which background information was provided. We decided to select articles from journals that had the highest subscription rate and were likely to have the highest impact on clinical decisions. The journals were Medical Journal of Uzbekistan and Paediatrics. Only issues published in 2007–2017 were considered for evaluation. Two evaluators independently scored RCTs and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) reported in the journals. The 5-point scale developed by Jadad et al. was used to evaluate the quality of reports. Consensus-based decision was made about the final score of each report.ResultsWe reviewed 1311 studies in the two journals and found 380 clinical trials reports for the final evaluation. Our main finding was that none of the reports received a final score of more than 1, with an absolute agreement between evaluators. A median score of the studied reports was equal to 0, predicting a very low quality of controlled trials reported in the national journals (Wilcoxon signed-rank test p = 1.0; 95% CI = 0–0).ConclusionsWe believe that quality of reports about controlled trials, in Uzbekistan, can be considered insufficient to contribute to the higher quality of care and patients’ safety. In the worst case, such condition can cause serious damage to the public health and lead to ineffective use of resources in the country. Therefore, the better reporting and organization of RCTs and CCTs should become a main goal of all stakeholders interested in the effective and safe healthcare in the country.

Prison Escapes in Western Siberia (1930–1945)

The author analyzed the causes and consequences of prison escapes in Western Siberia in 1930–1945, which were a serious problem for the entire Soviet correctional labor system. The reasons behind frequent prison escapes can be summarized as follows: substandard living conditions, a complex production schedule, violent inmates, severe punitive measures for minor crimes, and relatively lenient punishment for escapes. The situation was aggravated by the negligent attitude to the service among wardens, their non-compliance with official discipline and job descriptions, as well as by ineffective use of the agent network. The escapes grew even more frequent in the late 1930s because the number of convicts increased during the Great Terror. The opposite pattern prevailed during World War II due to the general reduction of prison population during the occupation of the European Russia and the fact that some categories of convicts were allowed to enlist in the army. The fugitives posed a real threat to local residents. Once they were free, they committed murders, robberies, and rapes, which significantly worsened the difficult criminal situation in the West Siberian region. The NKVD employees of the Joint State Political Directorate of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR prevented escapes and detained the prisoners. The research objective was to establish the causes, consequences, and various forms of prison escapes in Western Siberia in 1930–1945.

Hierarchical process of travel mode imputation from GPS data in a motorcycle-dependent area

This study presents attempts to impute modes from data collected via smartphones in Hanoi (Vietnam), where the dominant mode of travel is the motorcycle. The inclusion of the motorcycle mode and an imbalance in the modal share of the Hanoi data resulted in ineffective use of supervised-learning models to detect all modes simultaneously. For a high level of accuracy and reasonable interpretability, a hierarchical process was developed. Initially, walk, bicycle, and motorized modes were identified by a fuzzy logic-based algorithm. Subsequently, based on the distribution of bus stops and the operation of buses in practice, rules employing the average distance between stops, which a vehicle passed slowly or stopped at, were introduced to detect bus segments. Finally, a random forest model was built to distinguish the modes of motorcycle and car. The proposed hierarchical process achieved an accuracy of 89.1%. The bus detection, which required only the coordinates of the bus stops, demonstrated a recall of 94.8%. The motorcycle mode of travel was noted to be the main source of misclassification. This mode has contributed to the diversity of the mode detection field, which has previously only focused on walk, bicycles, cars, buses/trams, and trains. The hierarchy was developed and validated using a dataset that did not include travel by metro or train and would be biased toward persons working and studying at a university. These limitations emphasize the need to test the process on a more diverse sample with more travel options.

Using Raised Bed and Irrigation cut-off for Saving Irrigation Water and Increasing Wheat Productivity in North Nile Delta

In Egypt, surface irrigation and irrigation till the tail end of the furrows or borders are commonly used with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other crops, but they lead to poor aeration and ineffective use of water and fertilizers. Therefore, raised beds planting method and cut-off irrigation improve wheat productivity and raise water and fertilizer use efficiencies. A field experiment was carried out in two winter growing seasons (2017/18 and 2018/19) at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm, Kafr EL-sheikh Governorate. The objective was to evaluate the impact of raised bed and irrigation cut-off on growth and yield of wheat (Misr-1 variety), some water relations and the contribution of ground water table on water consumption. A split plot design was used with three replicates. The main plots were occupied by raised bed treatments: farmer's conventional flat planting method (F1), furrow 60 cm width (F2) and furrow 120 cm width (F3). The sub plots were devoted to irrigation cut-off treatments: cut-off at 100% of strip length, C100% (control), cut-off at 90% of strip length (C90%) and cut-off at 80% of strip length (C80%). The results revealed that C90% combined with F3 achieved the lowest values of seasonal applied water and water consumptive use and the highest values of water productivity (9.69 L.E m-3), water application efficiency (Ea) and grain and straw yields. On the other hand, C80% recorded the highest contribution value of ground water table (CGWT) of water consumption (21.4%), leading to increase of water saving. (with 34.05% increase)

Intravenous cannula placement in children for induction of general anesthesia: Prospective audit and identification of success factors.

Approaches to pediatric induction of anesthesia vary widely. While oral sedative premedication and inhalational induction are common, total intravenous anesthesia is becoming increasingly popular. Total intravenous anesthesia without anxiolytic premedication, which is the most commonly used technique in our hospital, requires intravenous (IV) cannula placement in an awake child. To quantify the success rate of IV cannula placement in 1 or 2 attempts and to identify success factors and barriers. With ethical approval and written informed consent from participating anesthesiologists, a prospective audit of IV cannulation was undertaken over a 1-month period. The attending anesthesiologist captured basic demographics, IV insertion characteristics, setting, distraction techniques, the behavior of the child, number of attempts, and success/failure. A logistic regression model for successful IV cannulation was created. Anesthesiologists and procedural suite nurses participated in semi-structured interviews to identify success factors, barriers, and teaching approaches. Data from 984 cases were analyzed. IV induction was planned in 562 cases, and IV cannulation was successful in 90% of these patients. Anxiolytic premedication was given in 6% of cases. Observations indicated that 64% of children were pain- and reaction-free, and 90% experienced minimal or no reaction. Predictors for success included older child's age and child behavior at first encounter. Qualitative interview data from 13 participants suggested success factors included effective distraction, preparing the family for IV induction, parental presence, support of the operating room team, effective use of local analgesic cream, adapting the approach to the individual child, and the anesthesiologist's efficiency. Barriers included needle phobia, uncooperative child, anxious parents, ineffective use of analgesic cream, and unfavorable anatomy. Distraction techniques varied by age and developmental stage of the child. Cannulation for planned IV induction is feasible for most children, enabling increased use of total intravenous anesthesia as an institutional anesthetic strategy.

The Role of a Literary Education Teacher in the Process of Presentation of Artistic Narratives with the Shoah Theme

The paper deals with the role of a teacher of Literary Education in the field of artistic narratives with the theme of the Shoah. In the Shoah-related stories, recipients will find positive patterns of behavior: for example, the possibility of maintaining a democratic system, recognizing the germs of racism, xenophobia or anti-Semitism, or perceiving multiculturalism in society and its diversity as positive. The theoretical concept of the article is a compilation of opinions of current leading experts on methods of acquainting pupils with one line of World War II and on the position of a teacher in this process. We comment on the theoretical frameworks in the paper with an emphasis on the possible limits of given outlines in the application of real pedagogical practice (focusing on the Czech Republic). The article was preceded by detailed research on scholarly articles: most experts agree that a teacher who, for whatever reason, does not have a sufficient amount of professional knowledge from World War II must primarily become a pupil in order to be able to make a knowledgeable presentation of Shoah-related fictional stories. We see some limits to the ineffective use of the potential of the Shoah-texts in the fact that teachers of Literary Education in most cases do not know contemporary artistic intentional production with the theme of the event. For example, a compilation of a monothematic anthology of the Shoah texts composed primarily of contemporary intentional literary production with the theme of the Shoah, or based on research, targeted intervention in the area of literary teacher training aimed at the Second World War and its presentation in narratives for children and youth can be undertaken.

Performance Appraisal Experiences and Its Implications on Human Resource Decisions in Decentralized Health Services in Shinyanga Region, Tanzania

The study investigated the Performance Appraisal Experiences and its Implications on Human Resource (HR) Decisions in the decentralized health service in Shinyanga Region, Tanzania. The region was selected because over different periods it revealed poor performance in health service delivery whose causes remained unfolded. An explanatory Survey research design with a mixed approach was employed, whereas the survey tool was used to collect data from 287 respondents. The findings revealed that even though the team performance is evaluated through the Quality Improvement Teams, the individual employee’s performance is ineffectively evaluated due to the ineffective use of the Open Performance, Review and Appraisal System (OPRAS). The ineffective use of OPRAS instrument is linked to several factors including the complexity of the instrument; inadequate availability of funds to implement the set targets; shortage of the human resources in the facilities making overwhelmed by the responsibilities; the OPRAS process being time-consuming and inadequate commitment on the use of the instrument. Thus, when the individual performance is ineffectively appraised, human resource decisions such as training and compensation for employees’ performance remain uninformed, hence affecting both their quality and human resource performance. It was thus, recommended inter alia, simplification of the OPRAS instrument and customization of it to suit the health sector settings, frequent provision of training on the application of OPRAS, and linking OPRAS results with the immediate rewards to enhance employees’ commitment to the instrument. Additionally, the establishment of the mechanism to enforce the use of OPRAS in assessing employees’ performance in health facilities and ensuring that the appraisal results are linked to the human resource decisions are of paramount importance for improving human resource decisions and for performance improvement in health facilities.

A Cross–sectional Study on the Assessment of Quality of Sleep among the Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Rural Area

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin. Type 2 diabetes mellitus comprises the majority of people with diabetes around the world and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity. Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination and unexplained weight loss. There are studies emphasising that type 2 diabetes mellitus has a higher incidence of sleep disorders which may be due to the disease or caused by the complications associated with diabetes. Contrarily, erratic and disturbed sleep habits has been directly linked to diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Aims and Objectives: This study has been undertaken to establish the negative impact of blood glucose level on the quality of sleep. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study carried out on 177 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Structured questionnaire (Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire) was administered. Results: In this study the prevalence of sleep disorders was found to be 135 (76.3%) type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Among the study subjects, it was found that 121 (68.4%) participants of the study were women and 56 (31.6%) were men. It was also found that females had a higher prevalence of sleep disturbances (79.3%). Mean age of all the participants was found to be 56.63 and 63 (35.6%) participants fell under 55-64 years age group which was the highest. Majority of the patients were illiterate 72 (40.7%) and education was found to have a significant relationship with sleep disturbance. Compliance to drug therapy, concomitant medication and age also had a significant relationship to the factors influencing their quality of sleep. Education, compliance to drug therapy, concomitant medication and age are the risk factors of developing sleep disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Conclusion: Therefore, due consideration has to be given to address the problem of sleep disturbance in diabetics and enhance the care and treatment program along with effective health education of the population.

Beneficial Effects of Soygurt Intake in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Animal Model Rat (Rattus Norvegitus)

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the more common type of diabetes results from the ineffective use of insulin. Improvement of the metabolic system in T2DM patients can be done through the regulation of gut microbiota balance. Gut microbial improvement can be modulated directly by probiotic food consumption. Soygurt is probiotic food with a low glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) value and rich in isoflavones, which has a potential effect in reducing diabetes risk. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of soygurt consumption in blood glucose levels and body weight of albino wistar rats (Rattus norvegitus). Reseach using a completely randomized design for experimental study. Subjects of this research are 30 male rats (R. norvegistus) aged 2-3 months with average body weight 150-200 gr. Diabetic rats were induced by using single intraperitoneal injection (175 mg/kg BW) alloxan monohydrate. Soygurt feeding given once daily using oral gavage feeding. The result showed that soygurt feeding in diabetic rats with three variations of treatment could significantly (p