Industry Practitioners Research Articles

Advances in High-Efficiency Blue OLED Materials

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology has rapidly emerged in the display and lighting sectors due to its high contrast ratio, wide viewing angle, and sleek design. Beyond these attributes, OLEDs have also demonstrated crucial applications in medicine, fashion, sports, and more, leveraging their emissive properties and flexible design. As the cornerstone of full-color displays, blue OLEDs, whose performance directly impacts color rendition and saturation, have garnered significant attention from both scientific researchers and industrial practitioners. Despite the numerous advantages of OLED technology, blue OLEDs still confront formidable challenges in terms of luminous efficiency, durability, and material stability. This review examines the evolution of blue OLED materials over recent years, specifically focusing on three generations: fluorescent, phosphorescent, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Through molecular design, device structure optimization, and the application of innovative technologies, remarkable advancements have been achieved in enhancing the luminous efficiency, lifetime, and color purity of blue OLEDs. However, to advance commercialization, future efforts must not only ensure high efficiency and long lifetime but also improve material stability, environmental sustainability, and reduce development costs. Emerging materials such as thermally activated exciton materials and the application of hyperfluorescent (HF) OLED technology represent vital driving forces for the continuous advancement of blue OLED technology. It is anticipated that significant milestones will continue to be achieved in the development of highly efficient blue OLEDs in the future.

Leveraging Machine Learning Models to Enhance Startup Collaboration and Drive Technopreneurship

In the dynamic and competitive realm of startups, identifying and cultivating effective collaborations is crucial for sustained success. This research evaluates how machine learning (ML) technologies can enhance startup collaborations by advancing decision-making processes through the analysis of historical data. Employing the SmartPLS methodology, this study collected data from 220 stakeholders, including 207 actively engaged in startups that are either utilizing or integrating ML technologies. The investigation focuses on understanding ML models, the importance of historical data, and the dimensions of collaboration critical to the success of startups. Through analysis with PLS-SEM, it was found that ML models significantly boost inter-startup synergy and the effectiveness of collaborative efforts. The results provide vital insights for industry practitioners and strategic decision-makers, offering practical strategies to employ ML in optimizing collaboration and ensuring sustainable growth within the technopreneurship arena. This study not only highlights the benefits of ML in fostering cooperative ventures but also aims to refine the strategic frameworks essential to the startup ecosystem.

An overview of consumer preferences for souvenirs in China post-COVID

The COVID-19 epidemic had a major effect on the travel sector worldwide, with China's souvenir market being especially hard hit. Examining post-COVID-19 tourist preferences for memento designs, this study also attempts to explore the ramifications for the souvenir design business as the tourism sector starts to recover. In order to find pertinent publications from 2019 to June 2024, a systematic literature review procedure based on the PRISMA criteria was used to scan the Web of Science and Scopus databases. After screening the collected literature for research themes and post-pandemic development trends, the VOSviewer tool was used to perform keyword co-occurrence analysis. Four primary research issues were established by the study: (1) the rationale for cultural tourism; (2) community involvement; (3) technological integration design; and (4) cultural economic analysis. It was discovered that travellers prefer personalised travel experiences and engaging with local culture, and that creating keepsakes using technology is becoming more and more popular. Travellers' tastes for Chinese souvenir designs have changed since COVID-19, and they are now more interested in individualised experiences, cultural components, and technological integration. The study's conclusions offer legislators, souvenir designers, and other tourism industry practitioners insightful information on how to promote innovation and long-term economic success.

Cost Minimization with Project Crashing: Comparison of the Traditional Solution and Genetic Algorithm Approach

Existence of delays and cost overruns frequently puts the project viability in jeopardy. The integrated nature of these threats brings forward project scheduling as the primary determinant of project management success. The quality of project scheduling depends highly on the way resources are assigned to activities. In the project management literature, the efficiency of resource allocation is examined closely by the phenomenon called project crashing. This study introduces traditional and genetic algorithm approaches for the project crashing events and explains their steps in achieving the most efficient resource allocation. Within this context, the project crashing event is visualized, the insights of alternative approaches are described, and their implementations are illustrated with a case study. Besides, the procedures required for adopting the genetic algorithm approach to a typical problem are expressed. The case study illustration reveals the advantages and disadvantages of the genetic algorithm approach over the traditional approach. It is observed that the genetic algorithm approach can reach the solution in a single phase while the traditional approach requires multiple phases. On the other hand, the genetic algorithm approach may not reach the optimum solution unless the toolbox options are appropriately selected. This study presents the contribution of operational research to the project management body of knowledge by demonstrating the applicability and efficiency of genetic algorithm in the project crashing events. Researchers and industry practitioners may benefit from the proposed approach by following the indicated procedures to incorporate genetic algorithm into optimization issues in different fields.

THE FUTURE OF MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING: KEY IMPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES

This research aims to examine the future development of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) and identify the key implications and challenges that this technology will face. In the face of the technological revolution, especially with the adoption of 5G networks and integration with the Internet of Things (IoT), MCC has the potential to transform various industry sectors. The study employs a qualitative methodology through a literature review and semi-structured interviews with experts in cloud technology, mobile computing, and technology policy. The literature review is conducted to understand the latest technological trends and the challenges faced by MCC, while interviews provide direct insights from industry practitioners and policymakers about the future of MCC. The research findings indicate that MCC will increasingly integrate with 5G technology and IoT, enabling the adoption of more complex applications such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI). However, several key challenges need to be addressed, such as data security issues, reliance on network infrastructure, and regulations that are not yet fully adaptive to MCC developments. Experts emphasize the importance of enhancing security standards, developing edge computing to reduce latency, and fostering collaboration between governments and industry to create policies that support innovation.

Implementation of Quality 4.0 framework in the electronics sector using ANP and QFD methodologies

PurposeQuality 4.0 is essential to the Industry 4.0 framework, notably in the electronics sector. It evaluates product quality in real-time using automatic process controls, quality tools and procedures. The implementation of Quality 4.0 criteria in the electronics industry is the subject of this study’s investigation and analysis. In this study, nine Customer Requirements (CRs) and 18 Design Requirements (DRs) have been defined to adopt Quality 4.0, aiming to increase yield while reducing defects. This study has developed a Quality 4.0 framework for effective implementation, incorporating the People, Process and Technology categories.Design/methodology/approachMany CRs and DRs of Quality 4.0 exhibit interdependencies. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) considers interdependencies among the criteria at various levels. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) can capture the customer’s voice, which is particularly important in Quality 4.0. Therefore, in this research, we use an integrated ANP-QFD methodology for prioritizing DRs based on the customers' needs and preferences, ultimately leading to better product and service development.FindingsAccording to the research findings, the most critical consumer criteria for Quality 4.0 in the electronics sector are automatic systems, connectivity, compliance and leadership. The Intelligent Internet of Things (IIOTs) has emerged as the most significant design requirement that enables effective control in production. It is observed that robotics process automation and a workforce aligned with Quality 4.0 also play crucial roles.Originality/valueExisting literature does not include studies on identifying CRs and DRs for implementing Quality 4.0 in the electronics industry. To address this gap, we propose a framework to integrate real-time quality measures into the Industry 4.0 context, thereby facilitating the implementation of Quality 4.0 in the electronics industry. This study can provide valuable insights for industry practitioners to implement Quality 4.0 effectively in their organizations.

A hybrid analysis of reverse logistics barriers in Iranian construction

PurposeThis paper presents a pioneering investigation into the barriers impeding the adoption of reverse logistics (RL) in the Iranian construction industry, addressing a significant gap in the current literature within the country.Design/methodology/approachThrough a meticulous examination of the literature, complemented by 19 in-depth interviews, a battery of barriers to RL implementation was initially identified, distilled into a final set of 30 barriers, which served as the basis for the design of a structured survey questionnaire. Employing Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), an analysis was conducted on a dataset that comprised of 80 responses. Subsequently, the barriers approved through the PLS- SEM were subjected to prioritization through the application of Fuzzy TOPSIS.FindingsFindings reveal the critical inadequacy of contemporary technology and infrastructure, a foundation essential for the efficacious enactment of RL. This shortfall manifests in procurement and logistics processes plagued by inefficiency and ineffectiveness, as consequences of an immature information and technology ecosystem. Furthermore, the study underscores the dominance of traditional markets where the adoption of secondary materials/products remains sporadic, signaling a crucial area for further research and intervention.Originality/valueThis study offers original insights into the significant hurdles that hinder the adoption and integration of RL practices within the Iranian construction industry, an under-explored area within the RL research domain. For industry practitioners, findings point to recommendations for overcoming these barriers in the specific Iranian context while also offering broader insights and lessons that may be relevant to other countries and similar contexts.

Explore the driving factors of designers’ AIGC usage behavior based on SOR framework

Despite the widespread recognition of artificial intelligence’s advantages, it cannot replace human independent thinking and creativity, especially in fields such as artistic design that require creativity. Previous studies often examined its development trends from the perspective of technical advantages or application processes. This study explores the attitudes and acceptance of creative industry practitioners towards Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) from the perspective of user behavior modification. Utilizing the Stimulus-Organism-Response Model (SOR) as the theoretical background, this research integrates the Technology Acceptance Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Self-Efficacy to form the research framework. By employing a mixed-method approach combining quantitative and qualitative analyses, data from 226 designers were explored, and structural equation modeling was used to verify the correlations between endogenous factors. The results indicate that users’ facilitating conditions significantly influence self-efficacy, which in turn determines their intention to adopt AIGC. Additionally, semi-structured interviews revealed that factors hindering the widespread application of AIGC mainly encompass legal security, ethical risks, and fairness. This study extends the application scope of the Stimulus-Organism-Response Model (SOR), enriches the Technology Acceptance Model, and provides a new research framework for the application of AIGC in the creative industry, detailing the responsibilities, processes, and content of designers in the Artificial Intelligence Generated Design (AIGD) process.

Political Ideology and Anthropomorphized Servant Versus Partner Brand Roles

Going beyond the realm of politics, consumers’ political ideology influences how they perceive brands portrayed in advertisements. This research examines how consumers respond to two distinct anthropomorphized brand roles (servant vs. partner). Across three experiments, we show the impact of brand roles on consumers’ willingness to purchase is contingent upon their political ideology. Politically conservative consumers manifest greater willingness to purchase servant brands over partner brands, as servant brand roles align better with their inherent beliefs of social dominance orientation, leading to temporarily heightened relaxation. In contrast, their politically liberal counterparts tend to be indifferent toward different brand roles, as they are less motivated to support social hierarchy. This research offers valuable implications for academics and industry practitioners in relation to understanding the social nature of brands and optimizing branding strategies by leveraging consumers’ political ideology.

KAJIAN ESTETIKA IMPLEMENTASI BAMBU LAMINASI PADA TRANSFORMABLE FURNITURE BRUNA CABINET

The limitation of wood as a raw material for furniture production has prompted researchers to seek non-wood alternative materials. Among these alternatives, bamboo has been utilized for furniture production. However, the bamboo used is typically in its whole form, which restricts the types and shapes of furniture that can be produced. Using the design thinking method, starting from the empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test stages, the goal of this research was to explore the aesthetic value of a cabinet that can transform from one function to another using processed bamboo material—specifically, vertically laminated bamboo with grooves. Data collection involved initial questionnaires distributed to potential users, interviews with bamboo processing industry practitioners, and a literature review of books, journals, and internet articles. The final outcome of this study is a working drawing and a prototype cabinet made from laminated bamboo material that can transform into a writing desk. Respondent evaluations indicated that the prototype was 71.39% comfortable (Good) and had an average aesthetic rating of 84.125%. Additionally, 33% of respondents expressed interest in purchasing the prototype at the specified price.

Regulatory Compliance and Risk Management in Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare

Purpose: This study aims to examine the evolving regulatory landscape and its impact on compliance and risk management within the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. It seeks to identify effective strategies for maintaining data integrity and traceability in accelerated pharmaceutical development (APD), and to understand how these strategies improve patient care and healthcare system responsiveness. Methodology: The research involves a comprehensive review of current regulations, emerging trends, and industry practices. It utilizes an analysis of regulatory updates, risk management frameworks, and case studies to illustrate successful compliance strategies and the challenges faced by organizations. Findings: The study highlights key regulatory requirements, identifies common risks and mitigation strategies, and provides insights into effective practices for ensuring data integrity and traceability. It demonstrates that robust compliance and risk management practices contribute to enhanced patient outcomes and improved healthcare system efficiency. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy, and Practice: This research offers a detailed examination of the intersection between regulatory compliance and risk management, providing a valuable framework for understanding and addressing the complexities of the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors. It contributes to theory by integrating recent regulatory changes with practical risk management approaches, informs policy by highlighting critical areas for regulatory focus, and offers actionable recommendations for industry practitioners to optimize compliance and data management processes.

An Empirical Analysis of Tax Evasion among Companies Engaged in Stablecoin Transactions

This research investigates the relationship between stablecoin usage and tax evasion. We present a model that includes variables related to transactions such as intensity, frequency, environment on-chain (P2P) vs. off-chain (IntraVasp), and company characteristics such as age, sector, and size. Our model was empirically tested using a logistic regression based on data from the Brazilian Federal Revenue Service (Receita Federal do Brasil (RFB)) in 2021. This novel approach aims to understand the tax behaviours associated with stablecoin use in corporate financial practices. Our results indicate that the intensity, frequency, environment of transactions (specifically IntraVasp and P2P transactions), age, sector, and size are factors significantly associated with tax evasion behaviour. However, we found no evidence to suggest that firms engaging in only P2P transactions have a higher propensity for tax evasion than those engaging only in IntraVasp transactions. Our findings reveal that younger and medium-sized companies with intensive use of stablecoin, with high stablecoin transaction frequency, engaging in IntraVasp and P2P transactions, and belonging to the service sector are more likely to evade tax. Therefore, our research provides a detailed understanding of how digital financial practices with crypto assets (blockchain-based technology) intersect with corporate tax strategies, which can offer valuable insights for regulators, industry practitioners, and policymakers.

DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR EVALUATING DEMAND PARAMETER ELASTICITY IN RETAIL NETWORKS UNDER CONSUMER-DRIVEN LOGISTICS

The retail market is characterised by its dynamic nature, requiring sophisticated models for accurately assessing demand elasticity, especially within consumer-driven logistics. This study aims to develop and validate comprehensive mathematical models to evaluate demand parameters within retail networks. The study focuses on the main factors that significantly influence demand, including the number of participants within a retail network, the average number of end consumers, and the ratio of the freight flow cost in a particular retail network compared to the average price in other networks. The authors conducted extensive data collection across various retail networks, capturing essential parameters such as demand volume, the number of participants, consumer numbers, and pricing strategies. The analysis led to the development of regression models that provide valuable insights into demand dynamics. The results indicate that increasing network participants and the average number of end consumers positively correlates with higher demand volumes. On the other hand, a higher ratio of freight flow cost within a retail network negatively impacts demand, highlighting consumers’ sensitivity to price changes. This inverse relationship between cost and demand underlines the importance of pricing strategies in influencing consumer behaviour. The statistical validation of the developed models demonstrated their reliability, with high correlation coefficients and low approximation errors, confirming their high predictive capabilities. These models are not only theoretically sound but also offer substantial practical applications. Retail networks can leverage these models to optimise their marketing strategies, plan their product assortments more effectively, and manage inventory more precisely. By integrating multiple factors influencing demand, this study provides a more nuanced understanding of consumer behaviour, enabling retail networks to make well-informed, data-driven decisions. The unique contribution of this research lies in its holistic approach to demand modelling, where multiple variables are considered in conjunction rather than in isolation. This integration allows for a deeper comprehension of how different elements interact to influence consumer demand. Moreover, the models developed in this study are versatile and can be adapted to various retail settings, offering a valuable tool for academic researchers and industry practitioners. Future research could extend these models by incorporating additional variables such as seasonality, shifts in consumer preferences, and the impact of technological advancements on retail logistics. Doing so makes it possible to continuously refine the models to maintain relevance and accuracy in an ever-changing market landscape. This ongoing evolution of demand modelling is crucial for retail networks aiming to stay competitive and responsive to consumer needs in a highly dynamic environment. The findings from this study underscore the importance of a data-driven approach in retail logistics, where precise modelling and analysis can lead to significant improvements in operational efficiency and market responsiveness. Keywords: demand elasticity, retail network, logistics, mathematical modelling, demand parameters, consumer behaviour.

Prospects of pulsed electric fields technology in food preservation and processing applications from sensory and consumer perspectives

SummaryPulsed electric field (PEF) technology is emerging as a versatile and effective alternative to traditional thermal processing, adeptly meeting consumer demands for fresh, safe, tasty, nutritious, and sustainable food products. By applying high‐voltage electric pulses for microseconds to milliseconds, PEF achieves microbial inactivation with minimal thermal impact. Beyond preservation, PEF technology can be used as a pre‐treatment for raw food materials to modify their cell structure, thus facilitating the subsequent food processing steps. Although initially applied to liquid foods, PEF application has been expanded to a diverse range of food categories, including juices, wines, potatoes, meats, and freeze‐dried products. Each application of PEF involves specific process parameters, which significantly influence the product outcomes. This review discusses the application of PEF across various food categories, with a focus on its impact on sensory attributes under different settings. The discussion will mainly revolve current research gaps and proposes strategies to increase consumer acceptance of PEF‐treated products, along with approaches for effectively communicating the benefits of this novel processing technology. It was found that emphasising the sensory, nutritional, and shelf‐life benefits on product packaging, and highlighting its environmental‐friendly benefit can improve consumer acceptance of PEF‐treated products. Furthermore, educating industry practitioners about the advantages of PEF is crucial for its broader implementation in food manufacturing. The successful advancement of PEF technology hinges on collaboration efforts among technologists, industry experts, sensory, and consumer scientists.

Virtual reality concerts: Determinants of success using the information system success model

As virtual reality (VR) technology advances, it has become a transformative tool for experiencing events without location, time, or capacity constraints. This development was particularly salient during the COVID-19 pandemic, accelerating the need for virtual event solutions. Despite the growing attention to VR in the event industry, research on the key drivers of successful VR events is lacking. The current study addresses this gap by developing and examining a conceptual model built on the information system success model to identify the determinants of VR concert success. Through empirical analysis, the study reveals that content, system, and service quality are pivotal to shaping attitudes toward VR applications and fostering continuance intention among VR concert attendees. These findings offer valuable insights for industry practitioners and provide a strategic framework to enhance user engagement and retention in VR events. Moreover, this research lays the groundwork for future explorations into VR efficiency in the broader context of virtual events.

From spectatorship to loyalty: Unraveling the influence of game streaming watch and gaming-related social connectivity on MOBA gamers

Online gaming is quickly gaining popularity, but the effects of game streaming and social connections on player loyalty remain under-explored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of watching game streaming and game-related social connections on player loyalty in MOBA games based on social cognitive theory and social capital theory. Game streaming watching was hypothesized to have a positive effect on personal skills and cooperative game knowledge, and game-related social connections had a positive effect on cooperative game knowledge. In addition, the study examined the effects of these factors on player loyalty. The study was conducted by constructing structural equation modeling and administering questionnaires to 415 MOBA gamers. Specifically, watching game streams significantly improves individual skill and cooperative game knowledge, which in turn positively affects game loyalty. Game-related social connections also significantly increase cooperative game knowledge and directly contribute to higher game loyalty. Furthermore, both individual skill and game cooperation knowledge positively mediated the relationship between game streaming watch and game loyalty. This study provides valuable insights for stakeholders and game industry practitioners by elucidating the mechanisms behind MOBA game loyalty, and promotes greater engagement among MOBA gamers.

Synergies of Success: Unveiling the Transformative Influence of Sponsorship on Event Excellence

This study delves into the intricate dynamics of sponsorship strategies, media exposures, and event organizer practices within the Malaysian events industry. Employing a quantitative research approach, the research sampled 110 corporate sponsor representatives, utilizing a structured questionnaire to collect data. Analysis, carried out using Statistical Packages for Social Science Version 26.0 (SPSS Version 26.0), incorporated both descriptive and inferential methods. The findings illuminate a significant positive relationship between sponsorship strategies and media exposure with event success, accompanied by a noteworthy negative relationship between event organizer practices and event success. These results underscore the pivotal role of sponsorship and media exposure in influencing successful events, providing valuable insights for corporate sponsors and event organizers alike. Importantly, the study emphasizes the need for organizations to reassess their sponsorship approaches, fostering successful events by fortifying policies and aligning mutual objectives. As the events landscape continues to evolve, this research contributes to the broader discourse, guiding industry practitioners in optimizing strategies for sustainable success in the dynamic Malaysian events industry.

Reliability and validity assessment of instrument to measure sustainability practices at shipping ports in India

Sustainability has emerged as one of the most critical factors influencing the competitiveness of maritime shipping ports. This emergence has led to a surge in research publications on port sustainability-related topics. However, despite the increasing awareness and adoption of sustainability practices, documented literature on empirical studies with survey and interview data is very limited. Moreover, the existence of validated instruments to objectively assess sustainability through sustainability practices for shipping ports in India needs to be traced. This study contributes by validating an instrument to evaluate objectively sustainability practices in shipping ports by adopting a four-stage process, starting with item identification based on an extensive literature review, instrument evaluation by subject matter experts, assessing of the instrument with suitable content validation indices, and finally evaluating the validity and reliability of the hypothesized theoretical model. For content validation, Content Validity Index, Cohens Kappa coefficient, and Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio were computed with the assessment by a subject matter expert panel comprising six members from the port industry as well as academicians cum researchers in the field of shipping ports. The content-validated instrument was administered to 200 samples comprising officer category port employees. The measurement model was evaluated and validated using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis to assess the extent to which the measured variables represent the theoretical construct of the study and ascertain the factor structure. The empirically validated instrument met the required guidelines of model fit, reliability, and construct validity measures and was found to be a confirmed model for measuring sustainability practices in shipping ports. Structural Equation Modeling methodology was adopted to explain the variance and the path relationship between the higher-order and lower-order constructs of sustainability. The results indicate that the economic dimensions are the major contributors to the overall sustainability of the port as they drive investments in environmental and social dimensions, leading to overall sustainable development. The study’s findings will be helpful for researchers, academicians, policymakers, and industry practitioners working towards sustainability practices that contribute to sustainable growth and development in the shipping industry.

Reform of Photography Education in Chinese Applied Universities in the Self-Media Era: Evidence from Responsible Persons in the Photography Major

Live streaming and short videos have become the most favored means of communication, and the prevalence of self-media has had a profound impact on traditional media industries, indirectly promoting reforms in Chinese photography education. This study delves into the current state of photography education in Chinese applied universities and the transformations undertaken in response to the challenges posed by self-media. The research covers the development status of university photography programs, the impact of live streaming and short videos on photography education, changes in teaching models, and the issues encountered during these reforms. Through in-depth interviews with heads and instructors of photography programs at five applied universities in China, and using NVIVO software for thematic analysis, the study examines the professional divisions, curriculum design, teaching methods, student employment rates, reform policies, and the challenges faced. The research finds that the prevalence of live streaming and short videos has had a positive impact on the dynamic imaging specialties within photography education, but has been detrimental to the static imaging specialties. Universities have actively reformed their teaching methods in response to market demands, yet still face challenges in integrating live streaming-related courses. This study provides the latest insights for practitioners in the Chinese self-media industry and offers valuable references for university policymakers and researchers.

To What Extend Does Jewish Business Thinking Model and Practise Affect Modern Enterprise Management in Chinese Fashion Industry

Jewish is famous for its business tradition, wisdom and creativity. According to Forbes' Rich list published in 2022, the total number of people on the list in 2022 is 2,668, of which 267 are Jewish. It is reported that 11.6 percent of the world's billionaires have Jewish backgrounds and they take up about 13 percent of the wealth in the world. Advantages such as focus on education and learning, concentrating on budget conscious and stimulate innovation, and focusing on corporate social responsibility are worth learning for Chinese fashion industry practitioners. This is because the lack of fashion design innovation, workers comprehensive ability, education and training system, and corporate social responsibility are the most important weaknesses for Chinese fashion companies. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the Jewish business tradition and characteristics, deeply understand their business concepts and behavior, and use their essence to provide insights for Chinese fashion business practitioners to improve the above weaknesses.