Industry In France Research Articles

The grape depression

Rural France may now have recovered from the effects of the blight, but it took a longtime. Property crime levels remained high in wine- dependent regions for decades, and the blight lives on in the collective memory, in tales of families uprooted and livelihoods mined. There are many family stories of upheaval a few generations ago, says Bignon. For good and ill, though, the wine returned. Simms focuses on the impact of blight to the economy and grape industry in France, as well as its link on the rise of properties crime than violent crimes. He adds that rural France may now have recovered from the effects of the blight, but it took a longtime. Property crime levels remained high in wine- dependent regions for decades, and the blight lives on in the collective memory, in tales of families uprooted and livelihoods mined.

Eco-innovation in plant breeding: Insights from the sunflower industry

Seeds are a major means for transforming farming systems and thus occupy a prominent place in the transition to more sustainable agriculture. This article analyses the conditions involved in creating and diffusing new plant breeds that have agroecological benefits, called eco-innovation varieties. By combining theories on eco-innovation processes with various scales of analysis, this study makes an original contribution to understanding innovation and transformation dynamics in the seed industry. Drawing on a case study of the sunflower industry in France and in Europe, the findings reveal which factors promote and hinder eco-innovation varieties. The results confirm the positive interactions between technology, regulation, and the market in eco-innovation processes. They also show that economic incentives for companies are insufficient to push them to develop more systemic eco-innovation varieties. Moreover, changes in the mainstream seed company regime, with the increasing internationalization of their strategies, call into question their ability to foster farming practices that promote the environmental benefits of these new varieties.

The Effects of Marketing Mix (4P) on Companies’ Profitability: A Case Study of Automotive Industry in France

The goal of this research is to investigate the impact of marketing mix strategies on companies’ profitability in the automotive industry in France. Therefore we will be able, by establishing the relationship between the efforts of the implementation of marketing mix strategies and their actual outcomes on that specific area, to obtain marketing mix determinants and demonstrate the interaction among related variables. All these will provide a better understanding of the sector and find points where improvements may be necessary. Data used were secondary data and where taken from papers and reports concerning the automotive industry in the world and in France. The product corresponds to the number of models belonging to each car makers which are listed among the 100 favourite vehicles at a given year. The average price of passenger cars by brands is used to estimate the price. The number of primary dealerships in France is used to estimate the place and the advertisement expenditures for the promotion. Findings demonstrate that the product, price and promotion are the most important factors that car makers have to take into account and that place must be carefully investigate before taking decisions.

A bi-objective robust inspection planning model in a multi-stage serial production system

In this paper, we present a bi-objective mixed-integer linear programming (BOMILP) model for planning an inspection process used to detect nonconforming products and malfunctioning processors in a multi-stage serial production system. The model involves two inter-related decisions: (1) which quality characteristics need what kind of inspections (i.e. which-what decision) and (2) when the inspection of these characteristics should be performed (i.e. when decision). These decisions require a trade-off between the cost of manufacturing (i.e. production, inspection and scrap costs) and the customer satisfaction. Due to inevitable variations in manufacturing systems, a global robust BOMILP (RBOMILP) is developed to tackle the inherent uncertainty of the concerned parameters (i.e. production and inspection times, errors type I and II, misadjustment and dispersion of the process). In order to optimally solve the presented RBOMILP model, a meta-heuristic algorithm, namely differential evolution (DE) algorithm, is combined with the Taguchi and Monte Carlo methods. The proposed model and solution algorithm are validated through a real industrial case from a leading automotive industry in France.

Corporate political activity of the dairy industry in France: an analysis of publicly available information.

In the present study, we used a structured approach based on publicly available information to identify the corporate political activity (CPA) strategies of three major actors in the dairy industry in France. We collected publicly available information from the industry, government and other sources over a 6-month period, from March to August 2015. Data collection and analysis were informed by an existing framework for classifying the CPA of the food industry. Setting/Subjects Our study included three major actors in the dairy industry in France: Danone, Lactalis and the Centre National Interprofessionnel de l'Economie Laitière (CNIEL), a trade association. During the period of data collection, the dairy industry employed CPA practices on numerous occasions by using three strategies: the 'information and messaging', the 'constituency building' and the 'policy substitution' strategies. The most common practice was the shaping of evidence in ways that suited the industry. The industry also sought involvement in the community, establishing relationships with public health professionals, academics and the government. Our study shows that the dairy industry used several CPA practices, even during periods when there was no specific policy debate on the role of dairy products in dietary guidelines. The information provided here could inform public health advocates and policy makers and help them ensure that commercial interests of industry do not impede public health policies and programmes.

Mediating role of job stress between work-family conflict, work-leisure conflict, and employees' perception of service quality in the hotel industry in France

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the relationships among work-family conflict (WFC), work-leisure conflict (WLC), job stress, and quality of service. This study examines the mediating role of WLC between WFC and job stress. Also, it tests the mediator effect of job stress between WFC, WLC, and quality of service. Data were collected from employees in interaction with customers (648) in the hotel industry in France. The results indicate that WFC and WLC have a positive influence on job stress. The analyses of indirect effects tests based on a bootstrap analysis (Preacher & Hayes, 2004) showed an indirect effect between WFC and job stress. Similarly, the results demonstrated that job stress mediates the relationship between WFC, WLC, and quality of service. The results of the study provide implications for managing employees in the hospitality and tourism industries.

Contested Tastes: Foie Gras and the Politics of Food. By Michaela DeSoucey. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2016. Pp. xx+270. $29.95.

<i>Contested Tastes: Foie Gras and the Politics of Food</i>. By Michaela DeSoucey. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2016. Pp. xx+270. $29.95.

Varietals of Capitalism: A Political Economy of the Changing Wine Industry. By Xabier Itçaina, Antoine Roger, and Andy Smith. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2016. Pp. v+266. $45.00.

<i>Varietals of Capitalism: A Political Economy of the Changing Wine Industry</i>. By Xabier Itçaina, Antoine Roger, and Andy Smith. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2016. Pp. v+266. $45.00.

The resistible rise of the temporary employment industry in France

This article is an historical account of the contested growth of the temporary employment agency sector in France. It utilises a variegated capitalism conceptual framework to explain the evolution of a distinctive temporary employment agency sector and regulatory environment under French politico-institutional conditions that was contingent upon global developments. The article charts the role of large agencies in constructing a market for agency labour despite wide-scale cultural, political and trade union opposition. In order to build legitimacy, agencies sought partners in the labour movement from the late 1960s onwards. By the late 1990s, the sector had grown significantly within a gradually more permissive regulatory framework, despite ongoing but fragmenting opposition. The article demonstrates that the growth of agency labour was not an inevitable outcome of global pressure for labour market deregulation. It also reveals how national regulatory institutions alone are not a sufficient bulwark against global labour market pressures.

Should I go by bus? The liberalization of the long-distance bus industry in France

The opening up of the French long-distance bus industry is one of the outcomes of the Loi Macron. In this study, we build a unique data set of several representative bus routes and show that the effects of the liberalization have been encouraging in terms of fares, new entry, higher frequency, and higher quality. First, with regard to international routes that used to be under cabotage, we find that relaxing quantitative restrictions has led to the expected results on the Lyon–Torino and Paris–London routes. Second, with regard to domestic routes newly created from the Loi Macron, mostly all procompetitive expected variations in the variables have been observed, except for fares. Indeed, we show that bus operators used an initial aggressive pricing strategy to induce demand for the new services and then increased fares once customers became accustomed with the service.

О государственной политике в сфере туризма и рекреации (в контексте лучших мировых практик)

The article analyzes the world experience in the development and implementation of state policy in the sphere of tourism and recreation. Basic approaches common to all countries with a developed tourism industry have been identified, and priority areas for tourism activities have been formulated by governments of different countries. The measures of regulation and stimulation of development of the tourism industry in France and China are considered. The analysis of the best world practices of state policy in the sphere of tourism and recreation allowed us to draw the following conclusions. Direct borrowing of the best practices of France, China and other countries, which are the headliners in the development of the tourism industry, without the adaptation of appropriate tools to the Russian realities is impossible. It is advisable to consider the following proposals as rather promising: development of research and development in the field of tourism and recreation using marketing technologies; legislative consolidation of the need to develop and implement the state tourist “image” strategy; the creation of foreign offices of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation in foreign markets with the purpose of promoting and marketing the domestic tourist product; development of special regional programs to support entrepreneurship in the field of tourism and recreation.

The International Nuclear Workers Study (Inworks): A Collaborative Epidemiological Study to Improve Knowledge About Health Effects of Protracted Low-Dose Exposure.

INWORKS is a multinational cohort study, gathering 308 297 workers in the nuclear industry in France, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, with detailed individual monitoring data for external exposure to ionising radiation. Over a mean duration of follow-up of 27 y, the number of observed deaths was 66 632, including 17 957 deaths due to solid cancers, 1791 deaths due to haematological cancers and 27 848 deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. Mean individual cumulative external dose over the period 1945-2005 was 25 mSv. Analyses demonstrated a significant association between red bone marrow dose and the risk of leukaemia (excluding chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) and between colon dose and the risk of solid cancers. INWORKS assembled some of the strongest evidence to strengthen the scientific basis for the protection of adults from low dose, low-dose rate, exposures to ionising radiation.

E-commerce and the market structure of the recorded music industry

ABSTRACTIn this article, we study the impact of the development of e-commerce on the concentration of the recorded music industry in France, for the period 2003–2010. First, we find that over the whole period, CD sales, measured at the distributor level, are less concentrated online than offline. Second, we find that sales concentration online has increased between the early period of e-commerce (2003–2006) and the later period (2007–2010).

Histoire de l’industrie pharmaceutique en France : De la liberté à la liberté surveillée (1800 à nos jours)

L’histoire de l’industrie pharmaceutique en France, de 1800 à nos jours, est une histoire étonnante qui démarre réellement au cours du XIXe siècle. Des contraintes de plus en plus nombreuses vont venir contrôler les activités de cette industrie, tant au niveau de la recherche et du développement de nouveaux médicaments que de la commercialisation. Certaines étapes clefs ont marqué cette histoire comme la loi de Germinal (1803) qui sera à l’origine de l’obligation d’un pharmacien responsable dans l’industrie, la guerre de 1914-1918 montrant la nécessité pour l’industrie française de faire de la recherche et du développement en matière de médicament, ou encore la loi de 1941 créant officiellement la spécialité pharmaceutique et un visa pour mettre les produits sur le marché. Le coût croissant des nouveaux traitements va sans doute obliger à repenser le modèle de cette industrie pour permettre au plus grand nombre d’accéder à toutes les innovations pharmaceutiques utiles.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_14_2

“Viles personnes”: the plebeian multitudes in Charles Loyseau’s Traité des ordres

A jurist of a retiring temperament, Charles Loyseau (1566 - 1627) is nonetheless a familiar figure to the modern historian.1 His works have made lasting contributions to legal, political and social history.2 This article aims to shed new light on a neglected corner of his best known work: his Traite des ordres et simples dignitez (1610). My principal quarry here is Loyseau's brief but telling description of France's large plebeian population at the turn of the seventeenth century. The Traite des ordres is often regarded as the most detailed anatomy of France's population in the early 1600s.3 It is usually mined for what it tells us about the social elites of the Ancien Regime - yet it also discloses vital information on perceptions of the other end of the social scale.Loyseau and his views on the lowborn masses constitute a fundamental reference point in modern scholarship on working conditions, labour and industry in France before 1789.4 However, his methods of comparing various sorts of lowly workers have not been rigorously scrutinized. For Loyseau, even the viles personnes,5 society's very basest, could be ranked in a rudimentary sub-hierarchy which, to my knowledge, no one has yet analysed in detail. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to provide such an analysis, and thereby to unearth the subtle variations hitherto overlooked in Loyseau's attitudes towards the different strata of viles personnes he postulates. The viles personnes, I shall argue, occupy a far from insignificant place in the overarching social hierarchy put forward by Loyseau. Each kind of vile personne,we shall see, constitutes a stress point in his system of hierarchical exposition, undermining its conceptual underpinnings.Loyseau's Traite des ordres is the third of his three major treatises. It is a thorough attempt to classify and rank all types of individuals and groups found within each of the basic sociolegal structures of the Ancien Regime: the Church, the Nobility and the Third Estate. Loyseau is primarily concerned with the first two Estates, as he sets about identifying different gradations of dignity exhibited by the powerful (ecclesiastics and nobles). The Third Estate, a vast spectrum consisting of all of France's secular commoners, receives but one chapter. For Loyseau, the heterogeneous commoners of the Third Estate could be ranked, to an extent, according to the relative honneur and dignite of their professional activity - but only as far as merchants. What, then, of the four groups he identifies beneath them? Loyseau has little to say about cultivators, artisans, casual workmen and vagabonds, who together made up large swathes of France's population. At first, it would appear that these four groups constitute little more than a remnant substrate beneath the conceptual threshold of dignity he has established. And yet, these viles personnes were not to be omitted from his ranking enterprise, which required there to be a demonstrable Ordre en toutes choses.6 Cultivators, artisans, casual workmen and beggars could not simply be lumped together as one homogeneous mass. For Loyseau, all of these groups except beggars made meaningful (if mostly menial) contributions to society as a whole. Nevertheless, the task of evaluation proved far from straightforward. A close scrutiny of each group shows that Loyseau's text pulls curiously in different directions, sometimes towards a positive evaluation of plebeian workmanship, but rarely without reservations and suspicion. To be properly understood, these shifts in perspective require careful contextualization vis-a-vis the intellectual climate and tradition in which Loyseau was writing.7 As we shall see, his views were not entirely shared by other early seventeenth-century commentators.1. Viles personnes: initial considerationsBefore looking in detail at the four constituent groups of viles personnes identified by Loyseau, we should reflect on the category itself, its origins and its positioning in the overarching conceptual system that informs the Traite des ordres. …

The Atomic City: Military Tourism and Urban Identity in Postwar Hiroshima

The Atomic City:Military Tourism and Urban Identity in Postwar Hiroshima Ran Zwigenberg (bio) When the first American troops entered Hiroshima in September 1945, they did so in full battle gear with drawn bayonets.1 Neither Americans nor Japanese knew what to expect from these first encounters in Hiroshima’s nuclear wasteland. Residents feared Americans would rape and pillage their town. Women were told not to wear flashy clothes, men not to wear watches. Some even escaped to the countryside.2 One of the first actions taken by Hiroshima’s police and military was, as in other parts of Japan, to set up official “comfort stations” for the Americans in order to prevent “misunderstandings” and protect the virtue of Hiroshima’s women.3 Far from being a site of further conflict, however, Hiroshima soon became a tourist site. In the months after these first encounters, guns were quickly replaced with cameras as a small but steady stream of military personnel started to descend on the destroyed city. The first thing that many occupation soldiers in the area did was “to borrow jeeps and go there,” and many from farther afield regularly stopped at the city.4 The move from bayonets to cameras paralleled a remarkable “U-turn” in US military attitudes toward Japan. Soldiers who were told to expect a vengeful and treacherous foe were now told to show a friendly face and act as “unofficial ambassadors of the United States” and as “the salesm[e]n of democracy.”5 Military tourism in Hiroshima, as in all of occupied Japan, was seen as a tool in transforming Japan from a bitter foe into a trusted ally and a democratic “peace nation” (heiwa kokka).6 Although Japan’s turn to pacifism had genuine popular support, there existed clear power dynamics behind such benign rhetoric. The occupation, to use John Dower’s words, was “the last immodest exercise in the colonial conceit known as the white man’s burden.”7 In many ways, Hiroshima tourism was reminiscent of colonial sightseeing and the historically familiar exercise of Westerners’ power and privilege over conquered and colonized Asians. Such attitudes often dovetailed with triumphant narratives about the bomb’s power and America’s scientific prowess. Calling the city “A-bomb Hiroshima,” as the city was designated in early publications, “ironically [End Page 617] confirmed the view that world peace was to be produced and maintained by menacing military force and technological mastery.”8 Significantly, however, the occupation’s mission of transforming Japan was embraced by the local authorities in Hiroshima, as both Americans and Japanese sought to regulate and benefit from tourism to the city. Tourism, this essay argues, played an important role in a joint US-Japanese campaign to reinterpret Hiroshima’s tragedy along lines acceptable to the emerging American Cold War agenda. Hiroshima’s huge symbolic importance made narrating and interpreting the site an imperative for both local elites and the occupation authorities. Hiroshima, once a city that prided itself on its unique relationship to the Japanese Empire and military, was now presented in postwar publications as a born-again city of peace. The tourism industry in Hiroshima reflected and affirmed these shared narratives. Like the tourist industry in France, examined by Christopher Endy, tourism in Hiroshima became a tool of “Cold War consumer diplomacy.”9 However, the peculiarities of encouraging tourism in Hiroshima, a site of mass death perpetrated by the United States—now Japan’s Cold War ally—made this mission fraught with difficulties.10 These difficulties were further complicated by the very different attitudes displayed by the military and other Allied personnel who visited the city. Hiroshima was experienced very differently “from below,” by GIs of different backgrounds who had their own ideas and impressions of Hiroshima. Positive and upbeat narratives of reconciliation and hope did not square with the shock of these GIs who encountered Hiroshima for the first time or, on the other hand, with GIs’ shameless hunting for atomic souvenirs and lingering hostility toward the Japanese. The gap between tourist narratives and experiences, as well as the many inconsistencies and contradictions between different guides, this essay argues, reveals the ambiguities inherent in A-bomb tourism and the...

Does biotechnological innovation require organizational innovation? Learning from the cattle breeding industry in France

Genomic innovation can give rise to many uncertainties. New uncertainties induced by genomic innovation change the room to maneuver and upset actor's behaviors, disrupting individual and collective strategies. A French case study shows that the new operational and organizational strategies have to upscale and pool some resources, and at the same time, enable competition and entrepreneurial freedom. Genomic innovation gives rise to new strategies and to organizational innovations, pointing to the need for regulatory innovation.

Analysis of the importance of structural change in non-energy intensive industry for prospective modelling: The French case

A large number of studies have been conducted on the contribution of technological progress and structural change to the evolution of aggregate energy intensity in the industrial sector. However, no analyses have been done to examine theses changes in the non-energy intensive industry in France. We analyzed their importance in French industry with respect to their energy intensity, energy costs, value added, labour and the diffusion of production sites by using data at the 3-digit level with 236 sectors. Using a new decomposition method that gives no residual, this paper attempted to examine, over 10 years from 1996 to 2005, the changes that occurred in an area that has been neglected in energy analysis. We found that structural change had an overwhelming effect on the decline of aggregate energy intensity. Furthermore, we found that the higher the level of sector disaggregation, the more significant the changes that can be attributed to structural change, due to the homogeneity of this industrial group. The results of our study show that it is important to take into account the effects of structural change in “bottom-up” modelling exercises so as to improve the accuracy of energy demand forecasting for policy-makers and scientists.

To be or not to be franchised? A knowledge-based perspective

This paper investigates the rationale for choosing franchising rather than independent activity, arguing that this choice may be motivated by knowledge and competence considerations. We consider the franchise chain as a specific learning organizational form and explore whether this structure handles knowledge and builds competences according to an idiosyncratic pattern. Concretely, we empirically identify differences in the architecture of competences of franchised vs independent shops in the car maintenance industry in France, and analyse some causes for those differences. Thanks to in depth interviews coupled with lexical and quantitative analyses we find that franchised shops do master specific competences. However, the distinctive competences held by franchisees do not necessarily reflect franchisors’ knowledge, and are not exclusively the consequences of a shared identity in the franchise chain. We conclude that the development of franchise cannot be explained by competence-related arguments only, knowledge and competences being managed in distinctive ways within different franchising networks.

Heat recovery using heat pumps in non-energy intensive industry: Are Energy Saving Certificates a solution for the food and drink industry in France?

Saving energy is crucial for all sectors following the new framework presented by the European Commission to drive continued progress towards a low-carbon economy. Many studies focus on the residential sector, transport and energy-intensive industries, but there is a lack of tools to help decision makers in non-energy intensive industry (NEI). This paper presents the first bottom-up energy model developed for this sector. This prospective modeling enables us to analyze the impact of heat recovery using heat pumps (HP) in industrial processes up to 2020 in the French food and drink industry (F&D), the biggest NEI sector. The technology has high potential in this sector and may be eligible for Energy Saving Certificates. Our model determines the differentiated cost for energy savings in response to incentive policies under the ESC mechanism at a 4-digit level of NACE classification. Sensitivity analyses also show how gas prices and electricity carbon footprints impact on HP penetration. Our study of this particular sector shows that the model could be a useful decision-making tool for assessing potential energy savings and could be extended to other sectors of NEI industry for more efficient subsectoral screening.