Industry Linkages Research Articles

Local pharmaceutical research and development capacity in a developing country: a qualitative exploration of perspectives from key stakeholders in Ethiopia

PurposeDespite its importance in ensuring sustainable healthcare, there are huge challenges with pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) especially for developing countries mainly due to the high investment costs naturally associated with such activities. In this regard, the pharmaceutical sector in Ethiopia, the most populous nation in East Africa, faces numerous challenges. The current study aimed at assessing the R&D capacity of the local pharmaceutical manufacturers from the perspectives of key informants working in the companies and supporting government offices and education institutions.MethodsA qualitative study design employing in-depth interviews using semi-structured interview guides with flexible probing techniques was used for data collection. The study involved purposively selected participants who represented major stakeholders such as managers in the R&D departments of pharmaceutical manufacturers, officers and leaders in concerned government agencies and researchers in a local university. All transcribed interviews were subjected to thematic analysis and the Qualitative Data Analysis software in family R (RQDA) was used for data analysis.ResultsA total of 14 participants were involved in the study and three major themes were identified from the interviews. Current R&D capacity, opportunities and challenges for involvement in R&D were the major themes. Under current R&D capacity, the weak R&D status of local pharmaceutical plants and minimal university–industry linkage were identified. The challenges of pharmaceutical R&D in Ethiopia included weak governmental and managerial support; difficult procurement processes for R&D input; and the high cost of R&D. Availability of trainable human power and planned government incentives were identified as the opportunities.ConclusionOverall, there is a low level of R&D capacity in local pharmaceutical industries and timely interventional strategies should be implemented through collaboration of academia, research institutions and pharmaceutical industries.

Technological interdependencies and employment changes in European industries

This work addresses the role of inter-sectoral innovation flows, which we frame as technological interdependencies, in determining sectoral employment dynamics. This purpose is achieved through the construction of an indicator capturing the amount of R&D expenditures embodied in the backward linkages of industries. We aim to find out whether having a more integrated production in terms of requiring more technological inputs is related to a lower demand for workers within the sector. We refer to the literature on innovation-employment nexus, inter-sectoral knowledge spillovers and Global Value Chains, building upon structuralist and evolutionary theoretical considerations. We track the flows of embodied technological change between industries taking advantage of the notion of vertically integrated sectors. The relevance of this vertical technological dimension for determining employment dynamics is then tested on a panel data of European industries over the 2008-2014 period. Results show a statistically significant and negative employment impact of the degree of vertical integration in terms of acquisitions of R&D embodied inputs. Combining the role of demand, the double nature of innovation - as product and as process -, together with inter-sectoral linkages, this work shows that the dependence of a sector from innovation performed by other ones - a proxy for input embodied process innovations - exert a negative effect upon employment.

Environmental regulation and development of the tertiary industry

ABSTRACT Environmental regulation has become an important policy practice in many countries, and it has an effect on economic development. Previous literature has focused on the effect of environmental regulation on the development of the aggregate economy or the secondary industry while ignoring its effect on the development of the tertiary industry. Accordingly, we systemically identify for the first time the causal effect of environmental regulation on the development of the tertiary industry. Exploiting the great exogenous variation in regulatory intensity generated by China’s 2013 Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, we apply the difference-in-difference method to China’s province-sector panel data from 2009 to 2017. The results suggest that environmental regulation reduces the fixed asset investment and value-added of tertiary sectors but increases the establishment of legal entities in tertiary sectors. Thus, environmental regulation does lead some production resources flowing to local tertiary sectors. However, this flow fails to reverse the decline in the investment and production of local tertiary sectors. Environmental regulation affects the development of the tertiary industry through industrial linkages between the secondary and tertiary industries, the flow of production resources from the secondary to the local tertiary industry, and the local governments’ taxation and spending behaviour.

Industrial linkage of global carbon emissions: A heterogeneous ownership perspective

The roles of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and domestically owned agents in global carbon emissions differ significantly. Industrial linkage analysis of carbon emissions can be applied to identify critical sectors and their contributions where policies need to be improved for this purpose. This study investigates the industrial linkage of domestically owned agents and MNEs in global carbon emissions during the 2005–2016 period from both the demand and supply side via a multiregional input-output method. Industrial linkages are analyzed from the perspectives of both production and spatial linkage. The results show that the forward linkages of domestic agents on the supply side mainly lead to an increase in global carbon emissions. Second, the spatial linkage is more influential than the production linkage in global carbon emissions in most cases. Global carbon emissions are spatially lock-in some specific regions, such as China and South Africa. Third, MNEs transfer energy-intensive industries to developing regions and cause carbon leakage. We highlight that spatial linkage has an important role in global carbon emissions. This study is beneficial for policy-makers in providing a reference for impartially allocating mitigation responsibility.

Estimates of the Potential Indirect Damage to China by Restricting Energy Increase to Peak Carbon Emissions

AbstractBalanced against this increase in energy demand are energy security and climate warming issues. Restricting the increase in energy demand for peaking carbon emissions will not only directly affect production in sectors but also cause a broader indirect economic impact through intricate industrial linkages. Under the two requirements of adapting to warming and peaking carbon emissions before 2030, we accordingly constructed developmental and restrictive scenarios of China and improved the adaptive Input–Output model from the demand side to evaluate the indirect economic impact. The main findings were as follows: (a) the increase in end‐use demand for conventional energy in 2030 will be 24.43% of energy consumption in 2017 (TEC2017) under the restrictive scenario, and the reduction of this increase will be about 42.98% of TEC2017 in comparison with the developmental scenario. (b) Due to this reduction, the possible indirect damage in 2030 will be 14.96% of the GDP in 2017, and the clean energy level in 2030 will be 20 times the hydropower generation in 2017, which can offset this damage. (c) The industrial sector with high output and high energy will suffer the most indirect damage. The quantitative results demonstrate the great challenges that China will face in clean energy transition.

Agricultural industry in West Papua Province: An analysis of backward and forward linkages

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sector in West Papua Province contributes significantly to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). While on the employment side, this sector also able to absorb a third of the workforce in this province. It indicates the important role of this sector in the economy of West Papua Province. The purpose of this paper is to determine the magnitude of the forward and backward linkage of agricultural industry in West Papua Province. The combination of forward and backward linkage will produce a key industry. The Inter-Regional Input Output (IRIO) model and 2016 IRIO data was used in this study. The findings show that Food Crops Agriculture; Annual Horticultural Crops, Annual Horticulture, others; and Livestock is included in the undeveloped category. Meanwhile, Seasonal and Annual Plantations, Forestry and Logging Industries, and Fisheries are in growing industries category. Gross value-added multiplier of all agricultural industries is below one where the highest value is in the Forestry and Logging Industry whereas Livestock Industry is the lowest.

산업연관분석을 이용한 라스트마일 배송산업 공급사슬구조의 탐색적 연구

The purpose of the study is to identify the degree of production induction effects and industrial synergy effects of the last mile delivery service industry. It also connects the industrial linkage structure of the last mile delivery industry with the concept of the supply chain. Ultimately, it identifies the structure of the service supply chain centered on the last mile delivery. It approaches research problems from a service science perspective. The philosophical basis of the study is the concept of service dominant logic. In addition, the research methodology is an inter-industry analysis of economics, and WIOD is used for analysis data. Petroleum product manufacturing and warehousing are the backward industries of the last mile delivery industry. And it seems clear that wholesale and retail industry are forward industries. Therefore, the last mile delivery industry plays a role in connecting the relationship between the supply industry, the manufacturing industry, and the distribution industry on the supply chain. In addition, the supply chain architecture of the last mile delivery service is significantly different from the existing manufacturing-oriented supply chain structure. Academically, the concept of a traditional manufacturing-oriented supply chain has been expanded to the service sector. And it identified the supply chain structure of the last mile delivery service. In practice, if a strategic industry is selected with limited resources, it will be an important indicator for determining investment priorities.

Industry Linkage and Spatial Co-Evolution Characteristics of Industrial Clusters Based on Natural Semantics—Taking the Electronic Information Industry Cluster in the Pearl River Delta as an Example

Identifying industrial clusters and the changes in the spatial representation of these clusters is a basic but challenging issue for understanding and promoting urban and regional development. However, the current evolution characteristics of industrial clusters pay too much attention to the spatial perspective, and some studies analyze the evolution of industrial clusters from the perspective of industrial linkages. It is very important to combine industrial linkages and spatial agglomeration to observe the evolution of industrial clusters. To solve this problem, based on the enterprise big data from 1984 to 2019, this study uses the method based on natural semantics and spatial collaborative aggregation to identify industrial linkages and spatial aggregation of industrial clusters, and takes the electronic information industry cluster in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region as an example for empirical research. It can be seen from the results that most of the industries in the PRD cluster remain stable, and the industrial linkages and spatial agglomeration within the cluster are increasing. From the overall type of change, fewer industries can maintain high linkage–high proximity, and most industries are mainly concentrated in low linkage–high proximity. Through the combination of semantic and spatial synergy analysis, this study helps urban planners and policymakers understand the changes in industrial linkages and spatial agglomeration of industrial clusters.

Research on the Spatial Network Effect of Urban Tourism Flows from Shanghai Disneyland

For a long time, Shanghai’s urban tourism has presented a single-core agglomeration pattern with the Bund area as the core, with the phenomenon of overcrowding in the core area during holidays. The opening of Disneyland in 2016 has had an important impact on the development of Shanghai’s urban tourism, including the spatial network of tourism flows. This study selects the travel notes of domestic tourists to Shanghai from Ctrip.com and sorts out a total of 1419 pieces of valid spatial information before and after the opening of Disneyland. With the help of social network analysis, it analyses the influence of Disneyland on the spatial network of domestic tourism flows in Shanghai. The results show that Disneyland has become a new spatial growth pole of Shanghai urban tourism, with an obvious network nuclear Overhauser effect, which is conducive to alleviating congestion in the Bund area, but the correlation effect of Disneyland on other tourism nodes is not obvious. The connection between high-grade tourism nodes is further enhanced, and some low-grade tourism nodes are more marginalized, showing the Matthew effect of nodes and the combined effects of nodes. Accordingly, this paper puts forward three suggestions. First, to strengthen the optimal design of tourism routes and enhance the connection between Disneyland and other tourism nodes; second, to upgrade low-grade tourism nodes, enhance recognition and strengthen integration with core tourism nodes; and, third, to strengthen top-level planning, provide comprehensive support for Disneyland, enhance its industrial linkage effect and spatial network effect, and promote the sustainable development of Shanghai’s urban tourism.

Agro-based industrial linkages: evidences from the cotton and textile industry in the Agrarian Funtua region of Katsina State, Nigeria.

The study examined at local level the role of cotton and textile industrial linkage in employment opportunities in the cotton value added chain in Funtua region of Katsina State. An interview and direct observation method of data collection methods were typically undertaken to learn about the cotton and industrial processes and how they give rise to their respective products and by-products. Seven (7) agro-based industries were identified and visited in their various locations in the study area were purposively selected. The study investigated the forward and backward linkages processes that the five (5) active cotton and textile industry agreed to. Results indicated that few cotton and textile industry had folded up but majority of them are operating at low capacity most especially Funtua textile Limited that is currently hit with high cost of production, poor raw material supply, erratic power supply and lack of government support. The study identified the existence of weakness in backward linkage of agriculture in the developing economy of the study area. Finally, the conclusion offers suggestions that the weakness in the backward linkage can be alleviated when local farmers are empowered, by introducing them into mechanized system of farming, providing them with farm inputs and market opportunities. This would amount to making the study area an economic ‘growth pole’ for the northwest geo-political zone.

Decomposing manufacturing CO2 emission changes: An improved production-theoretical decomposition analysis based on industrial linkage theory

Identifying key drivers of manufacturing CO2 emissions is critical to carbon reduction practices. For manufacturing, CO2 emissions are mainly determined by production capacity and production scale. However, traditional production-theoretical decomposition analysis (PDA) fails to consider production-scale-related drivers. To better support policy development and implementation, this paper improves PDA based on industrial linkage theory. The improved model can identify seven production-capacity-related drivers and five production-scale-related drivers, allowing a comprehensive understanding of CO2 emission drivers. Then this model is implemented to investigate CO2 emission changes in 18 manufacturing sectors in Hubei Province, China, from 2012 to 2017. Results show that manufacturing CO2 reduction efforts in Hubei Province have yielded some achievements, with reduced potential energy intensity and improved CO2 emission technical efficiency in most sectors. Changes in external market demand and final demand structure have contributed to CO2 reduction in most sectors. Results also reveal some problems in manufacturing in Hubei Province, such as the inability to improve CO2 emission technical efficiency and CO2 emission technology strength, the slow improvement of energy utilization technical efficiency and energy utilization technology strength, and the reduction of value-added rate.

Ecological Efficiency Evaluation, Spatial Difference, and Trend Analysis of Logistics Industry and Manufacturing Industry Linkage in the Northeast Old Industrial Base

The ecological efficiency of industrial linkage considering unexpected output is an important indicator to measure the coordinated development of industrial linkage, resources, and the environment. It is an important basis for realizing the sustainable development of industry linkage. Taking the composite index of carbon emissions of the logistics industry and pollution emissions of the manufacturing industry as the unexpected output, we used the unexpected SBM model to evaluate the ecological efficiency of industrial linkage between the logistics industry and the manufacturing industry in Northeast China from 2011 to 2019, and used the spatial autocorrelation analysis method to analyze the spatial differences in industrial linkage efficiency. The results show that (1) considering the unexpected output, in Northeast China, the ecological efficiency cannot reach a high level of linkage development stage. (2) The results of the spatial correlation show that there are spatial differences between H-H agglomeration and L-L agglomeration in the linkage ecological efficiency of the two industries, and the spatial agglomeration attribute is relatively stable. (3) The analysis results of spatial agglomeration characteristics show that the spatial agglomeration of the two industries has a spatial evolution process from the southern coastal area to the central region. (4) Spatial trend analysis shows that in Northeast China, the western region is slightly higher than the eastern region, while the southern region is higher than the northern region. (5) From the development trend of linkage ecological efficiency, the linkage ecological efficiency of the study area will be improved in the future, but in the short term, the linkage ecological development level is not high and may still be at the primary linkage level.

예산집행 유형에 따른 LINC+ 참여 대학 간 산학협력 성과 차이 분석

This research aimed to empirically investigate the types of LINC+ budget execution of individual universities participated in LINC+ and the industry-university cooperation performance differences based on the derived budget execution types, and to suggest policy implications to improve the performance of LINC 3.0. To achieve the purpose, this study exploits LINC+ budget execution dataset of 50 universities participated in LINC+ from 2017 to 2019 utilizing cluster analysis, OLS and fixed effect model. The major findings showed that LINC+ budget execution can be divided into ‘Industry-university cooperative program and industry linkage centered universities’ and ‘Industry-university cooperative infrastructure centered universities’. Furthermore, ‘infrastructure-centered universities’ were more effective in improving the ratio of students involved in contract department with industry than ‘program and industry-linkage centered universities’. This study attempted to provide useful policy implications to improve the performance of individual universities participated in LINC 3.0 and suggestions for policy practitioners in the field of industry-university cooperation.

Conceptualisation, estimation, and empirical analyses of land-sea convergenomics: A case study on Bohai Economic Rim cities.

This study proposes a land–sea convergenomics model based on analyses of marine and terrestrial economies. A viscosity-based system of indices was constructed to evaluate the land–sea convergenomics of Bohai Economic Rim (BER) cities and was applied to analyse the viscosities of BER cities from 2009 to 2019. BER cities’ viscosities trended upward, although with significant disparities. The developmental fundamentals were high at the system level and grew steadily during the study period. Resource development was low with a slow growth rate. Industrial linkages grew significantly but exhibited minor fluctuations. Outcome creation began at a low level but grew steadily. Cluster analyses revealed that, overall, the development of land–sea convergenomics in the BER occurred in clusters, with viscosity distribution centred around three core cities: Tianjin, Qingdao, and Dalian. Due to regional disparities, the effects of labour productivity, science and technology investment, economic fundamentals, and energy efficiency on land–sea convergenomics were significantly differentiated.

Economic Policy Uncertainty and Industrial Linkage in Japan: A Granger Causality in Quantile Test

ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between economic policy uncertainty and industrial linkage in Japan. Using a VAR-based connectedness approach to measure the monthly industrial linkage across 15 groups of Japanese industries, we examine the Granger causality in quantile between the industrial linkage and Japan’s monthly economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and its four components including fiscal policy uncertainty, monetary policy uncertainty, trade policy uncertainty, and exchange rate uncertainty during the period from January 1987 to May 2021. We find that changes in economic policy uncertainty and all four components Granger cause changes in industrial linkage, and this result is robust and consistent across nearly all quantiles. We do not find evidence of the Granger causality running from industrial linkage to economic policy uncertainty. However, considering all quantiles, changes in industrial linkage Granger cause the change in each of the four policy uncertainty.

The Digital Economy Empowers the Sustainable Development of China’s Agriculture-Related Industries

Firstly, based on the data of China’s noncompetitive input–output tables from 2002 to 2017, this paper comprehensively grasps the integration trend of China’s agriculture-related industries and digital economy industries by constructing integration contribution and interaction indicators. Secondly, the correlation between the two industries is analyzed more intuitively with the help of the APL (Average Propagation Length) model. Finally, it analyzes the coordination of the digital economy industry and the transformation of the agriculture industry with the help of the grey correlation method. The results show that the digital economy industries contribute the most in absolute terms, compared to other industries, to the agro-processing industry and have the highest degree of integration and interaction with the agricultural product transportation and marketing industry. In terms of the breakdown of the digital economy industries, digital product manufacturing is weakly linked to agriculture-related industries, but the coordination among the transformation and upgrading of agriculture is gradually improving. Compared to digital product manufacturing, the digital technology application industry has a higher direct contribution to the agriculture-related industry. After 2012, the overall driving and pulling effect on the agriculture-related industry is basically the same, and the coordination with agricultural transformation and upgrading is optimal. The contribution of the digital factor-driven industry to agriculture-related industries experienced an explosive period after 2012, with the highest overall contribution and strongest industrial linkage between the two, while coordination with the transformation and upgrading of agriculture decreases. Therefore, in combination with the No. 1 document of the Central Government in 2022, which specifically calls for the implementation of the “digital business to promote agriculture” project and the promotion of e-commerce in the countryside, this paper puts forward suggestions to give full play to the role of digital technology in the sustainable development of agriculture-related industries.

Human resource issues and challenges prevailing in Indian textile & garment industry

The textiles and garment sector is a major source of export earnings, government revenue and employment for India. The sector also contributes significantly to the gross domestic product of Indian economy. Indian textile sector is facing many challenges around the globe, especially post-COVID economic recession and rising cost of production. Therefore, mapping of the human resource requirements and their enhancement to facilitate skilled labour is required for the entire gamut of the textile industry. The shortage of skilled manpower is a major constraint affecting the growth of the Indian textile industry which needs a lot of augmentation and technical and financial assistance from both governments and foreign development partners. To overcome the huge skill gap Integrated Skill Development Scheme has been launched to train workers in various segments - textiles, apparel, handlooms, handicrafts, sericulture, jute etc. and sophisticated HRD strategies for better performance. With the objectives of sustainable HRD and promoting R&D to improve productivity across the entire textiles value chain, the Strategic Plan (2011-16) of the Ministry of Textiles focused on skill promotion of all textile workers and creation of new employment opportunities. Integration of sustainability in HRD has become a new central organizing focus for apparel and textiles higher education. Today’s textile trainees are prospective human resources for textile and apparel industry. Our textile education institutes require producing most efficient, highly competitive, technologically updated, resourceful, creative, environment friendly, skilful managers. The HR engaged in T&G industry must be acquainted with the impact of all of the production, distribution, consumption and disposal activities on physical, social, ethical and economic environment, including total quality management, eco-textiles, waste control, recycling, product life cycle analysis, CSR, labour laws, social welfare and healthy labour practices etc. The challenges like sweatshops, child labour, low wages, unhealthy work environment, lack of social capital for technology adaption, need of quality and creativity led policies rather than increasing the quantity of workforce, lack of academia and industry linkage and many more must be treated appropriately for better development of human resources in textile and garment industry. The proper strategy of curriculum designs and models can play a key role in the textile and apparel industry and institutions for generating better resourceful, eco-efficient, cost-efficient, customer-friendly, ethical and socially responsible human resources and by this means nurturing the fascinating dream of sustainable lifestyle of the people around the globe.

Quantitative Analysis of the Impact of Ecological Industry and Ecological Investment on the Economy: A Case Study of Beijing, China

As China attaches increasing importance to its ecological environment, ecology-related industries have become essential to China’s national economy. However, in the current national economic accounting practice, the ecological industry (eco-industry) is not independent, and the ecological service value ecology creates is currently not within the scope of national economic accounting. To clarify the impact of the development of the eco-industry on the whole regional economy, this paper takes Beijing as the study area. For the first time, the input–output analysis method is adopted to differentiate the eco-industry as an independent sector. Moreover, the ecosystem services value is integrated into the eco-industry, and each coefficient is quantitatively analyzed from an industrial-chain perspective. The results show that the eco-industry exerts a good pulling effect on the regional economy. The inputs and outputs of the eco-industry clearly tend to focus on eco-environmental and public-service-related industries, followed by industries for which ecological development can create value. Judging from the entire regional economy, ecological investment significantly impacts both the education and financial industries. Ecological investment can promote socio-economic development, achieving a 1.318 increase in regional GDP per unit of eco-investment. The results imply that the development of the eco-industry in China should be boosted further and social capital investment should be attracted. Finally, this paper provides a scientific basis for policymakers to better understand the overall situation of both the eco-industry and industry linkages and guide them to develop relevant ecological investment strategies.

Changing characteristics of the industrial correlation and economic contribution of air transport in China: An input–output analysis

To investigate changing characteristics of the industrial correlation and economic contribution of air transport in China in different periods, the industry linkage effect and the industry ripple effect of air transport were assessed based on an input–output analysis over the period 2007–2020. Taking the air transport sector as an exogenous variable, the production-inducing effect and the supply shortage effect were calculated, and their changing characteristics were analyzed. The result shows that China's air transport industry is gradually changing its close linkages with secondary industries, and is instead strengthening its interaction with some tertiary industries. Before the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020, the production-inducing multiplier of air transport was trending downwards and the supply shortage multiplier was trending upwards. After the COVID-19 outbreak, China's air transport industry was hit hard and both the production-inducing effect and the supply shortage effect decreased significantly. The results of this paper are of great significance in the evaluation of the industrial correlation and economic contribution of air transport and can serve as a reference for formulating policies and improving the management of the air transport industry.

Talent Management and Employee Commitment in Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi, Lagos Nigeria

This study examined the relationship between talent management and employee commitment in Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi, Lagos Nigeria. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. Primary data was generated through structured questionnaire. The population for the study was fifty-three (53) employees in Technology Transfer Division and Industrial Linkages Division. The entire population was used as a sample size. The population was small hence indicating a census. The reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. The hypothesis was tested using the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0. The test was carried out at a 95% confidence interval and a 0.05 level of significance. The finding revealed that there is a significant relationship between talent management and employee commitment in federal institute of industrial research Oshodi, Lagos Nigeria. The study also concludes that when the Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi, Lagos Nigeria vigorously pursues talent management of its employees, it fosters a lot of innovative ideas to the organization which ultimately leads to employee commitment as well as enhances growth and success. The study recommends that organizations should enact policies that promote talent management which will in turn promote employee retention. The policy makers should enact policies that promote talent management aspects in order to ensure sustainable employee retention and competitive advantage. Keywords: Talent Management, Employee Commitment, Talent Acquisition, Talent Development, Talent Retention