Industrial Research Research Articles

Patterns and trends of university-industry research collaboration in Ghana between 2011 and 2020

Purpose The ranking of universities and other research-intensive institutions in global ranking systems is based on numerous indicators, including number of articles with external collaboration, number of articles with international collaboration, number of articles with industry collaboration as well as co-patents with industry. The purpose of this paper is to examine university–industry research collaboration in Ghana, with the aim of exploring the relationship between the research output collaborations in the top four universities in Ghana and industry across different geographical scales. Design/methodology/approach This study’s data was obtained from the SciVal database, which drawn its data from the Scopus bibliographic and citation database. The bibliographic and citation data were extracted using a search of the publications affiliated to the University of Ghana, for the period 2011–2020. Findings Key findings demonstrate a constant rise in the number of research publications by the selected universities over time. Research collaboration intensity in the selected universities in terms of co-authored publications was higher as compared to single-authored publications. University–industry research co-authorships were, however, lower when compared to university–university research co-authorships. The university–industry research co-authorships occurred mostly with Europe, Asia-Pacific and North American-based institutions as opposed to African-based institutions. In Ghana, four industry-based institutions were engaged in intensive research with the selected universities. Originality/value This study demonstrates that, for each selected university, it is possible to measure the performance of individual universities in both intra-regional and international collaboration. Such results may be useful in informing policy as well as merit-based public funding of universities in Ghana.

An Investigative Study on the Development Strategies for Electric Vehicle Enterprises

With the continuous development of science and technology, cars have become an indispensable means of transportation for human beings in daily travel. More and more cars appear in our life. In recent years, as consumer awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection has increased, global demand for sustainable development has increased, and many new energy vehicles. Because the non-renewable resources such as oil and natural gas needed by traditional fuel cars are consumed faster and faster, the exhaust emissions of traditional cars are polluting the environment increases, so new energy vehicles are the future development trend of the automobile industry. With the international context of the rapid development of new energy trams, the sales volume of electric vehicles in China's automobile market is not good. Through data analysis and industry research, the key factors and reasons affecting the development of electric vehicles are found, make certain suggestions to Chinese new energy electric vehicle companies, in order to change the current situation of low sales of new energy vehicles, the report objectively and truly analyses the future planning of the development of Chinese electric vehicle enterprises and the change of the development trend, as well as the moderate fine-tuning of the sales pricing.

In vitro and In vivo Studies for Screening of Anti-inflammatory, Thrombolytic and Acute Toxicological Activity in Camellia Chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of methanol-prepared leaves extract of Camellia Chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama. on several in vitro activities, including anti-inflammatory and thrombolytic effects. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the acute toxicological activity of the extracts in an animal model. Place and Duration of Study: The research study was carried out from Nov 2023 to Feb 2024 at the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Asia Pacific and the Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, as well as the Laboratory of Microbiology at Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Methodology: The methodology involved various doses of methanolic leaves extract of Camellia Chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama, and employed techniques such as the Inhibition of Protein Denaturation Assay for anti-inflammatory test and the clot lysis test for thrombolytic assay. The acute toxicological activity was assessed by Cinnamon oil induced toxicological and administration of acetic acid induced writhing responses in Swiss albino mice. Result: The Inhibition of Protein Denaturation Assay test yielded findings indicating its anti-inflammatory properties against all strains used in this research. The findings from the study examining the anti-inflammatory properties indicate that Chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama exhibits a significant efficacy of 86.54% in inhibiting inflammation at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL. This level of efficacy is comparable to that of acetylsalicylic acid, which also has a similar efficacy of 98.54 % at the same concentration. Thrombolysis test is a controlled laboratory procedure that assesses the ability of plant extracts to dissolve blood clots. The study found that MECCL can reduce blood clots. Table 2 shows that MECCL's thrombolytic potential was 95.69%, which is much higher than the usual value of 91.304%. Our research found that MECCL did not induce any harmful effects in mice during the acute toxicity test, as determined by the toxicological assessment. No signs of illness or death were reported throughout the acute toxicity trial. Conclusion: The Camellia chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama plant exhibits privileged qualities that could lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic substances. It has anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, and mild acute toxicity properties. Further exploration of this plant could be beneficial. Our study results contribute to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that natural products may potentially have favourable effects on human health.

A comprehensive study on the effect of small rates of walnut shell and talc fillers on the thermal,mechanical, and morphological properties of epoxy hybrid composites

AbstractEpoxy-based composites, valued for their cost-effectiveness and remarkable mechanical properties, attract considerable attention from researchers in academia and industry. This study explores the impact of low concentrations (1% to 3%) of walnut shell (WS) and talc additives on the density, water absorption, and mechanical (tensile, three-point bending, impact, hardness) as well as thermal (TGA, DSC) properties of epoxy composites. While prior research has extensively covered epoxy composites with high concentrations of walnut shell and talc, their utilization in lower concentrations remains underexplored. Findings highlight the substantial influence of incorporating low percentages of walnut shell and talc on the Tg temperatures of epoxy composites, with talc reducing Tg temperature and WS elevating it. TGA tests reveal that both WS and talc contribute to increased Tmax temperature and residue content compared to pure epoxy. Mechanical properties exhibit variations based on filler type and amount, with walnut shell enhancing the elastic modulus and talc decreasing it compared to pure epoxy. Impact resistance sees significant reductions related to particle size. Talc boosts density, while WS has a more pronounced effect on hardness. Water absorption tests demonstrate higher water absorption in WS-containing epoxy composites. Glossiness and surface roughness undergo changes, with talc increasing roughness and decreasing glossiness. In conclusion, even minor filler percentages noticeably impact epoxy composite properties compared to pure epoxy, providing avenues for customized modifications, particularly with challenging or costly fillers, offering viable alternatives for researchers in diverse fields.

Enzymatic modification lowers syneresis in corn starch gels during freeze–thaw cycles through 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme

The current research in the food industry regarding enzymatic modification to enhance the freeze–thaw (FT) stability of starch is limited. The present study aimed to investigate the FT stability of normal corn starch (NCS) modified using 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme (GBE) derived from Geobacillus thermoglucosidans STB02. Comprehensive analyses, including syneresis, scanning electron microscopy, and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, collectively demonstrated the enhanced FT stability of GBE-modified corn starch (GT-NCS-30) in comparison to its native form. Its syneresis was 66.4 % lower than that of NCS after three FT cycles. Notably, GBE treatment induced changes in the pasting properties and thermal resistance of corn starch, while simultaneously enhancing the mechanical strength of the starch gel. Moreover, X-ray diffractograms and microstructural assessments of freeze–thawed gels indicated that GBE treatment effectively hindered the association of corn starch molecules, particularly amylose retrogradation. The enhanced FT stability of GBE-modified starch can be attributed to alterations in the starch structure induced by GBE. This investigation establishes a foundation for further exploration into the influence of GBE treatment on the FT stability of starch and provides a theoretical basis for further research in this area.

Effectiveness evaluation of Construction 4.0 technologies in improving built environment resilience

PurposeBuilt environments are highly vulnerable to climatic disasters such as extreme floods, droughts and storms. Inaccurate decisions in adopting emerging construction technologies can result in missed opportunities to improve the resilience of built environments. Therefore, understanding the effectiveness of emerging construction technologies in improving built environment resilience can help in making better strategic decisions at the national and organizational levels. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Construction 4.0 technologies in improving built environment resilience.Design/methodology/approachA list of Construction 4.0 technologies was adopted from a national strategic plan. Then, the data were collected using the fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution technique from selected built environment experts to determine the relative effectiveness of Construction 4.0 technologies in improving built environment resilience.FindingsSix Construction 4.0 technologies are critical in improving built environment resilience (in rank order): building information modeling, autonomous construction, advanced building materials, big data and predictive analytics, internet of Things and prefabrication and modular construction. In addition, adopting Construction 4.0 technologies collectively is crucial, as moderate to strong connections exist among the technologies in improving built environment resilience.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first papers that evaluate the effectiveness of Construction 4.0 technologies in improving built environment resilience. Industry professionals, researchers and policymakers can use the study findings to make well-informed decisions on selecting Construction 4.0 technologies that improve built environment resilience to climatic disasters.

Development and functional testing of a novel in vitro delayed scratch closure assay

As the development of chronic wound therapeutics continues to expand, the demand for advanced assay systems mimicking the inflammatory wound microenvironment in vivo increases. Currently, this is performed in animal models or in in vitro cell-based models such as cell culture scratch assays that more closely resemble acute wounds. Here, we describe for the first time a delayed scratch closure model that mimics some features of a chronic wound in vitro. Chronic wounds such as those suffered by later stage diabetic patients are characterised by degrees of slowness to heal caused by a combination of continued localised physical trauma and pro-inflammatory signalling at the wound. To recreate this in a cell-based assay, a defined physical scratch was created and stimulated by combinations of pro-inflammatory factors, namely interferon, the phorbol ester PMA, and lipopolysaccharide, to delay scratch closure. The concentrations of these factors were characterised for commonly used human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell lines. These models were then tested for scratch closure responsiveness to a proprietary healing secretome derived from human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) previously validated and shown to be highly effective on closure of acute wound models both in vitro and in vivo. The chronically open scratches from HaCaT cells showed closure after exposure to the MSC secretome product. We propose this delayed scratch closure model for academic and industrial researchers studying chronic wounds looking for responsiveness to drugs or biological treatments prior to testing on explanted patient material or in vivo.

Optimization Combining with Digital Transformation of the Men's Shirts Processing at Small and Medium-Sized Garment Enterprises in Vietnam

Industry 4.0 has become a hype among the manufacturing industries across the globe. Recent developments require significant capital investments, but these technologies are yet to be established in developing countries such as Vietnam, especially the apparel industry. Based on a survey of the current situation at small and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam's textile industry, the paper proposes to apply technology, test and evaluate the effectiveness of applying and coordinating digital systems in management and chain supply. Multifaceted applications have been specifically explored including automatic equipment and digital systems, spanning the domains of automation, robotics, artificial intelligence, data analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT). These technologies are posited as catalysts for transformative improvements in production efficiency and resource utilization. Furthermore, experimental results point out the symbiotic relationship between technology adoption and effective management strategies to achieve holistic operational enhancements. As the Vietnamese textile industry strives for competitive excellence in the global arena, this research offers actionable insights for industry practitioners, policymakers, and researchers.

The applications of building information modeling in the life-cycle of green buildings: a comprehensive review

Previous research indicates that Building Information Modeling (BIM) serves as a digital platform for integrating pertinent data across all stages of construction, enhancing data management capabilities. This is notably crucial during initial investment planning and throughout project execution, facilitating efficient engineering information management, practice, quality assurance, and cost control concurrently. BIM contributes novel insights into green building development while posing significant challenges. The complexity of optimizing multiple performance indicators using BIM has hindered its widespread adoption in design practice, confining its application primarily to academic research. Therefore, this paper reviewed 168 previous studies from the past ten years, conducted an in-depth review and comparison, and provides suggestions for possible future research direction for BIM research. Specifically, the paper systematically reviews the application of BIM in design, construction, operation and maintenance, retrofit and demolition, and all the assessment phases of green buildings, and discusses the advantages of the BIM application in green buildings as well as an analysis of the current research gaps. This research enhances practitioners’ understanding of BIM and green buildings’ current trends and development status. It elucidates BIM's role in fostering green building development, guiding future industry professionals and researchers in effectively integrating BIM into sustainable construction practices.

A unified framework for digital twin development in manufacturing

The concept of digital twin (DT) is undergoing rapid transformation and attracting increased attention across industries. It is recognised as an innovative technology offering real-time monitoring, simulation, optimisation, accurate forecasting and bi-directional feedback between physical and digital objects. Despite extensive academic and industrial research, DT has not yet been properly understood and implemented by many industries, due to challenges identified during its development. Existing literature shows that there is a lack of a unified framework to build DT, a lack of standardisation in the development, and challenges related to coherent goals of DT in a multi-disciplinary team engaged in the design, development and implementation of DT to a larger scale system. To address these challenges, this study introduces a unified framework for DT development, emphasising reusability and scalability. The framework harmonises existing DT frameworks by unifying concepts and process development. It facilitates the integration of heterogeneous data types and ensures a continuous flow of information among data sources, simulation models and visualisation platforms. Scalability is achieved through ontology implementation, while employing an agent-based approach, it monitors physical asset performance, automatically detects faults, checks repair status and offers operators feedback on asset demand, availability and health conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed DT framework is validated through its application to a real-world case study involving five interconnected air compressors located at the Connected Facility at Devonport Royal Dockyard, UK. The DT automatically and remotely monitors the performance and health status of compressors, providing guidance to humans on fault repair. This guidance dynamically adapts based on feedback from the DT. Analyses of the results demonstrate that the proposed DT increases the facility’s operation availability and enhances decision-making by promptly and accurately detecting faults.

Effects of Packaging Materials on Food Quality and Shelf Life in Australia

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of packaging materials on food quality and shelf life in Australia. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: In Australia, advanced packaging technologies such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and active packaging extend the shelf life of perishables by inhibiting microbial growth. Sustainable packaging options are gaining traction, balancing environmental concerns with maintaining food safety. Intelligent packaging with condition indicators enhances consumer decisions by providing food safety information. Strict Australian regulations ensure that packaging materials meet safety standards, supporting food quality preservation. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Diffusion theory, mass transfer theory & shelf life prediction models may be used to anchor future studies on analyze the effects of packaging materials on food quality and shelf life in Australia. Practical recommendations should emphasize the adoption of innovative packaging technologies tailored to specific food products and storage conditions. Policymakers should prioritize initiatives aimed at fostering collaboration between industry stakeholders, research institutions, and regulatory bodies to address pressing challenges in food packaging.

Manufacturing Shape-Controllable Flexible PEDOT/rGO Composite Electrodes for Planar Micro-Supercapacitors.

Flexible electronic products, with their characteristics of flexibility and wearability, have attracted significant attention and have become an important direction in the research and development of the electronics industry. Planar micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) with flexible composite electrodes can provide reliable energy support for these products, propelling their further development. The research employed a quick, effective, and environmentally friendly method of laser scribing to create shape-controllable flexible composite electrodes on composite films of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and graphene oxide (PEDOT/GO), which were subsequently assembled into MSCs. An analysis of the composite electrode morphology, structure, and elemental distribution was conducted through the utilization of SEM, TEM, and XPS techniques. Following this, a comprehensive evaluation of the electrochemical performance of the flexible MSCs was carried out, which included cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and assessment of cyclic stability. The analysis of the CV results indicated that the MSCs achieved the areal capacitance of 5.78 mF/cm2 at 5 mV/s. After 5000 cycles at a current density of 0.05 mA/cm2, the capacitance retention rate was 85.4%. The high areal capacitance and strong cycle stability of MSCs highlight the potential of PEDOT/reduced graphene oxide (PEDOT/rGO) electrodes in electrode applications.

Listening deeply to refugee background women to understand experiences of domestic and family violence in their communities to foster engagement with global support systems

ABSTRACT As trauma survivors, women and girls from refugee backgrounds face significant challenges when settling in host countries; the risk of domestic and family violence (DFV) accentuates these difficulties. Reflecting on findings from a seven-year university and industry research partnership, this article explores the etiology of DFV in women from refugee backgrounds living in non-metropolitan Australia. Drawing on action research principles and intersectional and social ecological theoretical frameworks, this study captured diverse women’s views about experiences and strategies for addressing DFV in refugee communities. Having developed trusting relationships with participants over the different study phases, the first author conducted in-depth interviews with women of refugee backgrounds, listening deeply and confirming findings with participants as they emerged. Interviews were also conducted with staff from settlement, health and specialist domestic violence services to offer a broad perspective on how best to support refugee women experiencing DFV. Key findings revealed stressors and support that impact violence, such as employment status and acculturation, and identification of who the women would trust if experiencing violence. By understanding the interweaving factors influencing women’s risk of DFV and strategies to address it, global healthcare providers will be better positioned to collaborate with refugee communities and specialist services.

Gas–Liquid Microchemical Oxidation for Continuous Synthesis Processes: A Short Review

AbstractGas–liquid oxidation processes, despite their wide application in the chemical industry, still pose considerable safety concerns. Microchemical technology has received high recognition for its intrinsic safety performance and process-intensification capability in hazardous reactions. This Short Review offers a comprehensive summary on how microchemical technology can be employed to achieve gas–liquid oxidation processes for continuous synthesis of chemicals in a safe, efficient, and controlled manner. Herein, we discuss the key aspects of gas–liquid dispersion and hydrodynamics, as well as mass transfer characteristics on microscale, and present representative gas–liquid oxidation cases in microflow reactors. Finally, the current challenges in industrial applications and potential academic research directions are presented.1 Introduction2 Microbubble Generation Technology for Gas–Liquid Oxidation Reactions3 Hydrodynamic and Mass-Transfer Characteristics of Gas–Liquid Oxidation Microreactors4 Gas–Liquid Oxidation Reactions in Microreactors5 Conclusion and Outlook

Collaboration in Decarbonisation Research: Comparing the UK and European Funding Landscape

Industrial decarbonisation has become an increasingly important policy issue in recent years, as governments and nations aim to tackle the climate crisis. This study makes use of UK research council and Horizon 2020 data to map the research landscape for industrial decarbonisation. This includes an analysis of 435 projects funded by various UK research councils, and 239 projects funded under Horizon 2020 linked to industrial decarbonisation. This study finds in the UK case, University–Industry–Government links are critical elements of the decarbonisation research landscape. Universities playing key roles in the UK system are often members of the prestigious Russell Group. In the case of the European industrial decarbonisation landscape (as captured by projects funded under Horizon 2020), private firms play a crucial role. This study also maps a country-to-country collaboration network based on industrial decarbonisation research projects funded under Horizon 2020. This study examines the link between country position in the network and share of electricity consumption that comes from coal; no significant relationship is identified.

Influence of loading on the heat transfer rate and specific water consumption of detached loosed fresh palm fruits during vertical mini-batch sterilization

This study presents the effect of loading on the heat transfer rate and specific water consumption of detached loosed fresh palm fruits during sterilization. Sterilization is an integral process of palm oil extraction that consumes a lot of water. However, most industrial research in the past focused on fresh fruit bunch (FFB) sterilization dynamics. At the same time, the medium- and small-scale industries sterilize already detached loosed fresh palm fruits (LFPF) that have been removed from the spikelet as purchased from aggregators. Therefore, the process data generated from the sterilization of FFB might not be optimal for sterilizing LFPF. This study, therefore, investigates the transient response of variation in LFPF loading of the sterilization chamber to steam injection during steam sterilization of LFPF at 3 ± 0.5 bars using a vertical, single-peak LFPF sterilizer that combines the boiler and sterilizer in a single unit. The LFPF were loaded at mass intervals of 0.2 kg ranging from 0.2 kg to 2 kg. The vapour temperature dynamics, heat transfer rate, steam energy utilization efficiency and specific water consumption parameters were studied. The average vapour temperature varied from 100 °C to 130 °C for the LFPF mass range of 0.2 to 2 kg at steam injection temperature of 140 °C and pressure of 3 ± 0.5 bars. This temperature range matched the saturated vapour temperature of pure water at 1.0––2.8 bars absolute pressure but slightly lower than the saturated vapour temperature of 133.54 °C for pure steam at 3 bars. The percentage of steam energy utilization effectiveness is inversely related to the steam mass flow rate. While energy effectiveness increased with loading mass, the steam mass flow rate decreased with increased LFPF mass. The value of the heat transfer rate ranged between 1.7––55.4 W, while the specific heat transfer rate ranged between 8.5–––41.8 W/kg. The average specific water consumption ranged from 0.014 to 0.09 kg-water/kg-LFPF, with an average value of 0.031 kg-water/kg-LFPF. This value is lower than 0.112–––0.5 kg-water/kg-FFB, with an average value of 0.256 kg-water/kg-FFB for conventional FFB steam sterilization. This represents an 87.9 % reduction in water consumption in conventional FFB steam sterilization. An empirical model deduced for specific heat transfer rate and water consumption for steam sterilization of LFPF at 3 ± 0.5 bars and vapour temperature range of 100––130 °C showed a high coefficient of determination above 99 %.

Industrial Research and Development on the Production Process and Quality of Cultured Meat Hold Significant Value: A Review.

Cultured meat has been gaining popularity as a solution to the increasing problem of food insecurity. Although research on cultured meat started later compared to other alternative meats, the industry is growing rapidly every year, with developed products evaluated as being most similar to conventional meat. Studies on cultured meat production techniques, such as culturing new animal cells and developing medium sera and scaffolds, are being conducted intensively and diversely. However, active in-depth research on the quality characteristics of cultured meat, including studies on the sensory and storage properties that directly influence consumer preferences, is still lacking. Additionally, studies on the combination or ratio of fat cells to muscle cells and on the improvement of microbiota, protein degradation, and fatty acid degradation remain to be conducted. By actively investigating these research topics, we aim to verify the quality and safety of cultured meats, ultimately improving the consumer preference for cultured meat products.

Significance of quadratic density variation on the heat transport phenomena in Careau dusty fluid subject to Lorentz force via stretching surface

The two-dimensional boundary layer of steady mixed convective magnetohydrodynamic Carreau dusty fluid flow across a stretched sheet was investigated in this study. The primary focus of this study is to examine the impact of Carreau nanofluid on dusty flow dynamics in the presence of the Lorentz force. The partial differential equations governing the fluid flow, temperature, and concentration fields for both the fluid and dust phases are transformed into ordinary differential equations using an appropriate set of similarity transformations. Numerical outcomes are acquired employing the Runge–Kutta technique combined with the shooting method, implemented on the MATLAB platform. The numerical outcomes are compared to previous research and confirmed to be in very good accord. Finally, the impacts of relevant factors of physical and technical importance on flow and thermal transport characteristics are visually and tabulated. The results for the linear density and the quadratic density profile, it is noted that the linear density decreases compared to the quadratic density for velocity, but the opposite behavior is observed for temperature profile. The advancement of dusty nanofluids has resulted in significant enhancements in the heat transfer mechanism, which finds application in manufacturing, industry, and nanotechnology research. Research on dusty flows benefits on is beneficial in air pollution studies, dust entrainment in a cloud formed during a nuclear, vehicle emissions of smoke and other pollutants, crude oil purification, petroleum production, combustion, industrial effluent emissions, capillary blood flow, paint sparing, and, more.

Global algae biofuel industry research 2024: An $18.8 bn market by 2033

Global algae biofuel industry research 2024: An $18.8 bn market by 2033

Diversity of fungi species that decompose Ceriops tagal leaf litter on Pulau Sembilan, Langkat Regency

One of the processes in mangrove ecosystems that contributes greatly to water fertility is the decomposition or breakdown of mangrove litter. Fungi, as decomposers in the process of decomposing litter, have an important role in the ecosystem and also play a role in regulating nutrient availability and carbon cycling.This research was conducted to determine the number of species and diversity of fungi found in decomposed C. tagal leaf litter, to measure the rate of decomposition of C. tagal leaf litter and to determine the levels of carbohydrates and proteins during the decomposition process.The research was carried out at the Forest Cultivation Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara. The sampling location of C. tagal leaf litter was in the mangrove ecosystem on Pulau Sembilan, PangkalanSusu District, Langkat Regency.The determination of carbohydrate and protein content was carried out at the Medan Industrial Research and Standardization Center.The research was conducted from June 2022 to December 2022.The average rate of litter decomposition was obtained using the formula: ln (Xt/X0) = -kt, and analysis of carbohydrate and protein content using the SNI 01-2891-1992 method.The results of this research showed that there were 5 types of fungi found in the decomposition process of C. tagal leaf litter, which were Aspergillus sp. 1, Aspergillus sp. 2, Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp. and Culvularia sp. The average value of fungal diversity is 1.19, which is included in the medium category. The decomposition rate of C. tagal leaf litter was 7.55 per year. On day 90, the lowest carbohydrate content was 3.62% and the highest protein content was 5.4%.