Industrial Effluents Research Articles

Exploring Trichoderma Species in Industrial Wastewater: Morphological and Molecular Insights from Isolates.

The genus Trichoderma holds economic significance due to its widespread distribution and diverse applications, including biological control, enzyme production, and various biotechnological uses. The accurate identification of Trichoderma species is crucial given their close association with human activities. Despite previous efforts in classification, a comprehensive analysis combining morphological and molecular approaches is necessary. This study focuses on the isolation of four Trichoderma species from industrial wastewater in Pakistan, expanding on the known diversity in the region; isolation involved collecting samples from industrial wastewater effluents at specific sites in Punjab, Pakistan. Trichoderma strains were cultured and purified on solid media, with subsequent biomass production for bisorptional activity. Morphological characterization included colony features and microscopic examinations. DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were conducted for molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm. The study identified three Trichoderma species, viz. T. citrinoviride, T. erinaceum, and T. longibrachiatum. Each species was characterized morphologically and supported by molecular-phylogenetic analysis. Illustrations of microscopic features and a phylogenetic tree based on the ITS-nrDNA region were recorded. T. citrinoviride and T. longibrachiatum, isolated from steel mill and tanneries wastewater, respectively, were differentiated based on morphological characteristics such as phialides and conidia. The combination of morphological and molecular techniques enhances the accuracy of species identification. The study highlights the significance of Trichoderma in industrial wastewater environments and underscores the need for continued research in this area. Future research should focus on exploring the ecological roles and potential applications of the newly identified Trichoderma species. Additionally, further investigations into the biotechnological potential of these species, including enzyme production and bioremediation capabilities, would contribute to their practical applications.

Bioremediation of textile effluent using indigenous microbes

The escalating demand for clean water due to rapid industrialization underscores the urgency for effective wastewater treatment. Synthetic organic dyes, extensively used in the textile industry, pose a significant environmental threat when discharged into aquatic ecosystems. Addressing this challenge necessitates the development of sustainable methods for degrading hazardous dyes. Bioremediation emerge as a promising approach to mitigate their impact. In this study, three dye-decolorizing bacteria were isolated from textile industry effluent using selective enrichment culture. Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Micrococcus roseus (M. roseus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were identified as potential isolates. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed P. aeruginosa to exhibit the highest decolorization efficiency (99.09 %), followed by B. cereus (85.63 %), M. roseus (80.22 %), and a mixed culture of the three isolates (78.36 %) at 37 °C. Bioremediation efficacy was confirmed under optimized conditions (0.1 % glucose, 0.05 % yeast extract, pH 7.0, and 35 °C), with physiochemical analyses of textile effluent supporting the process. These indigenous bacteria hold promise for constructing cost-effective biological systems to treat textile effluent, offering insights into effective wastewater bioremediation strategies. Exploring the monoculture and consortia of three bacterial strains on dye degradation.

Mo@Ni-MOF nanocomposite: A promising photocatalyst for photodegradation of Methylene blue

This study investigates the efficacy of pure Ni-MOF and Mo@Ni-MOF composite, synthesized via solvothermal approach as photocatalysts for the degradation of Methylene blue (MB) dye. The characterization techniques including XRD, SEM and EDX disclose that Ni-MOF and Mo@Ni-MOF exhibit high crystallinity, uniform grain morphology, and exceptional purity. The reduced band gap values from1.96 to 1.83 eV revealed that Mo@Ni-MOF has the potential to suppress the recombination of photoinduced charges to enhance the photocatalytic activity. It is found that introduction of Mo into Ni-MOF resulted in a superior dye degradation efficiency of 84 %, as compared to pure Ni-MOF (68 %). The reaction follows pseudo first-order kinetics with a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.95864). The reactive oxygen species analysis identifies superoxide anion radicals as the primary contributors of dye degradation. Furthermore, reusability analysis confirms photocatalytic efficiency with no significant decrease observed even after four successive runs. Overall, Mo@Ni-MOF emerges as a promising and recyclable photocatalyst for the efficient removal of MB dye from industrial effluents.

Novel Crosslinked Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Thermally Cured Epoxy Resin: Synthesis, Structure and Mechanical and Ion Transport Properties.

Limitations in existing anion exchange membranes deter their use in the efficient treatment of industrial wastewater effluent. This work presents an approach to fabricating novel anion-conducting membranes using epoxy resin monomers like hydrophobic or hydrophilic diglycidyl ether and quaternized polyethyleneimine (PEI). Manipulating the diglycidyl ether nature, the quantitative composition of the copolymer and the conditions of quaternization allows control of the physicochemical properties of the membranes, including water uptake (20.0-330%), ion exchange capacity (1.5-3.7 mmol/g), ionic conductivity (0.2-17 mS/cm in the Cl form at 20 °C), potentiostatic transport numbers (75-97%), as well as mechanical properties. A relationship was established between copolymer structure and conductivity/selectivity trade-off. The higher the quaternized polyethyleneimine, diluent fraction, and hydrophilicity of diglycidyl ether, the higher the conductivity and the lower the permselectivity. Hydrophobic diglycidyl ether gives a much better conductivity/selectivity ratio since it provides a lower degree of hydration than hydrophilic diglycidyl ether. Different mesh and non-woven reinforcing materials were also examined. The developed membranes demonstrate good stability in both neutral and acidic environments, and their benchmark characteristics in laboratory electrodialysis cells and batch-mode dialysis experiments are similar to or superior to, commercial membranes such as Neosepta© AMX, FujiFilm© Type1, and Fumasep FAD-PET.

Combined use of ecotoxicity tools and physicochemical analysis for evaluating potential toxicity of treated natural rubber processing effluents and receiving waters.

Potential toxicity of treated effluents of selected natural rubber processing industries was evaluated by integrating physicochemical analysis with Daphnia magna and Poecilia reticulata bioassays as ecotoxicity tools. Further, the efficacy of the constructed wetland treatments practiced by the industries for reducing the ecotoxicity of the final effluents reaching the receiving water course was assessed. Even after passing through the constructed wetlands, some of the measured physicochemical parameters of the final effluents did not comply with the stipulated rubber processing effluent regulatory limits. Acute toxicity data of treated effluents demonstrated greater susceptibility of D. magna compared to P. reticulata. Erythrocytic abnormality tests with P. reticulata revealed that rubber industry effluents contained cytogenotoxic contaminations which had not been completely eliminated by the treatment processes. Wetland treatment technique was not effective in reducing the cytogenotoxic effects of final effluents reaching the receiving water course. The use of ecotoxicity tools for optimization of rubber industry effluent treatment processes would help to reduce potential toxic/cytogenotoxic effects of effluent receiving waterbodies considering sustainable development goals focusing on ecosystem safety.

Mathematical Evaluation of Direct and Inverse Problem Applied in Breakthrough Models of Metal Adsorption

The treatment of industrial effluents has great environmental and human health importance. The purification of water from polluting components, such as metals and organic compounds, can be considered one of the main applications in this field, with adsorption being one of the main treatment methods. Therefore, with the objective of describing the dynamics of the process in an adsorption column and estimating the parameters involved, in this work, an algorithm for the Method of Lines (MOL) was used in order to numerically solve the model formed by the mass balance in liquid phase, the linear driving force equation (LDF), and the Langmuir isotherm for equilibrium. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of the phenomenon was carried out in relation to the parameters and a subsequent estimation of these was made through the Monte Carlo technique via the Markov chain (MCMC). The validation algorithm was created using data from actual breakthrough curves found in the literature. The experimental data were obtained from the literature for the adsorption of Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), and Chrome (Cr) ions. Among all the estimates, the one that had the lowest adjustment to the data was that related to zinc metal, which had an R2 equal to 0.8984. For the other metals, the correlation coefficient had a value closer to unity. This demonstrates that, in general, the estimates were good enough to represent the dynamics of adsorption.

Hybrid Industrial Wastewater Treatment Using a Sono‐Alternating Current‐Electrocoagulation Technique with Power Usage Estimation

AbstractDistillery industrial wastewater (DIW) was tested for color and COD removal percentages using an electrochemical and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Specifically, the study compared direct/alternating–current–electrocoagulation (DC‐EC/AC‐EC), sono (US), and direct/alternating current–electrocoagulation coupled with sono (US) (DC‐EC/US and AC‐EC/US) processes. Also evaluated were the effects of these procedures on the power needed to treat DIW. Experimental results showed that compared to single processes such as DC‐EC, AC‐EC, US, hybrid DC‐EC/US, and the hybrid AC‐EC/US process achieved a total color elimination efficiency of 100 % and a COD elimination efficiency of 100 % while using a lower power consumption of 4.76 kWhrm−3. The effects of important operational factors such treatment duration, cycle of pulse duty, sonication power, current density, chemical oxygen demand, electrode spacing, electrode pairing, pH, concentration of electrolyte on the % removal of COD and power usage of DIW were investigated using hybrid AC‐EC/US process. When using a Fe/Fe electrode combination, the effectiveness of COD removal was shown to be enhanced by increasing the treatment duration, current, US power, and decreasing the COD concentration, electrode spacing. The study also provided the results of an investigation into the synergistic index between AC‐EC and US process and operational cost. Based on its ability to efficiently and effectively remove contaminants from wastewater and industrial effluent, the AC‐EC/US approach stands out among the other methods.

Elaboration of an innovative plant biomaterial for its valorization in the treatment of wastewater

The global scientific community is deeply concerned about the deterioration of water quality resulting from the release of industrial effluents. This issue is of utmost importance as it serves to safeguard the environment and combat water pollution. The objective of this work is to elaborate a biomaterial of vegetable origin, based on the twigs of Aleppo pine, and to use it as an abundant and less expensive material for the treatment of wastewater. For this reason, the twigs were treated physically to get the powder called biomaterial FPA (Aleppo pine fiber), which was characterized by physicochemical, and spectroscopic analyses namely scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystallinity index of FPA was evaluated by the peak height method. The findings indicate that the FPA powder has an acidic nature, exhibiting a porous structure that promotes the adsorption and binding of molecules. Additionally, it has a zero charge point of 5.8 and a specific surface area of 384 m2.g−1. It is primarily composed of hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amine functional groups, along with mineral compounds and organic compounds, including cellulose and other mineral elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, P, Al, K, Ni, and Mo. Combining these characteristics, FPA biomaterial has considerable potential for use as an effective adsorbent biomaterial for various wastewater pollutants. Its abundance and relatively low cost make it an attractive solution to the growing challenges of water pollution worldwide.Graphical

Design and fabrication of magnetic cross-linked laccase aggregate using superparamagnetic metal-organic frameworks for phenol removal

Phenolic pollutants represent a significant environmental concern due to their widespread presence in industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and urban waste streams. Enzymatic bioremediation emerges as a promising approach for the efficient removal of phenolic pollutants from contaminated environments. Laccases exhibit remarkable catalytic capabilities in degrading phenolic compounds into less harmful or even inert products. In this study, magnetic cross-linked laccase aggregate was prepared using superparamagnetic metal-organic frameworks and then was applied for phenol removal. The obtained results showed that the magnetic cross-linked laccase aggregate retains its activity across a broad pH range. Interestingly, (NH4)2SO4 exhibited a positive influence on enzyme activity, resulting in a relative activity of 137.7 %. The findings suggest that an optimal concentration range of 0.4–0.8 % can achieve maximum enzyme activity while avoiding potential negative impacts associated with excessive cross-linking. Optimal pH and temperature conditions were identified for enhanced phenol removal efficiency as pH 4.5 and 45℃, respectively. The investigation revealed the remarkable reusability of the cross-linked enzyme over multiple cycles. Harnessing the power of enzymes for phenolic pollutant remediation holds immense promise for mitigating environmental pollution and safeguarding public health.

Bioremediation of Industrial Wastewater Using Hydroponics Planted with Vetiver

In the modern era, industrialization in developing countries like Bangladesh has significantly polluted groundwater systems. Tannery industry effluent is a major source of water pollution. This study focuses on removing heavy metals, specifically lead, and reducing key physicochemical parameters including pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) from tannery wastewater utilizing the phytoremediation potential of Vetiveria zizanioides. The experiment was conducted by hydroponic technique, evaluating the effects of treatment time. Results showed significant pollutant removal efficiencies after 45 days of treatment were pH (24.82%), EC (36.74%), BOD5 (87.07%), COD (84.89%), TSS (84.02%), TDS (73.39%), and Lead (66.13%). Vetiver revealed strong growth and a 95% survival rate. Post-treatment pollutant levels were found to be in compliance with WHO standards, suggesting that vetiver hydroponic bioremediation is a sustainable and environmentally friendly method that presents a viable option for treating wastewater in developing countries like Bangladesh.

Synergistic effect of Sonophotocatalytic degradation of crystal violet and alizarin red S dyes using Ag-doped ZnSnO3 nanoparticles

This study proposes an environmentally conventional sonophotocatalytic method that uses silver (Ag)-doped ZnSnO3 nanoparticles (NPs) to effectively eliminate industrial dye-polluted wastewater. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the Ag doping ratio of the synthesized ZnSnO3 NPs on the removal of dye molecules. We used crystal violet (CV) and alizarin red S (AR) dyes as test pollutants to examine the catalytic activity of the synthesized Ag-doped ZnSnO3 NPs in response to the ultrasound and visible light stimulation. The most effective photocatalytic performance was exhibited by 4 % Ag-ZnSnO3 NPs, which degraded 95 % of the CV and 52 % of the AR dye in 100 min. Surprisingly, using sonophotodegradation to combine ultrasound with visible-light irradiation has resulted in almost complete degradation of the CV dye in 100 min, demonstrating a strong beneficial synergy between the sonocatalytic and photocatalytic processes. Additionally, the sonophotocatalytic degradation of the CV and AR dyes was examined at various pH values. It shows to have high stability across several cycles of dye treatment, indicating that this method can be used for industrial effluents. Scavenger tests demonstrated that the primary active species in the dye degradation is O2•−. Ultimately, the prepared Ag-ZnSnO3 NPs and sonophotocatalytic processes may offer a promising path toward a variety of environmental uses, including the remediation of water and the removal of other organic contaminants.

Can bacteria and carbon-based nanomaterials revolutionize nanoremediation strategies for industrial effluents?

In this study, we delved into cutting-edge strategies for the effective management of wastewater, a critical issue exacerbated by industrial pollution and urban expansion. We introduce the use of carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs), either alone or functionalized with bacteria, as a novel nanobiotechnological solution for urgent nanobioremediation needs. This technique is notable for its exceptional ability to remove various industrial pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides, textiles, and dyes, emphasizing the pivotal role of CBNs. The development of bionanocomposites through the integration of CBNs with bacteria represents a significant advancement in enhancing bioremediation efforts. In this study, we assessed the potential health and environmental risks associated with CBN usage while offering an in-depth evaluation of the adsorption mechanisms and factors influencing bioremediation effectiveness. Furthermore, the improved efficiency in treating industrial effluents facilitated by bionanocomposites was investigated, and their alignment with circular economy principles through recyclability is discussed. We aimed to provide, a detailed overview of recent advancements, challenges, and prospects for CBNs and bacterial application in sophisticated wastewater treatment, underscoring their vital importance in promoting the environment.

Myco-remediation of synthetic dyes: a comprehensive review on contaminant alleviation mechanism, kinetic study and toxicity analysis

AbstractA strong economic foundation can be achieved by the growth of a number of businesses, including food, paper, clothes, leather, and textiles. However, because of improper waste management, industrialization and modernization have resulted in the massive disposal of water effluent laden with harmful substances like dyes and heavy metals, which has negatively impacted the ecosystem. A new green technology called myco-remediation has emerged to battle harmful toxins while promoting sustainable development effectively and economically. This review employed enzymatic degradation, biosorption, and their influencing parameters for optimization in order to highlight the invaluable potential of fungal bioremediation for dye degradation. Current perspectives on enzyme immobilization techniques and kinetic studies of dye removal have been reviewed, which can aid in the selection of quick and effective removal processes. This research offers new insight into a criterion that is often overlooked in favor of dye decolorization efficiency: the toxicity assessment of pure dye and post-process metabolites produced following myco-remediation. Our attention has been directed towards toxicity analysis at many levels, including genotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and zoo-toxicity. This is important to keep in mind when considering the extensive implications of myco-remediation for the recycling and reuse of industrial effluent. Enzyme engineering and omics technologies have been highlighted as potential future developments.

Effective dye detoxification by Cassia fistula flower extract- powered photocatalytic nanocomposite, SnO2:Mo/rGO and phytotoxicity evaluation of treated water using cowpea seeds

As industrial effluents consisting of toxic organic dye molecules cause severe harms to humans and damages to the environment, the detoxification of industrial waste water becomes one of the priority areas to be considered by countries all over the world. In this context, the present study is focused on the synthesis of an eco-friendly nanocomposite SnO2:Mo/rGO to photo-catalytically detoxify dye effluents. The detoxifying efficiency of this photocatalytic nanocomposite prepared using the flower extract of Cassia fistula was examined by decomposing methylene blue (cationic-MB) and rose bengal (anionic-RB) dyes. The nanocomposite is found to be superior compared to its constituents (SnO2:Mo and rGO) for both MB (99 %) and RB (98 %) dyes. After treatment, the water was examined for its non-toxicity by supplying it for seed germination process using Cowpea seeds (Vigna unguiculata). The seed germination results clearly reveal that near complete detoxification of dye solution is achieved, when SnO2:Mo/rGO nanocomposite is used as photocatalyst. Thus, the SnO2:Mo/rGO nanocomposite synthesized using Cassia fistula flower extract can be considered as a potential photocatalyst for commercial dye detoxification processes.

Experimental Study on the Removal of Toluene from Water by PTFE Hydrophobic Microporous Membrane Using Air Gap Membrane Distillation Process

Toluene is used for various purposes such as a cleansing agent, paint thinner, lacquers, printing, and leather tanning process. However, it has an adverse effect on human bodies, such as skin irritation, leukemia, respiratory issues, mutagenicity, etc, when the chemical gets mixed in drinking and rainwater by the above routes. Therefore, there is a threat to the environment and society because of the presence of toluene in water bodies through industrial effluent. Henceforth, in this study, toluene is separated from water using the air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) process. The hydrophobic microporous poly-tetra- fluoro-ethylene has been employed for this purpose. Primarily, this work focussed on the study of operating parameters such as feed solution temperature and coolant temperature on the AGMD performance namely permeate flux and toluene selectivity. It was observed that the permeate flux increased exponentially from 2.07 kg/m2h to 9.23 kg/m2h, and 0.94 kg/m2h to 3.53 kg/m2h. However, it was found that the permeate flux decreased from 9.48 kg/m2h to 8.12 kg/m2h, and 3.78 kg/m2h to 2.42 kg/m2h on increasing the coolant temperature from 5°C to 25°C at 3 mm and 11 mm air gap, respectively. The membrane selectivity was found to be less than 1, which signifies the efficient toluene-water separation. In order to study the membrane performance in the long run, the permeate flux was estimated continuously till 60 h wherein the estimated flux was found to be almost constant. The membrane morphology before and after the 60 h experimental run was analysed using capture FE-SEM micrographs. The toluene concentration was estimated using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 264 nm.

The Scenario of Groundwater Pollution after Implementation of Zero Liquid Discharge: An Agricultural Economic Perspective

Groundwater pollution is hard to remediate in the Noyyal river region even after the implementation of Zero Liquid Discharge process. Hence, to study the status and extent of groundwater pollution in the Noyyal river region, Tiruppur district of Tamil Nadu was purposively selected and classified into 3 regions based on the distance from the river and 120 farms were selected. Tools of analysis viz., Cost benefit analysis, Resource use efficiency and decomposition analysis were undertaken to study the status of groundwater pollution and its effect on agriculture. The results showed that intensity and severity of pollution is high in the region closer to Noyyal river (less than 1 km). Income from agriculture is also low in that region due to the use of polluted groundwater for irrigation. The study revealed that Zero Liquid Discharge ensures stoppage of industrial effluents into the river and hence, river pollution is stopped. Similarly, a suitable policy is required to revamp groundwater. Hence, the suggested policy includes water storage structures like tanks, lakes, ponds etc are to be used for groundwater recharge purpose alone.

Application of Choline Chloride - Ethylene Glycol Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Extraction of Monocylclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contaminants from Soil

Abstract Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) are among environmental pollutants that are considered among chemicals of concern. They are often found in industrial effluents, which when discharged into farmlands end up contaminating the soils. Such happenings warrant the remediation of the soil for environmental sustainability. Solvent extraction, prominent among the techniques employed for this remediation, is limited by the type of solvent used, as volatile organic solvents end up producing secondary pollutants. Various kinds of green solvents like Ionic Liquids (ILs) and Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have been used in this technique as replacements for the conventional ones. In this study, DES made from choline chloride and ethylene glycol in the ratio of 1:2 was synthesized, characterized and used for the remediation of soils contaminated with monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX). Response surface methodology was employed to model and optimize the extraction process. Extraction efficiencies of 76.25, 79.04, 81.93 and 78.66% were obtained for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in a single stage extraction at optimum condition of 45 minutes, 0.841 and 440 rpm for extraction time, solvent mass fraction and mixing rate respectively. Further studies on the solvent regeneration and reuse were conducted. The findings showed that the solvent has capacity to perform effectively in two (2) successive extraction cycles without regeneration, and can undergo up to five (5) cycles upon regeneration without significant loss in its extracting ability. These studies show the possibility of remediating soils contaminated with BTEX using DES under mild extraction conditions.

Evaluation of resistance patterns and bioremoval efficiency of hydrocarbons and heavy metals by the mycobiome of petroleum refining wastewater in Jazan with assessment of molecular typing and cytotoxicity of Scedosporium apiospermum JAZ-20

Jazan Industrial Economic City (JIEC) is located on the Red Sea coast in the province of Jazan, southwest of Saudi Arabia anchors diverse heavy and secondary industries in the energy, water desalination, petroleum, aluminum, copper, refineries, pharmaceuticals and food manufacturing fields. These various industries generate a large quantity of industrial wastewaters containing various toxicants. The present work represents ecologically beneficial alternatives for the advancement of environmental biotechnology, which could help mitigate the adverse impacts of environmental pollution resulting from petroleum refining effluents. The mycobiome (32 fungal strains) isolated from the industrial wastewater of the refinery sector in Jazan were belonged to five fungal genera including Fusarium, Verticillium, Purpureocillium, Clavispora and Scedosporium with a distribution percentage of 31.25, 21.88, 15.63, 12.50 and 18.75 %, respectively.These isolates showed multimetals tolerance and bioremoval efficiency against a large number of heavy metals (Fe2+, Ni2+, Cr6+, Zn2+, As3+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Ag+ and Hg2+) along with potent bioremediation activity toward crude oil and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Interestingly, the mycobiome resistance patterns obtained against different classes of fungal antibiotics including azole (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole and ketoconazole), echinocandin (anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin) and polyene (amphotericin B) drugs proved the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among the mycobiome of refinery industry in Saudi Arabia is relatively low. The fungal isolate under isolation code JAZ-20 showed the highest bioremoval efficiency against heavy metals (90.8–100.0 %), crude oil (89.50 %), naphthalene (96.7 %), phenanthrene (92.52 %), fluoranthene (100.0 %), anthracene (90.34 %), pyrene (85.60 %) and chrysene (83.4 %). It showed the highest bioremoval capacity ranging from 85.72 % to 100.0 % against numerous pollutants found in a wide array of industrial effluents, including diclofenac, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, bisphenol, bleomycin, vincristine, dicofol, methyl parathion, atrazine, diuron, dieldrin, chlorpyrifos, profenofos and phenanthrene. The isolate JAZ-20 was chosen for molecular typing, cytotoxicity assessment, analysis of volatile compounds and optimization investigations. Based on phenotypic, biochemical and phylogenetic analysis, strain JAZ-20 identified as Scedosporium apiospermum JAZ-20. This strain is newly discovered in industrial effluents in Saudi Arabia. Fungal strain JAZ-20 consistently produced various types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. the main fatty acids were C14:0 (1.95 %), iso-C14:0 (2.98 %), anteiso-C14:0 (2.13 %), iso-C15:0 (9.16 %), anteiso-C15:0 (11.75 %), C15:0 (7.42 %), C15:1 (2.37 %), anteiso-C16:0 (3.4 %), C16:0 (10.3 %), iso-C16:0 (9.5 %), C17:1 (1.36 %), anteiso-C17:1 (8.64 %), iso-C18:0 (11.0 %), C18:0 (3.63 %), anteiso-C19:0 (3.78 %), anteiso-C20:0 (2.0 %), iso-C21:0 (2.44 %), C23:0 (1.15 %), and C24:0 (2.17 %). These fatty acids serve as natural and eco-friendly antifungal agents, promoting fungal resistance and inhibiting the production of mycotoxins in the environment. Despite being an environmental isolate, its cytotoxicity was assessed against both normal and cancerous human cell lines. The IC50 values of JAZ-20 extract were 8.92, 10.41, 20.0, 16.5, and 40.0 μg/mL against WI38, MRC5, MCF10A, HEK293 and HDFs normal cells and 43.26, 33.75, and 40.0 μg/mL against liver (HepG2), breast (A549) and cervix (HeLa) cancers, respectively. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), analysis the extract of S. apiospermum JAZ-20 showed 47 known volatile compounds (VOCs) for varied and significant biological activities. Enhancing the bioremoval efficiency of heavy metals from actual refining wastewater involves optimizing process parameters. The parameters optimized were the contact time, the fungal biomass dosage, pH, temperature and agitation rate.

Assessment of visible light sensitive La-doped BiOBr/ZnO for the effective degradation of malachite green dye

Environmental scientists across the globe are actively focused on developing novel materials to remove hazardous wastes from aqueous environments. Among the several methods available, photocatalysis stands out as a very efficient and environmentally beneficial process for removing organic dyes from wastewater. The present work involved the successful fabrication of lanthanum-doped bismuth oxy bromide/zinc oxide (La-doped BiOBr/ZnO, LBZ) as a photocatalyst through a facile hydrothermal technique. The synthesized LBZ composite exhibited enhanced photocatalytic degradation efficiency towards the malachite green (MG) dye molecules under visible light. The synthesized materials were characterized by different analytical techniques like FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS, LC-MS, UV–Vis DRS, PL spectra, and mapping analysis, respectively. Various contributing factors, including irradiation time, solution pH, catalyst dosage, and initial dye concentration, were optimized using the batch mode for the maximum efficiency of the prepared catalyst. The prepared LBZ exhibited a bandgap energy of 2.78 eV as determined through UV–Vis DRS analysis. Among the prepared series of catalysts, the LBZ composite could degrade 99 % MG with a minimum irradiation time of 50 min under visible light irradiation. The involvement of h+ and O2− radicals proved to be significant during the degradation process of MG. Additionally, a proposed mechanism for the effective degradation of the photocatalytic degradation of MG was discussed, and successfully identified the mechanism pathway of MG was by employing LC-MS analysis. This investigation highlights the potential of prepared LBZ composite as an effective photocatalyst for removing toxic dye molecules commonly present in industrial effluents.

A Novel Coal-Associated Soil as an Effective Adsorbent for Reactive Blue Dye Removal

The project aims to remove reactive blue dye from the effluent of textile industries by utilizing coal-associated soil as an adsorbent, as it possesses effective physical properties and distinguishing characteristics. In comparison to other separation techniques, the adsorption method is the most effective, cost-effective, and straightforward. A batch adsorption investigation was carried out to examine the various adsorption-influencing factors, including solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature, and dye concentration. Contact time of 30 min, an adsorbent dosage of 10g.100 mL-1, a solution pH of 7, a temperature of 30°C, and an initial dye concentration of 100 mg.L-1 were found to be optimal for dye adsorption. Using two distinct kinetic models, the evaluation of kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order provided the greatest fit, with a higher R2 value than the pseudo-first-order. The thermodynamic parameters Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), entropy (ΔS°), and enthalpy (ΔH°) indicated that the current adsorption system was exothermic and spontaneous. Further study of the adsorption isotherm revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit, with an R2 value of 0.977%.