Industry In Ireland Research Articles

The corporate political activity of the food industry in Ireland: an analysis and proposed solutions

Abstract Background The study consisted of mapping the corporate political activity (CPA) of the food industry in Ireland. Following that study, we plan to benchmark the efforts made by the Irish government to address any undue corporate influence on public health policy. Methods We followed the INFORMAS methods for studying the food industry’s CPA (document analysis) and analysed the key commercial actors in Ireland and their activities over a 24-month period. We also conducted nine semi-structured interviews with key informants. Results We found a total of 147 CPA occurrences during the period of analysis. That data was triangulated and completed with information shared by our participants. We found examples of the food industry lobbying the government, shaping scientific evidence, and framing the problems and solutions on diet in ways that would not harm the industry. IBEC, a trade association, and the dairy sector were particularly active in trying to influence public health in Ireland. Conclusions Our study shows that the food industry uses its CPA to influence public policy, research, and practice in Ireland. The next step for our project will be to benchmark the Irish government against international standards for its efforts to limit the negative effects of the CPA on public health policy. Key messages • In Ireland, as in other countries, the food industry uses its CPA to interfere with public health policy, research and practice. • There is a need to address that influence, and we will benchmark the efforts of the Irish government in trying to limit the CPA, against international standards.

Driving green change: Commercial sector adopting electric vehicles in Ireland

When examining pathways to decarbonise transport, one must examine users’ mobility and examine ways to enable them to adapt. Electric vehicle (EV) adoption is incentivised to help reach emission reduction targets; however, existing research predominantly focuses on the private sector. This study analyses data on EV grants for commercial operators and the spatial distribution of commercial industries in Ireland. Results reveal a disparity in EV adoption between the commercial and private sectors. Retail, Professional Activities, Education, and Construction sub-sectors show the highest likelihood of embracing EVs. Spatial heatmaps identify high-density commercial clusters that could be useful for allocating public EV charging stations. The findings underscore the significance of the commercial sector’s transition to EVs towards achieving net-zero targets. Importantly, this study highlights that policies aimed at promoting EV uptake in the commercial sector need to be refined as its requirements are distinct from the private sector.

The response of the Irish pharmaceutical manufacturing sector to the COVID-19 pandemic with a focus on Lean and JIT.

Just in Time (JIT) and Lean manufacturing are concepts that originated in the automotive industry and were then adopted by pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies during the 1990s. However, the Covid-19 pandemic and the urgent demand for pharmaceutical treatment challenged JIT and Lean manufacturing processes. Production of Covid-19-related medicines increased, putting pressure on global supply chains and operations. This also hindered the production of medicines using the same or similar materials. Thus, questions are raised concerning JIT and Lean supply chains in the pharmaceutical industry. The present study aimed to explore (1) if material and supply constraints occurred due to the Covid-19 pandemic, (2) how companies were impacted and managed and (3) if changes are required to future proof the JIT supply chain approach for future global events. A mixed-method cross-sectional survey design was used and focused on material supply, qualification and validation in Irish pharmaceutical manufacturing sites. Employees working in the Irish pharmaceutical manufacturing industry were recruited using convenience sampling through online advertisement using the social media platform 'LinkedIn'. Quantitative data was analysed using percentages and qualitative data from free-text responses were used to add context to the quantitative survey questions. A total of 41 participants were recruited. The results suggested that the pandemic had a negative effect on material availability according to 81% of participants. This translated to delays or stoppage of production activity and was mainly handled by sourcing new materials (70%). To cope with future global crises, 60% of participants recommended more flexibility in future validation processes while 78% of participants acknowledged the importance of validating additional suppliers. A hybrid model of manufacturing and supply chain management was also a preferred approach to exclusive Lean and JIT (42%). The production of non-Covid-19 medicines was adversely affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, but the pharmaceutical industry in Ireland demonstrated resilience and collaboration in response to these challenges. This study suggests that the JIT and Lean manufacturing model should be adjusted to ensure medicine supply chains are not disrupted during future global events.

Vibrio aestuarianus clade A and clade B isolates are associated with Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas) disease outbreaks across Ireland.

Bacteria from the family Vibrionaceae have been implicated in mass mortalities of farmed Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas) in multiple countries, leading to substantial impairment of growth in the sector. In Ireland there has been concern that Vibrio have been involved in serious summer outbreaks. There is evidence that Vibrio aestuarianus is increasingly becoming the main pathogen of concern for the Pacific oyster industry in Ireland. While bacteria belonging to the Vibrio splendidus clade are also detected frequently in mortality episodes, their role in the outbreaks of summer mortality is not well understood. To identify and characterize strains involved in these outbreaks, 43 Vibrio isolates were recovered from Pacific oyster summer mass mortality episodes in Ireland from 2008 to 2015 and these were whole-genome sequenced. Among these, 25 were found to be V. aestuarianus (implicated in disease) and 18 were members of the V. splendidus species complex (role in disease undetermined). Two distinct clades of V. aestuarianus - clade A and clade B - were found that had previously been described as circulating within French oyster culture. The high degree of similarity between the Irish and French V. aestuarianus isolates points to translocation of the pathogen between Europe's two major oyster-producing countries, probably via trade in spat and other age classes. V. splendidus isolates were more diverse, but the data reveal a single clone of this species that has spread across oyster farms in Ireland. This underscores that Vibrio could be transmitted readily across oyster farms. The presence of V. aestuarianus clades A and B in not only France but also Ireland adds weight to growing concern that this pathogen is spreading and impacting Pacific oyster production within Europe.

Trends and factors associated with dairy calf early slaughter in Ireland, 2018-2022.

Dairy systems require that each cow calves annually to have an efficient milk production cycle. In systems where milk production is maximized, the male offspring from dairy breed sires tend to have poor beef production traits and, therefore, can be of low economic value. Few studies have been published on the factors impacting early slaughtering of calves in peer-reviewed literature. Here we present an analysis of national data on calves slaughtered from 2018 to 2022 in Ireland. Data (Jan 2018-May 2022) on all cattle <6 months of age were collated at a national level and were described at calf-, herd-, and county-levels. These data were statistically analyzed at per-capita slaughter rates (calves/calf born) using negative binomial regression models with an offset. There were 125,260 calves slaughtered early (1.09% of total births) recorded in the dataset from 1,364 birth herds during the study period, of which 94.8% (118,761) were male. 51.7% were classified as Friesian-cross (FRX), 11.5% Friesian (FR) and 32.1% Jersey-cross (JEX). The median age at slaughter was 16 days (Mean: 18.9 days; IQR: 13-22). The median calves/herd slaughtered was 16 (mean: 91.8); median calves/herd/year slaughtered was 21 (mean: 42.0). There was substantial variation in counts of calves slaughtered across herds, years, and counties. Herd calf slaughter rates and per capita calf slaughter rates increased significantly in 2022, with the highest rates over the time series. Calf slaughter rates varied significantly with herd size, year, and major breed (Jersey; JE). Herds which were more recently established tended to have higher calf slaughter rates. Herds that repeatedly slaughtered calves over 2 or more years tended to be larger and slaughtered more calves/herd/year. The slaughtering of calves is not widespread across the dairy industry in Ireland. The distribution of calves slaughtered per herd demonstrate that a small number of herds contributed disproportionately to calf slaughter numbers. Such herds tended to be very large (herd size), more recently established (2016 onwards), and have higher proportions of JE/JEX breed cattle. The outcomes of the present study provide an evidential base for the development of targeted industry-lead interventions with the aim of ending the routine early slaughter of calves.

Do green investments improve firm performance? Empirical evidence from Ireland

International evidence suggests that the transition to a more sustainable development requires firms' investments aimed at improving environmental quality. However, existing evidence on how such green investments affect firm performance is inconclusive. To help address this evidence gap, this paper examines the impact of firms' green investments on a range of their performance outcomes, including the growth of output, employment, productivity, export intensity, and energy intensity. The analysis uses firm-level data from Ireland's industry sector over the period of 2008–2016. To identify causal effects, a difference-in-difference propensity score matching is used. In addition to average effects across all firms, we also explore and quantify heterogenous effects of such investments, taking industry and firm heterogeneity into consideration. Our results indicate that, on average, in the medium-term, green investments have positive effects on firms' performance. Taking into account firm heterogeneity, we find that the effects are stronger for firms which are larger, foreign-owned, more productive, and in low-tech industries. This evidence suggests that environmental quality linked to green investments and firm performance can go together, although not all firms benefit equally from green investments.

Developing and implementing a transdisciplinary framework for future pathways in the circular bioeconomy: The case of the red meat industry

Drawing on the development and implementation of a facilitated transdisciplinary research process in the case of the red meat industry in Ireland, this paper provides a framework by which diverse knowledge sources can be brought together to develop pathways for the circular bioeconomy. Furthermore, through identifying, analysing and evaluating a large number of value chains using this framework (involving a systematic review of academic literature, a grey literature review, an industry survey and a Delphi study), it presents a pathway for the utilisation of meat co-processing streams across several sectors. It highlights the value of grey literature as a complement to the academic literature (identifying almost four times as many value chain opportunities as the academic literature). Furthermore, it illustrates the wide-ranging knowledge that a relatively small group of experts (25) can provide in a short period time to help assess the feasibility of a manageable number of value chains (14 in this case). As this case study is framed around an ambition to develop a roadmap for industry in valorising meat industry co-products, the authors draw attention to the role of industry in providing knowledge but also influencing the direction of the work, and hence the results. Thus it indicates the need to consider other voices in such processes where broader sustainability objectives are at play.

An exploration of reformulation efforts by the food industry in Ireland

Abstract Background Previous research conducted in 2020 by our team examined the progress made by food manufacturers in reformulation between 2014 and 2017 (i.e., improving the nutrition profile of food staples by reducing salt, sugar, saturated fat and overall energy contribution). Our previous study showed improvements in salt and sugars levels across many food staples, but we found rising energy levels, total fat, and saturated fat in many food categories. Methods This study aimed to explore the ongoing progress in reformulation between 2017 to 2021. We photographed the labels of food staples in supermarkets with the leading market share in the Republic of Ireland (Tesco's, Dunnes, SuperValu, Lidl, Centra, Aldi, and M&amp;S). We extracted the data, collated it in an excel spreadsheet, and analysed it to examine the nutrients of interest to the study (i.e., salt, sugar, fat, saturated fat, energy, carbohydrates, protein, fibre, and micronutrients). We compared the levels captured at this time point with those previously recorded in 2017. Results Eight hundred and seventy-two products were directly compared, including 80 spreads, 34 cereal snacks, 87 fruit juices, 193 cereals, 210 breads, 88 milks, and 169 yoghourts. This study shows that previously reported improvements in salt and sugar levels now appear to be going in the wrong direction. Conclusions Fat and saturated fat levels that were once on the increase now appear to be reducing, possibly implying that as salt and sugar go up, fat levels go down and vice versa. This may relate to product taste and palatability. Key messages • This study shows that previously reported improvements in salt and sugar levels now appear to be going in the wrong direction. • Fat and saturated fat levels that were once on the increase now appear to be reducing, as salt and sugar go up, fat levels go down.

The Evolution of Ireland’s Medical Device Cluster and Its Future Direction

Ireland has developed a highly successful medical device cluster. Most of the industry started from USA multinationals that moved to Ireland in the 1990s. An ecosystem has now developed with strong linkages between universities, start-ups, multinationals, venture capital, suppliers, and supporting industries. This paper explores the Medical Device cluster in Ireland. It characterizes the industry through the companies, innovation, products, markets, and regulatory framework. It concludes that the Irish MedTech industry is successful but has been highly dependent on USA multinationals that established themselves here in the 1990s. Based on this, we summarize the opportunities and threats the industry now faces. This is one of the first studies that categorized the MedTech industry in Ireland. This study will provide valuable insights to aid government policy to sustain the medical device cluster in Ireland as well as provide insights into other countries.

Conceptualising change in equality, diversity and inclusion: A case study of the Irish film and television sector

Research is key to supporting diversity and inclusion practices in media and creative industries because it articulates the structural and cultural barriers to participation by workers with a broad range of underrepresented social identities. However, currently there is a lack of research that problematises how change happens with regard to equality, diversity and inclusion in creative industries. Very little research looks beyond specific initiatives, particular employers or individual organisations to explore how change is adopted more broadly within the sector. This article seeks to address that gap by applying a number of literatures on policy and organisational or cultural change to generate a schema that allows the complexity of change to be understood through a unified model of a policy regime. This article adopts a qualitative case study methodology to examine equality, diversity and inclusion regime change in the film and television industries in Ireland from 2015 to 2021. Key findings map how policy goal changes, paradigm shifts in thinking on equality, organisational coalitions and a change in power arrangements all combined resulting in significant change in the gender and equality regime in Irish film and television work. This framework is valuable because it provokes questions about how equality, diversity and inclusion initiatives can be more effective, how various cases of change compare with each other and how some efforts at change ultimately fail.

Understanding the Political Organization and Tactics of the Alcohol Industry in Ireland 2009–2018

This study examines how the alcohol industry responded to developments in Irish alcohol policy leading to the 2018 Public Health (Alcohol) Act, a set of measures designed to reduce overall alcohol consumption in order to reduce harm to health and society. Previous research has emphasized the political and economic strengths of the alcohol industry in Ireland and elsewhere. This study examines the origins of and the debates over this legislation to better understand the political tactics of the alcohol industry. The study focuses on developments between 2009 and 2018, tracing activities by industry actors to shape the policy process at different junctures. Data for the study are drawn from 18 semi-structured interviews with politicians, government advisors, public health experts, and advocates as well as from relevant primary documents, public statements, and newspaper articles. The study identifies three interrelated tactics used by alcohol industry actors--obstruction through participation, coalition-building and mobilizing proxies, and making use of extensive political resources in lobbying--and traces their impacts at different points in the policy process. We find that industry actors had some success in influencing policy, defeating particular provisions by averting their inclusion, and winning amendments to others, but ultimately failed to defeat the legislation. Specific opportunities and constraints present in the Irish context for alcohol industry actors are identified. Public health considerations withstood a range of challenges from alcohol industry interests in passing public health legislation in Ireland. The findings have important implications for the study of the alcohol industry's political tactics in Ireland and elsewhere, including the use of lobbying registry data as a potential data source.

Pivoting Online: The Case of the Agri-food Sector

The debate concerning e-Commerce adoption is an evolving one that in the context of the current COVID-19 Pandemic has come centre stage. Although the shift towards e-Commerce platforms has been an increasing trend in recent years, Curtin (2020) states the current pandemic has accelerated consumers’ shifts toward e-Commerce by five years.&#x0D; As store closures and new enforcements became a reality, it forced many companies to pivot their online strategies overnight (Shadler et al, 2020). Since its inception in the late 90’s, e-Commerce adoption and research has championed the rise and the significant benefits of e-Commerce. Industries as diverse as financial, retail, manufacturing, and hospitality (Josanov, 2011; Kremez et al, 2019; Helper and MacDuffie, 2000; Hua, 2016) have embraced e-Commerce. By contrast, research into the use and level of adoption by Agri-food businesses indicates that this sector has not kept pace with this digital revolution. This is surprising given the importance of this sector worldwide. Indeed, it is one of the most important indigenous industries in Ireland in terms of employment, economic output, and export performance. However, there is scarce research found in the case for Irish Agri-food e-Commerce development, with limited industry reports available. Previous research elsewhere called for government support to encourage the move to online territory (Sparkes and Thomas, 2001; Sturiale and Scuderi, 2016), and the onset of COVID-19 furthered this. Numerous support agencies expanded on their current offerings in relation to digital support, although little is known around Agri-food businesses adoption of these. &#x0D; For this reason, this paper intends to add to the limited studies surrounding this important indigenous industry in Ireland within the widely dynamic topic of e-Commerce platforms. The focus of this paper is directed toward the adoption and integration of these online platforms during COVID-19, the benefits and challenges faced, the role of support agencies and further support suggested by SMEs through survey data. This study has both an academic and industry focus and hence aims to improve our understanding of online activity and digital support within this sector.

Best practice project management: an analysis of the front end of the innovation process in the medical technology industry

There are strong motivating factors for more effective project management practices at the front end of the innovation (FEI) process. Shrewd management of these pre-development activities has proven to be one of the greatest differentials for success. This study presents findings from an empirical case study analysis of a large organization operating in the medical technology industry in Ireland. We synthesized the literature to identify five critical success factors (CSFs) known to be effective in the successful management of the FEI process. From this analysis an instrument to assess best practices was developed. Data was collected from 66 engineers in the R&amp;D discipline. The findings of the study show that the organization’s FEI phase aligns well with best practice. However, a difference between the level of agreement about the extent to which the critical success factors are in place in the organization and the level of importance placed on these practices emerged. This paper contributes to knowledge by (a) assessing the relative importance of critical success factors for the FEI in the medical technology industry, (b) examining whether these initiatives are implemented in practice and, if so, to what extent, and (c) providing a series of recommendations to help bridge the gap from theory to practice.

Oil and Gas Exploration in Ireland: The History, Geology, and Future of the Industry

The purpose of this study was to examine the history and potential of the oil and gas industry in Ireland. The research examined shows potential reservoirs are thought to have been located, but geological, political, and ideological factors are at play that prevents the fields acceleration. We seek to better understand how these factors prevent the growth and success of the industry, and the possible need for a stronger domestically produced resource supply in the very near future.

Payments reported by the pharmaceutical industry in Ireland from 2015 to 2019: An observational study

Background: The pharmaceutical industry makes large numbers of payments to healthcare organisations (HCOs) and healthcare professionals (HCPs). Ireland has a large pharmaceutical industry presence and national debate on legislating for greater industry payment transparency. This study characterises payments in Ireland to HCPs and HCOs during 2015–2019, and the content, consistency and methodology of the data source.Methods: An observational study of TransfersOfValue.ie, the disclosure website for the Irish Pharmaceutical Health Association pharmaceutical companies. We conducted a quantitative analysis, summarising payments to HCOs, HCPs and for research and development (R&D). We quantified disclosure rates of names for HCP and HCO payment recipients. We also conducted a content analysis of the methodology notes and website content.Results: Payments totalling €163 million were reported by 47 companies during 2015–2019, €84.6 million for R&D, with non-R&D payments of €45.1 million to HCOs and €33.6 million to HCPs. HCOs were named for 91.2% of payments, and HCPs for 55.1–62.8% across study years. For 2019, ten companies disclosed >€1 million in payments, and three disclosed >€1 million in HCO and HCP payments. Content analysis of 132 data reports and 46 methodology notes indicated substantial variation in methodologies for reporting between companies.Conclusions: There are substantial payments in Ireland, often the recipient is undisclosed, and companies differ in their reporting. A mandatory disclosure system could enhance transparency.

Firms’ green investments: What factors matter?

This paper examines factors underlying firms' investments in environmental protection (green investments). Using micro data from Ireland's industry sector over the period 2008–2016, we analyse a range of factors internal to firms such as firm characteristics, as well as external factors including environmental regulations, competition and spillover effects from other firms' green investment decisions. Our results indicate that larger firms, importers, and firms which are part of an enterprise group are more likely to invest in equipment for pollution control and in equipment linked to cleaner technologies. Within industry competition incentivizes firms to invest in equipment linked to cleaner technologies. Further, our results indicate that the propensity of firms to invest in equipment for pollution control are higher for more energy-intensive firms. Finally, our results uncover significant positive spillover effects from firms with green investments in the same industry or the same region on firms' decisions to invest on environmental protection.

Novel use of nanofiltered hyposaline water to control sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus) and amoebic gill disease, on a commercial Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farm

Infestations by the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and amoebic gill disease (AGD) are currently significant disease concerns facing the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry in Ireland. Increasing seawater temperatures, and the move away from chemotherapeutants has prompted a new approach to researching areas of host-parasite life histories and using the physiology and behaviour of the parasites to develop novel control methods. Freshwater, with a low ionic concentration can be used to control sea lice and AGD but this may not always be available. Alternative treatments with hydrogen peroxide can prove toxic at the higher summer water temperatures experienced at this latitude. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of using nano-filtered hyposaline water as a non-medicinal method to reduce sea lice (L. salmonis and Caligus elongatus) infestation levels and amoebic gill disease under commercial conditions on an Atlantic salmon farm. To achieve this salmon were bathed in a tarpaulin filled with 5 ppt hyposaline water for 4.5 h and a regime of prophylactic bath treatments put in place to follow the production cycle. The nano-filtration unit consistently produced low saline water and resulted in a significant reduction of sea lice levels and AGD following routine 4.5 h baths. A 4.5 h bioassay of detached salmon lice confirmed both hyposaline and freshwater were equally effective against L. salmonis in the absence of the host.

A Perspective on the Use of Sexed Semen to Reduce the Number of Surplus Male Dairy Calves in Ireland: A Pilot Study.

The production of surplus male offspring illustrates a socioethical concern in the dairy industry. In this article, we highlight the animal health and welfare implications of production outputs for surplus dairy calves, namely veal production, dairy calf to beef production, and euthanasia. Moreover, we present a pilot study focus on exploring the perception of key industry actors within the dairy industry in Ireland regarding the use of sexed semen as a mitigation strategy to reduce the production of surplus male dairy calves. A pilot survey was completed by farmers (n = 6), veterinarians (n = 17), and dairy farm advisors (n = 11). All the veterinarians, 80% of the farmers, and 62% of the advisors believed that the use of sexed semen had a positive influence on herd welfare. All participants identified the same barriers to the implementation of sexed semen: lower conception rate, lower availability, and higher cost. The reviewed literature highlights the importance of tailored communication to support knowledge exchange between stakeholders and key industry actors such as dairy farmers, their veterinarians, and advisors. Research to understand stakeholders' perception is pivotal to address socioethical concerns such as the surplus male dairy calves.

Editorial

i DOI: https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2021.05 Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,Vol. 121, No. 1, i–ii (2021). © Royal Irish Academy Cite as follows: Osborne, B. 2021 Editorial / In this issue. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 2021. DOI: 10.3318/ BIOE.2021.05 EDITORIAL Bruce Osborne Over one year ago the first case of COVID-19 was recorded in Ireland, but I wonder who remembers the actual date?* Also, does anyone remember all the things we thought we knew about COVID19 and how it should be tackled that turned out, in the end, to be either false or at best equivocal? It will only affect the vulnerable; travel is not important for the transmission of the disease; masks do not work; children can act as vectors, etc. I could go on, but I think you get the picture.To the non-cognoscenti this may seem very strange, but scientific opinions can often differ dramatically, even amongst the so-called experts, only reaching some consensus when there is strong supporting evidence for a particular viewpoint. Unfortunately, this is the way that science works.Of course,several (arguably avoidable) mistakes were made but even now, more than one year after the first recorded case, there are still differing views about how we should proceed or should have proceeded.Thankfully , there now seems to be light at the end of the tunnel, but if you asked me one year ago whether we would still be impacted by this virus in 2021 to the extent that we are I, like many other people, I think, would have answered with a resounding ‘no’! During this last year we have experienced several false dawns and, borrowing another, slightly modified and well-worn cliché, we should not be over-confident that we are out of the woods yet! Despite the impacts of COVID-19 I can report another successful year for Biology and Environment, with the publication of three issues, including a special issue based on a selection of papers presented at Ireland’s first National Biodiversity Conference in 2019.We received approximately one hundred submissions in the last year (with a rejection rate >40%), and many of the papers that were finally accepted underwent significant revisions before they were deemed ready for publication. Encouragingly submissions were received from fourteen countries and covered a diverse range of biological and environmental topics;we hope to build on this and to further internationalise the journal. I can also report that we already have a significant portfolio of papers that are being processed for the next two issues of 2021. Finally, I would like to give my annual thanks to both Jonathan Dykes andTrevor Mullins for their invaluable contributions to the production of Biology and Environment in what has turned out to be very challenging times. *29 February 2020 Lake-dwelling brown trout Lake trout populations support an important recreational fishing industry in Ireland, but information on their behaviour and conservation status—including the extent to which they are exploited by anglers—is lacking. Kennedy et al., in this issue, used acoustic telemetry to track several tagged adult brown trout in Lough Erne, Co. Fermanagh. Although the study was complicated by the shedding of tags and the reduced survival of tagged fish, the authors estimated survival rates of 40–70%. Survival was greatest with the larger adults and most of those were found in the northern deeper part of the lake where there was a higher rate of zooplankton productivity. Rather surprisingly, given the size of Lough Erne and the small number of tagged fish used, a significant proportion were captured by anglers, giving a high (>11%) exploitation rate.Whilst several fish entered feeder tributaries to spawn before returning to the lake, this was often short lived, probably due to the high risk of predation in these relatively narrow and shallow streams. Unusually, several tagged fish overwintered in the lake and spawning was presumably associated with suitable gavel habitats where they could lay their eggs. Importantly >40% of the fish that spawned outside the lake did so in one single tributary probably because it contains habitats that are...

China’s asset management industry: mapping the global landscape

Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe the globalization process of China’s asset management industry. Design/methodology/approach This article looks at the globalization of China’s asset management industry from a bilateral perspective. On one hand, it analyzes new measures promulgated in China to expand the opening up of capital markets and attract foreign asset management institutions. On the other hand, it gives an introduction on some advisable choices for Chinese asset management companies to invest overseas. Findings With the promulgation of the Shanghai Guidebook for Overseas Asset Management Institutions among other measures that further liberate China’s financial market, 2020 marks an important era for foreign asset managers. Besides, this article suggests that Luxembourg, Ireland and the UK are ideal European destinations for Chinese asset management companies to invest in. Practical implications This article aims to keep foreign asset managers updated of new rules regarding financial market liberalization in China and help them to expand business in Shanghai. This article also gives a brief introduction on the fund industry in Ireland, Luxembourg and the UK, to give those Chinese asset management companies which are considering overseas investment some inspiration. Originality/value Practical guidance from experienced lawyers in the practice of foreign investment and capital markets.