Industrial Approach Research Articles

Mergers and acquisitions life cycle analysis and its impact on energy transition

This paper delves into the transformative role of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in the oil and gas industry from 1970 to 2024, spotlighting their pivotal impact on sustainability, energy transition, and decarbonization. Through a comprehensive life cycle analysis (LCA) across different eras, the study reveals how strategic M&A activities have revolutionized the industry's approach to sustainable energy practices. By facilitating diversification, fostering technological innovation, and enhancing operational efficiencies, M&As have been instrumental in driving the global shift towards a cleaner and more resilient energy future.

AI-Driven Drug Discovery: Accelerating the Development of Novel Therapeutics in Biopharmaceuticals

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in drug discovery, revolutionizing the biopharmaceutical industry's approach to developing novel therapeutics. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of AI-driven drug discovery, focusing on its applications in accelerating the development of innovative treatments. We examine the fundamental AI technologies employed in drug discovery, including machine learning algorithms, deep learning architectures, and natural language processing techniques. The paper analyzes the integration of AI across various stages of the drug discovery pipeline, from target identification to clinical trial design, highlighting significant improvements in efficiency and accuracy. We explore the impact of big data on AI-driven drug discovery, discussing the challenges and opportunities presented by multi-omics data integration, electronic health records mining, and the need for data standardization. The study also addresses ethical considerations and regulatory challenges associated with AI implementation in drug development. Finally, we present emerging trends and prospects for AI in biopharmaceuticals, emphasizing the importance of collaborative ecosystems and the potential for AI to revolutionize personalized medicine. This review synthesizes current research and industry practices, providing insights into the transformative potential of AI in drug discovery and the challenges that lie ahead in realizing its full potential.

Identifying the most sustainable beer packaging through a Life Cycle Assessment

The beer industry stands as a significant player in the global economy, and it is increasingly renowned not only for its diverse flavours, but also for its impact on the environment. Amidst its popularity, the beer sector faces mounting pressure to address environmental concerns, particularly related to packaging. As the world is increasingly embracing sustainability as a guiding principle, the beer industry's approach to packaging has come under scrutiny for its ecological footprint. This study aims to shed some light on the environmental footprint of beer production by applying a life cycle assessment, comparing different types of packaging. This study calculated the product environmental footprint of beer consumed in PET kegs, glass bottles and aluminium cans, and performed three sensitivity analyses on load factors of transport, waste transport distance and recycled content. The results identified draught beer in PET kegs as the most sustainable solution for beer consumption, with a footprint of around 90 % lower than the other types of packaging. However, the analysis showed that the biggest environmental impact is found in the cultivation, packaging and use phases, that account for a contribution of 60 %, 27 % and 11 % respectively. The results of this study highlighted the importance of the load factor in the distribution phase, of recyclability and of the use of secondary raw materials for packaging. This study stands as an original and valuable contribution, offering a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impact of beer packaging and of the beverage industry. Its insights can guide breweries, policymakers, and consumers towards sustainable choices, fostering a positive change within the sector. It also questions the sustainability of circular solutions by comparing recycling and reuse options. This study revealed also that a green supply chain management is key in the transition towards a circular economy and in the decarbonization process.

Future directions in well intervention: A conceptual exploration of emerging technologies and techniques

Well intervention plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of oil and gas wells, encompassing a range of activities aimed at maximizing production, enhancing well integrity, and mitigating risks. This abstract explores the future directions of well intervention, focusing on emerging technologies and techniques that are shaping the industry's approach to well management. The abstract begins by discussing the importance of well intervention in the context of evolving industry trends and challenges, such as the need to maximize recovery from mature fields, improve operational efficiency, and reduce environmental impact. It then provides an overview of the key themes that will define the future of well intervention, including digitalization, automation, and sustainability. Digitalization is transforming well intervention through the use of advanced data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and digital twins. These technologies enable real-time monitoring and analysis of well performance, allowing operators to optimize production, predict equipment failures, and enhance reservoir management. Automation is also revolutionizing well intervention by enabling remote operation of intervention tools and robotics, reducing the need for human intervention in hazardous environments. Sustainability is another key theme driving future directions in well intervention, with operators increasingly focused on reducing the environmental impact of well operations. This includes the development of environmentally friendly intervention fluids, the use of renewable energy sources for powering intervention equipment, and the adoption of green completion techniques. The abstract concludes by highlighting the implications of these future directions for the oil and gas industry, including the potential for increased production efficiency, reduced costs, and improved environmental performance. It calls for collaboration between industry stakeholders, research institutions, and government agencies to drive innovation and ensure the long-term sustainability of well intervention practices. Overall, this abstract provides a conceptual exploration of the future directions in well intervention, offering insights into how emerging technologies and techniques are reshaping the industry's approach to well management. his paper will offer a conceptual exploration into the future of well intervention, focusing on emerging technologies and techniques that could revolutionize the field. It will discuss potential impacts on efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability, providing a theoretical basis for the integration of these advancements in practical settings. Keywords: Future Directions, Well Intervention, Exploration, Emerging Technologies, Techniques.

Innovative Strategies in Movie Marketing: A Case Study of the Barbie Movie

With the rise of the digital media age, there has been a significant shift in viewer behavior, prompting television content producers and networks to actively seek out opportunities to better connect with and enable more active engagement with their digital focus groups. High-profile marketing examples from the movie industry include Scream and Glee 3D, which highlight the movie industry's innovative approach to engaging audiences in the digital age. Using the movie Barbie as a case study, this paper examines traditional and new movie marketing strategies and their application in a changing media landscape. The study finds that digital marketing strategies offer the advantages of broad reach, higher audience engagement, real-time feedback, cost-effectiveness, targeting, and long-term impact, but there are also some limitations. This study provides new ideas about digital marketing for the movie industry and discusses its long-term sustainability, diversification strategies and limitations. Finally, the paper emphasizes that movie marketing in the digital era will provide an important reference for future movie marketing strategies.

Time for a paradigm change: Problems with the financial industry's approach to operational risk.

Organizational and risk cultures in the financial industry are argued to be the root cause of banking problems. It is concerning that financial regulators and practitioners still consider the industry to be seriously fragile in several respects, particularly to operational risks and risks associated with digital transformation and innovation-not that the risks of organizational misconduct have disappeared. The rescue of Credit Suisse in 2023 confirms this. This paper employs extant theories of organizational culture, learning, and action to critically evaluate the existing risk paradigm in banking and to highlight its deficiencies, which practitioners can only address by questioning the flawed assumptions and dysfunctional values and behaviors found to be endemic in banks. However, business and risk practitioners are also married to institutional approaches that focus on assessing risk and measuring historical losses to allocate regulatory capital, rather than forward-looking approaches to measure and manage risk. This requires a paradigm change. This paper presents a novel risk measurement and accounting methodology, Risk Accounting, to help underpin such change. Risk accounting measures risk exposure in quantitative and qualitative terms and can be implemented using an AI-enabled digital architecture that could solve endemic problems with risk data aggregation and analysis. Significantly, risk accounting enables a financial value to be placed on risk exposures at a granular level. This level of transparency provides an incentive to change behaviors in banks and support cultural change while providing a basis for a paradigm change in the way operational risk is managed.

Fortifying Health Care Intellectual Property Transactions With Blockchain.

Intellectual property (IP) is a substantial competitive advantage in the health care industry. However, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for open innovation and collaboration for the greater good. Despite this, the industry faces challenges with innovation owing to organizational and departmental barriers. A secure platform is necessary to facilitate IP sharing without compromising the rights of IP owners. This study proposes a blockchain-based framework to secure IP transactions in health care and bring social impact. This study reviews existing researches, publications, practical cases, firm and organization websites, and conferences related to blockchain technology, blockchain in health care, blockchain in IP management, IP pledge research, and practice of IP management blockchain. The platform architecture has 7 components: pledgers, advanced research technology (ART), IP pledge platforms, IP databases, health care research, seeking ART, and transaction condition setting. These components work together seamlessly to support the sharing and pledging of ART and knowledge, while ensuring the platform's transparency, security, and trust. The open IP pledge framework can promote technology dissemination and use, reduce research and development costs, foster collaboration, and serve the public interest. Medical organizations' leadership and support and active participation from stakeholders are necessary for success. By leveraging blockchain technology, the platform ensures tamper-proof and transparent transactions and protects the rights of IP owners. In addition, the platform offers incentive mechanisms through pledge tokens that encourage stakeholders to share their ART and contribute to the platform. Overall, the proposed framework can facilitate technological innovation, tackle various challenges, and secure IP transactions. It provides a secure platform for stakeholders to share their IP without compromising their rights, promoting collaboration and progress in the health care industry. The implementation of the framework has the potential to revolutionize the industry's approach to innovation, allowing a more open and collaborative environment driven by the greater good.

THE USE OF METHODS FOR OPTIMIZING THE GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR THE COLORS OF A FRACTAL STRUCTURE PATTERN IN CARPET DESIGN

Customer satisfaction can be enhanced by reducing the gap between what the customer really needs (customer requirements) and what the manufacturer can provide (product specifications). The carpet industry's customer design approach, in which products are created by converting customer needs into product specifications (in a mass production system) or into product diversity (in a mass customization system), cannot provide optimal satisfaction to all customers. Some carpet buyers are still forced to soften their requirements and agree to a pre-determined product in the assortment. This study proposes a new carpet design concept and an optimal price per customer order to increase customer satisfaction by opening the maximum possible channel for customers so that they can participate in value creation, so that they are no longer only looking for goods, but can, if necessary, involve in the production cycle to specify their own design.. To ensure the viability of the proposed concept, this article presents the integration of the point of separation of the participation of several customers, the analysis of product attributes, crowd screening and a new production strategy. Real resin-based desktop clock products are used as a practical example to test the applicability of the concept and demonstrate its advantages.

관광자 의사결정 지원을 위한 스마트관광 추천 시스템 연구

The proliferation of Internet applications and digital technologies has resulted in big data in a variety of formats, including structured and unstructured data, and has created an environment for analyzing, predicting, and managing potential tourist behavior. As a result, smart tourism applications such as tourism recommender systems have advanced significantly in recent years. However, unlike the industry's development, theoretical and methodological approaches to the tourism recommender system in academia are still lacking. As a result, 'DSESTR,' a new and efficient smart tourism recommender system to aid tourists' decision-making, was proposed in this study. First, the Doc2Vec technique was used to learn the feature vectors of users and items by modeling the sequential interaction between users and items. To model the nonlinearity of consumer-item interaction, the learned vectors are fed into a multi-layer perceptron (MLP), one of the deep learning techniques. Finally, the nonlinearity learned in MLP was combined with the linearity learned in matrix factorization, which is widely used in recommender systems, to predict the user's evaluation of the item more accurately. Indeed, using the TripAdvior and MovieLens data sets, the results showed that DSESTR significantly improved prediction accuracy when compared to other recommendation algorithms. Based on the findings, the applicability of DSESTR in the tourism industry was discussed, and theoretical and practical implications were proposed.

Evaluating Responsible Lending Framework Through Suitability and Affordability Assessment in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is to assess the Malaysian consumer credit industry's current responsible lending policy which includes banking, pawnbroking, hire-purchase, moneylending, credit sale, and cooperatives, as industries are regulated separately. This study employs a doctrinal legal research methodology and content analysis of primary and secondary sources of law, including the Financial Services Act 2013, the Moneylenders Act 1951, the Pawnbrokers Act 1972, the Hire Purchase Act 1967, the Consumer Protection (Credit Sale) Regulations Act 2017, the Cooperative Society Commission Act 1993, the Guideline on Responsible Financing and the Guideline on Credit Facility for Cooperatives. This study identifies an inconsistency in the Malaysian consumer credit industry's approach to responsible lending, as banking institutions supervised by the Central Bank of Malaysia are required to adhere to the GRF, while others are not legally required to conduct mandatory suitability and affordability assessments. To avoid the issue of inconsistency, this study proposes some recommendations which will assist policymakers in deliberating the most effective way to impose a duty and obligation on all credit providers to engage in responsible lending practices.

Emissions of future conventional aircrafts adopting evolutionary technologies

The current aviation sector has been shaken by COVID-19, but a few years prior, the industry was experiencing a time of prosperity never seen before. These years were marked by the introduction of new models and record sales. In particular, two cases stood out from the rest: the Boeing 737 MAX and the Airbus A320neo. Such overwhelming success in sales was partly because in essence, these are quite traditional and familiar aircrafts that featured improvements in some critical systems, notably in the use of newer engines. Current projections suggest that the pre-COVID growth rate of aviation will resume in a few years, which raises global concerns regarding the ecological burden of conventional aircraft and their resulting limitations. By reviewing the green technologies likely to be incorporated into conventional aviation over the next 30 years, we explore the limits of the industry's current approach. To this end, we reconstruct an already validated life cycle analysis model to assess a fleet of aircraft and analyze the impacts of these new technologies on emissions. Based on data from the literature, predictions are made for optimistic and pessimistic scenarios in a post-COVID world. The results are compared with the globally established targets set by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Simulations show that a future based solely on conventional aircrafts using evolutionary technologies is of great concern. There is a need to promote a radical departure from the current aviation models to accommodate the growing demand for aviation with a green future.

The Role of Biosecurity in the Control of Campylobacter: A Qualitative Study of the Attitudes and Perceptions of UK Broiler Farm Workers.

Campylobacter is the leading cause of human bacterial diarrhoeal disease worldwide, with poultry meat products contributing to a large proportion of cases. Due to the ubiquitous presence of Campylobacter in the poultry farm environment, biosecurity is the main area for intervention to prevent colonisation of commercial broiler chicken flocks. However, research has repeatedly demonstrated that farmers' uptake of biosecurity recommendations is often poor. This study explored farmers' attitudes towards biosecurity and identified barriers to effective implementation of biosecurity protocols. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 1–3 members of staff on each of 16 broiler farms; 6 owned by, and 10 contracted to, 3 different UK poultry integrators. In total, 28 interviewees participated, including farm owners, managers, and workers, with a range of industry experience. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed high levels of recognition amongst broiler farmers of the importance of Campylobacter and the responsibility of the whole farm-to-fork chain within the poultry industry to reduce Campylobacter contamination of chicken meat for the benefit of public health. Participants' self-reported awareness and implementation of biosecurity has improved significantly following the industry-wide focus on Campylobacter control. However, there are frustrations with the industry's approach to tackling Campylobacter and the heavy burden of responsibility that has been put on interventions at the farm-level. There was also scepticism amongst participants as to the effectiveness of current biosecurity measures in the reduction of Campylobacter. Nevertheless, the interviewees' recognition of the benefit of improved biosecurity on broiler health and welfare and other important targets, such as reducing antimicrobial usage, leaves a legacy of which the UK broiler industry can be proud. There is scope for further farmer education about the evidence supporting biosecurity interventions, particularly in the control of Campylobacter, and a need to establish more effective channels of communication. Furthermore, to give all players within the industry agency and investment in industry targets, contributions from all levels should be permitted in the design of future biosecurity interventions. Biosecurity compliance may be improved through collaborative efforts, such as participatory and co-design practises, to facilitate knowledge co-creation and exchange.

The Circular Economy, Resilience, and Digital Technology Deployment in the Mining and Mineral Industry

The mining and mineral industry is not easily associated with sustainable development. The one is focused on the exploitation of the planet's limited natural resources, while the other attempts to promote development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations. This article looks at the industry's approach to the core sustainability concepts of the circular economy and resilience and finds that leading companies in this industry have drawn on the concept of resilience in reporting on their sustainability strategies, but that there has been little interest in the concept of the circular economy. The article also assesses the current and potential impact of information and communication technologies in supporting sustainability objectives in the industry. It concludes that technology innovation will be a key enabler in supporting the mining and mineral development industry to more formally address the challenges of sustainable development, and support a transition to a more sustainable future.

The role of reward-based crowdfunding in farm financing: What characterises successful campaign?

The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the role of reward-based crowdfunding in farm financing, with a focus on its likelihood of success. The study uses a sample of 1,566 projects from the Kickstarter platform between 2014 and 2020. We added the level of urbanisation and relative importance of agriculture in the country's economy to the basic elements to assess the importance of the crowdfunding. We run a logistic regression model to investigate factors that motivate investment decisions. We discovered a statistically significant negative correlation between the self-set campaign goal and project success, as well as a small positive impact of number of backers and a positive impact of the importance of agriculture in the country's economy on crowdfunding success. In an era of rapid innovation and the rise of social networks, this paper contributes to the current literature on the agri-food industry's reword-based crowdfunding approach.

PALM OIL INDUSTRY: CERTIFICATION DEVELOPMENT

The agricultural industry has been the backbone of Sabah's economy for decades. The industry has eradicated poverty and supported connectivity between the rural with the urban area. At the same time, it has undergone numerous shifts of cash crops to sustain the economy with the oil palm as the latest crop. The palm oil industry has both novelty and challenges to thrive with the demand for sustainability. For the mandatory certification of Malaysia Sustainable Palm Oil, growers, mainly smallholders, faced restrictions on the certification process despite incentives from the federal government. This has put a setback to the effort by the palm oil industry in their commitment to being sustainable. In this study, the researchers plan to examine the palm oil industry's certification approach on the smallholders on their way to achieving a sustainable palm oil industry based on a case study approach. Therefore, the methodology for the study was using content analysis on public-domain literature found through electronic databases encompasses publications dating from 2000 to 2020. The study found that the acceptance and trust in smallholders' certification process are in correspond with the incomprehension and the certification process approach.

The devolution of the social licence to operate in the Australian mining industry

The aim of this paper is to present a brief historical analysis of the Australian mining industry and the development of its social licence to operate. Commencing with the discovery of coal in the 18th century, to gold and copper and base metals in the 19th century, to the world class iron ore, mineral sands and diamond mines of the 20th century to the current day, the paper will attempt to determine how and why an industry, formerly well-respected by the public, is considered to be a pariah in the eyes of many sections of society. The theory of social licence and its use in the Australian minerals industry is briefly described and a working definition of “an honest, transparent engagement resulting in a beneficial outcome to all parties before, during and after mining” is adopted throughout the paper. Case studies illustrating examples where mining operations were, and continue to be sustained for decades, provide clear evidence of having a social licence to operate. On the other hand, examples are provided illustrating where poor environmental management practices, tailings dam failures, disputes with landowners, and/or government intervention have resulted in the loss of the social licence and early, unplanned closure. The paradox is that despite the industry's acknowledged contribution to the Australian economy, particularly in times of global ructions such as the GFC and the current coronavirus pandemic, there is considerable antipathy towards the industry by the public. Furthermore, the Australian mining industry's approach to environmental management and sustainable development is regularly used as a model for emerging mining economies. The industry has pioneered remediation and rehabilitation on challenging sites, including prime agricultural land, forests, riverine and beach environments. Successes are rarely acknowledged however but failures are highlighted, by the media, opponents of the industry, and governments. Clearly, the business as usual approach is not enough. Mining industry leaders need to take strong measures to ensure the industry is sustainable and maintains its social licence including eliminating all fatalities and serious injuries, ensuring the safety and stability of tailings storage facilities, accelerating progressive rehabilitation particularly on open cut coal mines, successfully closing mines, and lifting the environmental performance of all mines, not just a few.

Harmful chemicals emitted from electronic cigarettes and potential deleterious effects in the oral cavity.

Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), is increasing across the US population and is particularly troubling due to their adoption by adolescents, teens, and young adults. The industry’s marketing approach for these instruments of addiction has been to promote them as a safer alternative to tobacco, a behavioral choice supporting smoking cessation, and as the ‘cool’ appearance of vaping with flavored products (e.g. tutti frutti, bubble gum, and buttered popcorn etc.). Thus, there is a clear need to better document the health outcomes of e-cig use in the oral cavity of the addicted chronic user. There appears to be an array of environmental toxins in the vapors, including reactive aldehydes and carbonyls resulting from the heating elements action on fluid components, as well as from the composition of chemical flavoring agents. The chemistry of these systems shows that the released vapors from the e-cigs frequently contain levels of environmental toxins that considerably exceed federal occupational exposure limits. Additionally, the toxicants in the vapors appear to be retained in the host fluids/tissues at levels often approximating 90% of the levels in the e-cig vapors. These water-soluble reactive toxins can challenge the oral cavity constituents, potentially contributing to alterations in the autochthonous microbiome and host cells critical for maintaining oral homeostasis. This review updates the existing chemistry/environmental aspects of e-cigs, as well as providing an overview of the somewhat limited data on potential oral health effects that could occur across the lifetime of daily e-cig users.

Agent based modeling to optimize workflow of robotic steel and concrete 3D printers

Abstract At a time when construction projects are increasing in complexity and costs are constantly rising, 3D concrete printing have emerged as a revolutionary technology in construction. However, reinforcing 3D printed concrete elements has posed technical issues in research and practice. This paper introduces a methodology for 3D printing nonstandard steel rebar shapes together with 3D concrete printing. The new process can revolutionize the construction industry's approach to reinforced concrete design, as it provides a high degree of flexibility in both concrete and steel free-form creation, which is a key difference from traditional methods that only utilize standard steel reinforcement shapes. In addition, the proposed method will provide an even higher degree of automation in the concrete 3D printing construction process. An agent based model using Any Logic© was developed to simulate and optimize the printing of retaining and shear walls for a floor in a reinforced concrete building. Results show the optimization ratios of steel printing heads to concrete printing heads using the current technology and promise significant reductions in time and cost while providing a cleaner, safer, more automated, and an unbounded construction process. Findings from this research call for an in-depth investigation of the capabilities of steel 3D printing and its utilization in construction. It also highlights the importance of considering the application of new construction tools that would cope with the rapid growth of computational capabilities, and their adoption in design practices.

Salmon lice treatments and salmon mortality in Norwegian aquaculture: a review

AbstractWith the expansion of Atlantic salmon aquaculture, the economic and ecological impacts of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) has increased. Norway battles this problematic parasite with various control and preventative methods within farms. We analysed two national‐level databases to examine the number of operations reported each year from 2012 to 2017 and salmon mortality rates attributable to each operation type. From 2012 to 2017, 1.4 times more operations were registered, despite only limited increases in biomass produced across this period. We detected a rapid and recent paradigm shift in the industry's approach to lice control from chemotherapeutant to non‐medicinal operations. Chemotherapeutants (azamethiphos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and hydrogen peroxide) dominated operations from 2012 to 2015 (>81%), while mechanical and thermal treatments dominated in 2016 and 2017 (>40% and >74%, respectively). Thermal operations caused greatest mortality increases (elevated mortality for 31% of treatments), followed by mechanical (25%), hydrogen peroxide (21%), and azamethiphos, cypermethrin and deltamethrin (<14%). Temperature, fish size and pre‐existing mortality rates all influenced post‐treatment mortality outcomes. For chemotherapeutants, mortality increased as sea temperature increased. For mechanical and thermal treatments, mortalities increased at low (4–7°C) and high (13–16°C) temperatures. Fish with high pre‐existing mortality (0.25–1.0% mortality the month before treatment) experienced increased mortality after treatment, and large fish (≥2 kg) were more susceptible to increased mortality than small (<2 kg). Generally, thermal, mechanical and hydrogen peroxide operations performed better in 2017 compared to 2015 and 2016, as the percentage of mortality observations were lower. With mechanical and thermal treatments now predominant, future research and industry development should prioritise reducing mortality and improving post‐treatment outcomes.

The Colour of Social Realism

During the 1960s Eastmancolor, a relatively cheap, widely available film stock, revolutionised the British film industry's approach to colour. This article discusses the consequences of this major representational and aesthetic shift on social realism, a sub-genre of British cinema primarily associated with black and white cinematography. While colour provided an opportunity for greater realism, critics argued that it distracted audiences with hues considered inappropriate for social commentary. The article examines how a number of notable 1950s and 1960s British colour films navigated entrenched critical positions while deploying colour in distinctive, often innovative ways to reflect their social realist environments and themes. Films examined include A Kid for Two Farthings (1955), Miracle in Soho (1957), Sapphire (1959), Flame in the Streets (1961), Some People (1962), The Family Way (1966) and Poor Cow (1967). It is argued that critics' preoccupation with the New Wave cycle of films, 1959–63, has been at the expense of colour films that extended the range of representation, both aesthetically and thematically. Bringing colour more centrally into scholarship about British cinema contributes to revisionist research on social realism that privileges the foregrounding of style and textual aesthetics. In addition, the article shows how analysing films from the perspective of colour encourages relating them to broader chromatic tastes and trends. By the mid-1960s, as culture was generally becoming more chromatically vibrant, film-makers were able to take greater advantage of the colour stocks that enabled them to experiment with realist conventions.