Industrial Waste Treatment Research Articles

Industrial Waste Pretreatment Approach for 3D Printing of Sustainable Building Materials

The large volume of industrial by-products and wastes from the construction, timber and paper industries has become a serious challenge worldwide. Recycling these industrial wastes as functional materials in the construction industry is an efficient approach for sustainable development. This study presents a pretreatment approach for recycling construction and demolition waste (CDW) and industrial side-streams (such as green liquor sludge, fiber waste, flotation sand and fly ash) in order to produce a geopolymer for the 3D printing of construction materials. A treatment approach was developed for screening the residues from CDW with a maximum size of 16 mm and for a combined line treatment for industrial side streams. The treatment processes utilized suitable and economical separation techniques for the recycling of waste materials. The crushing of the screened residues resulted in a homogeneous material size that facilitates the separation of mixed wastes and simplifies the classification of materials. The combined plant enabled the cost-effective treatment of various industrial wastes in a single process unit. The results show that the economic and environmental impact of the chosen techniques, in terms of their energy consumption, is highly dependent on the treatment line, separation technique and quantity of the individual waste that is processed. These recycled industrial wastes can be used as sustainable materials for the production of geopolymer concrete, contributing to the sustainability of the construction industry.

A Study on the Improvement of Standards for Installation of Waste Treatment Facilities and Improvement of the System for the Installation of Landfill Facility in Industrial Complexes

Problems related to waste disposal, such as a shortage of landfill facilities and a surge in illegal waste, are becoming a major social issue. The quantity of wastes generated is continuously increasing, and the rate of wastes from facilities, which accounts for a high percentage of the quantity generated, is gradually increasing. In order to establish an appropriate capacity landfill facility installation plan when planning to develop of industrial complex that discharges large quantity of industrial wastes, the appropriateness of the current industrial complex waste treatment facility installation standards was reviewed, and institutional improvement measures were derived. The research results are as follows. First, industrial complexes showed a large difference in the distribution of the total site area and the industrial area by type, and the quantity of wastes generated in industrial complexes had a higher correlation coefficient with the industrial area than the total site area. Second, it was proposed to change from the total site area to the industrial area as an improvement plan for the area standard among the current standards for installation of industrial complex waste treatment facility. Third, the average value of the generated unit without considering the size of industry is applied to the generated unit, and there is a limitation in that there is a difference in actual quantity due to the application of the subjective generated unit due to the absence of guidelines for calculating the quantity of wastes generated and the application of the generated unit in the middle classification stage. Fourth, as an improvement measure to the calculation of the quantity of wastes generated in industrial complexes, it was proposed to be specified Industrial Complex Code of the Industrial Land Information System and Korea Standard Industry Code in waste discharge report form to improve utilization and subdivide the industrial waste classification unit. Fifth, considering the limitations of the current industrial complex waste treatment facility installation standards, regional concentration of landfill facilities, and lack of remaining capacity, a total amount management plan was proposed that comprehensively considers the overall status of landfill capacity. Sixth, a plan was proposed to introduce a performance guarantee system, enforcement fine imposition, and deposit system to introduce sanctions on non-fulfillment of the obligation to install waste treatment facilities in industrial complexes.

Lanthanum carbonate hydroxide/magnetite nanoparticles functionalized porous biochar for phosphate adsorption and recovery: Advanced capacity and mechanisms study

As the increase of global industrial activities, phosphate from industrial wastes such as sewage sludge has become one of the limiting factors for water eutrophication. Herein, lanthanum carbonate hydroxide (La(CO3)OH)/magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles functionalized porous biochar (La/Fe-NBC) with high phosphate adsorption properties is synthesized through molten salt pyrolysis-coprecipitation-hydrothermal multi-step regulation, and further reveal the related processes and mechanisms. La(CO3)OH functions as active sites for phosphate adsorption, Fe3O4 imparts magnetic properties to the composite substance, also porous biochar (NBC) acts as the carrier to prevent the agglomeration of La(CO3)OH and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The adsorption process of La/Fe-NBC for phosphate fits to the Pseudo-Second Order and Langmuir model, with the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity up to 99.46 mg P/g. And La/Fe-NBC possesses excellent magnetic field (14.50 emu/g), stability, and selectivity, which enables for efficient multiple recovery and reuse. Mechanistic studies have shown that ligand exchange (inner-sphere complexation) between phosphate and carbonate/hydroxyl groups of La(CO3)OH, and electrostatic attraction play the dominant roles during adsorption process, although susceptible to the solution pH. While co-precipitation is not influenced of pH conditions but with limited contribution to phosphate adsorption. This study may facilitate to optimize the synthesis design of phosphate multi-functional composites for low-carbon and sustainable treatment of industrial phosphate-containing wastes.

Pengaruh Pemasangan Fine Bubble Diffuser terhadap Nilai COD dan BOD Limbah Cair Palm Oil Mill Effluent

The rapid development of the palm oil industry, which cannot be denied, has an impact on the amount of industrial waste, particularly wastewater, requiring proper and effective treatment to reduce the impact of the damage. Wastewater treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in an aerobic pond requires an adequate supply of oxygen so that its quality improves and becomes disposable, so it requires assistance from aeration media. A fine bubble diffuser was used as the aeration medium in this study. The aeration medium in this study was a fine bubble diffuser. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of installing a diffuser on the quality of the final wastewater, particularly the COD and BOD values, in the palm oil industry wastewater treatment. The analysis results for the wastewater parameters after the installation of the fine bubble diffuser revealed a significant reduction in the waste's COD and BOD values to 130 – 175 mg/L and 67 – 78 mg/L, respectively, making it more suitable for disposal to the environment.

Molybdenum Disulfide-Based Nanomaterials for Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalysis.

Visible-light-responsive photocatalytic materials have a multitude of important applications, ranging from energy conversion and storage to industrial waste treatment. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and its variants exhibit high photocatalytic activity under irradiation by visible light as well as good stability and recyclability, which are desirable for all photocatalytic applications. MoS2-based materials have been widely applied in various fields such as wastewater treatment, environmental remediation, and organic transformation reactions because of their excellent physicochemical properties. The present review focuses on the fundamental properties of MoS2, recent developments and remaining challenges, and key strategies for tackling issues related to the utilization of MoS2 in photocatalysis. The application of MoS2-based materials in visible-light-induced catalytic reactions for the treatment of diverse kinds of pollutants including industrial, environmental, pharmaceutical, and agricultural waste are also critically discussed. The review concludes by highlighting the prospects of MoS2 for use in various established and emerging areas of photocatalysis.

Facile Surface Treatment of Industrial Stainless Steel Waste Meshes at Mild Conditions to Produce Efficient Oxygen Evolution Catalysts

Facile Surface Treatment of Industrial Stainless Steel Waste Meshes at Mild Conditions to Produce Efficient Oxygen Evolution Catalysts

Spatial and Seasonal Variations in the Bacterial Community of an Anthropogenic Impacted Urban Stream.

Environmental changes and human activities can alter the structure and diversity of aquatic microbial communities. In this work, we analyzed the bacterial community dynamics of an urban stream to understand how these factors affect the composition of river microbial communities. Samples were taken from a stream situated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which flows through residential, peri-urban horticultural, and industrial areas. For sampling, two stations were selected: one influenced by a series of industrial waste treatment plants and horticultural farms (PL), and the other influenced by residential areas (R). Microbial communities were analyzed by sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons along an annual cycle. PL samples showed high nutrient content compared with R samples. The diversity and richness of the R site were more affected by seasonality than those of the PL site. At the amplicon sequence variants level, beta diversity analysis showed a differentiation between cool-season (fall and winter) and warm-season (spring and summer) samples, as well as between PL and R sites. This demonstrated that there is spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the composition of the bacterial community, which should be considered if a bioremediation strategy is applied. The taxonomic composition analysis also revealed a differential seasonal cycle of phototrophs and chemoheterotrophs between the sampling sites, as well as different taxa associated with each sampling site. This analysis, combined with a comparative analysis of global rivers, allowed us to determine the genera Arcobacter, Simplicispira, Vogesella, and Sphingomonas as potential bioindicators of anthropogenic disturbance.

FCC spent catalyst as an alternative reagent in Mo-contaminated hazardous waste enhanced stabilization

Hazardous wastes containing heavy metals must be stabilized through the addition of appropriate and costly chemical reagents before they can be safely disposed in non-hazardous waste landfill. Although effective, this practice can also significantly increase the waste final mass. This work focuses on the possibility of using another Mo contaminated waste, as an alternative reagent, to partially stabilize critical contaminant leaching trough chemical-physical interactions. Thanks to its unusual properties, spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCCSC) catalyst, classified as hazardous waste, was tested here as good candidate for Mo-contaminated waste partial stabilization. Results highlighted that FCCSC can be effective in drastically reducing the Molybdenum leaching below the legal limit for non-hazardous waste landfill disposal while significantly limiting the increase of the final mass of waste to be disposed with a substantial reduction of the industrial treatment cost, landfill volume requirement and overall environmental burden. By minimizing the waste to be landfilled, this research supports both the European directives and policies on sustainable waste management strategies and BAT (Best Available Techniques) for the treatment of industrial wastes within a circular economy framework.

Cement-and-pebble nanofluidic membranes with stable acid resistance as osmotic energy generators

Osmotic energy between river water and seawater has attracted interest as a new source of sustainable energy. Nanofluidic membranes in a reverse electrodialysis configuration can capture energy from salinity gradients. However, current membrane materials suffer from high resistances, low stabilities, and low charge densities, which limit their further application. Here, we designed a high-performance nanofluidic membrane using carboxylic cellulose nanofibers functionalized with graphene oxide nanolamellas with cement-and-pebble microstructures and stable skeletons for enhanced ion transmembrane transport. By mixing artificial river water and seawater, the composite membrane achieved a high output power density up to 5.26 W m−2. Additionally, the membrane had an excellent acid resistance, which enabled long-term use with over 67 W m−2 of power density. The performance of this composite membrane benefited from the mechanically strong cellulose fibers and the bonding between nanofibers and nanolamellas. In this work, we highlight promising directions in industrial waste treatment using energy extracted from chemical potential gradients.

Prediction of mass and volumetric flows in a full-scale industrial waste treatment plant

In this paper a set of mathematical tools are developed and assembled together to assess and predict mass and volumetric flows in waste treatment systems (WTS). The proposed approach is constructed upon a set of data reconciliation methods, influent fractionation routines and process simulations models (and model interfaces) to balance, analyze, reproduce and forecast the behavior of different compounds within treatment facilities. The proposed approach is tested on full-scale data collected after two five-week measuring campaigns at the largest industrial WTS in Northern Europe. Results show that the proposed reconciliation methodology based on the definition of the identity matrix, data curation, the estimation of missing fluxes and the calculation of Lagrange multipliers allowed to close flow and COD, N, P, S and multiple metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg and Al) mass balances. Plant-wide overall mass balance reveals that that: 1) 32% of the incoming COD is recovered mostly as methane, 2) 23% and 65% of COD and N are biologically removed and leave the system via the gas phase, 3) 32 % and 33% of COD and N are stored in the activated sludge, 4) > 70% of P, Ca, Mg and Al are accumulated in the bio-solids stream as precipitates and 5) > 70% of Na, K and S remain soluble and leave the plant via effluent. Plant measurements were allocated into the model states describing soluble/particulate and organic/inorganic loads arriving to the WTS under study. The average deviation between computer simulations and the result of the measuring campaign is 10.5%. This study also shows that the proposed approach is capable to reproduce main streams neutralization, volatile fatty acid production, particulate removal and nitrate denitrification in the anaerobic water line (buffer tank, primary clarifier, pre-acidification tank). It also correctly predicts organics transformation into biogas in the anaerobic granular sludge reactor. Lastly, it is possible to describe biological and chemical N and P removal processes in the activated sludge and the quality of bio-solids after inactivation/dewatering (reject water /cake). A scenario analysis is included showing the potential use of the presented tools under dynamic conditions. This is the first study where both tracking and prediction of multiple compounds in large industrial sites has been done at this level of detail. The tool resulting from this study can serve as starting point for a variety of applications, for instance: holistic evaluation of retrofitting scenarios, advanced plant-wide control strategie and environmental assessment.

Improving the flotation recovery of Cu from flash smelting slags by utilizing cellulose-based frother formulationss

• First published study using polymer-surfactant mixes as frothers in Cu slag flotation. • Using the PS-mix improved overall Cu recovery compared to commercial frother. • PS-mix significantly increased productivity, i.e. similar froth product in less time. • PS-mix demonstrated superior tolerance in performance when reducing xanthate dosage. Froth flotation is an operation currently used for the recovery of Cu from pyrometallurgical smelting slags due its simple operation and relatively low operational costs. While it has been utilized for many decades, it may be necessary to develop strategies that improve Cu recovery from slags, as the unprecedented increase in Cu demand has made industrial waste and side streams economically relevant sources of metals. This study presents a novel chemistry-based approach for the flotation of Cu from smelting slags by utilizing an amphiphilic cellulose-surfactant mixture as a flotation frother, hereby referred to as CellFroth. The present work pursues two main objectives: i) to improve the performance of flotation for the treatment of smelting slags and ii) to accomplish a first proof of concept for frothers produced from renewable sources in the context of industrial waste treatment. The flotation performance of CellFroth was compared with a commercially available additive (i.e., DowFroth250) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). The results showed significant advantages in performance for CellFroth. At the highest collector concentration, Cu recovery was higher with CellFroth compared to DowFroth 250 and pure HPMC (73%; 62% and 65% respectively). A 75% reduction in xanthate concentrations had negligible effects on Cu recovery for CellFroth (70%), while recoveries decreased drastically with DowFroth250 (47%) and pure HPMC (50 %). Finally, CellFroth consistently reached comparable concentrate productivity (grade and recovery) as DF250 within significantly shorter flotation times. The use of CellFroth thus offers the possibility of increasing the Cu recovery from flash smelting slags, while reducing the environmental impact of the process by using a frother produced from sustainable sources and simultaneously reducing xanthate consumption.

An Experimental Case Study on Generation of Bio-Energy as Clean Technology Initiative in a Food Industry

India is a country with huge potential for Biomass Energy (BE) generation numerically estimated as 20GW. The country is making some serious efforts in terms of both scientific interventions and fiscal incentives to economically attract more projects of BE for its renewability properties. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) Government of India is encouraging clean technologies (CT) to get adopted by revenue generating organizations through provisions of certificates for emission reduction, Carbon-Credits or giving preferential tariffs. These initiatives have been welcomed by industries as they often have large amount of bio-degradable waste to send to treatment facilities. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) process has got much attention in industrial waste treatment ventures in this framework. Bio-chemical breakdown process of waste releases biogas that can be utilized in electricity and steam generation and simultaneously landfill expenses can be avoided. Present study is based on an experiment of converting potato peels of a food industry to generate biogas. Standard AD process is utilized with a suitably selected pre-treatment mechanism to make the process of BE generation more efficient according to the scale of industrial dimensions. This venture is one of the many CT initiatives taken by the industry for achieving sustainability goals of the EHS (Environment-Health-Safety) division. The process is estimated to produce 16 lt methane gas per 1 kg of potato peel waste. This process of generation of BE is capable to off-set of 3000 Kcal amount of energy required for industrial operation. Further a SWOT analysis has been carried out to critically analyze the suitability of the experiment as per industrial scale.

Fungal dye-decolorizing peroxidase diversity: roles in either intra- or extracellular processes

Fungal dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) have found applications in the treatment of dye-contaminated industrial wastes or to improve biomass digestibility. Their roles in fungal biology are uncertain, although it has been repeatedly suggested that they could participate in lignin degradation and/or modification. Using a comprehensive set of 162 fully sequenced fungal species, we defined seven distinct fungal DyP clades on basis of a sequence similarity network. Sequences from one of these clades clearly diverged from all others, having on average the lower isoelectric points and hydropathy indices, the highest number of N-glycosylation sites, and N-terminal sequence peptides for secretion. Putative proteins from this clade are absent from brown-rot and ectomycorrhizal species that have lost the capability of degrading lignin enzymatically. They are almost exclusively present in white-rot and other saprotrophic Basidiomycota that digest lignin enzymatically, thus lending support for a specific role of DyPs from this clade in biochemical lignin modification. Additional nearly full-length fungal DyP genes were isolated from the environment by sequence capture by hybridization; they all belonged to the clade of the presumably secreted DyPs and to another related clade. We suggest focusing our attention on the presumably intracellular DyPs from the other clades, which have not been characterized thus far and could represent enzyme proteins with novel catalytic properties.Key points• A fungal DyP phylogeny delineates seven main sequence clades.• Putative extracellular DyPs form a single clade of Basidiomycota sequences.• Extracellular DyPs are associated to white-rot fungi.

STUDY OF COLLAGENASE PRODUCTION BY PENICILLUM SP. ISOLATED FROM DETERIORATED LEATHER SAMPLE

Collagenase production by Penicillium sp. isolated from deteriorated leather sample was studied. The isolate produced collagenase 802.43±15.81U/ml at optimum temperature 30ºC and at pH 6.5 within 5 days using 1% collagen peptide type I as a substrate. Ca++ ions were found to be the best activator whereas EDTA and β-mercaptoethanol inhibited collagenase production. The isolate was also found to produce caseinase, gelatinase and keratinase. Experimental results propose that the isolate having ability to produce broad range of enzymes can be effectively used as a tool for leather industry waste treatment.

Treatment of pyridine in industrial liquid waste by atmospheric DC water plasma

Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic compound with high toxicity, widely found in liquid waste from industrial processes. The treatment of highly-concentrated pyridine was demonstrated using a novel mist-type water thermal plasma torch. Decomposition rate and TOC removal rate were more than 94% in all conditions, while the max energy efficiency reached about 23 g/kWh. With a high temperature of 5500–7500 K, more than 95% of carbon content in pyridine was converted into valuable gas products, while a little amount of formic acid and acetic acid were observed as liquid by-products. The production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) during the thermal decomposition of pyridine was observed, which can be inhibited by increasing the input power. Based on the experimental results, detailed decomposition mechanisms in the high-temperature and the downstream region were discussed respectively. Water plasma shows significant potential in the treatment of non-biodegradable industrial liquid waste.

Prediction of Mass and Volumetric Flows in a Full-Scale Industrial Waste Treatment Plant

Prediction of Mass and Volumetric Flows in a Full-Scale Industrial Waste Treatment Plant

Effect of lubricating paste content on the engineering properties and microstructure of green mortars designed by densified mixture design algorithm

Mortar is one of the building materials that is widely used in most construction activities. So far, various methods have been used for designing the mixture proportions of mortar, and different ideas have been considered to improve the mortar’s quality. In this study, a novel densified mixture design algorithm (DMDA) developed by Hwang’s research group at the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology is applied for the mix design of the green mortar. The major concern of DMDA is to minimize the void volume of the aggregate system to obtain the maximum density of mortar with less water and less cement content, thus increasing the mechanical strength and durability performance of the mortar. In addition, the incorporation of both fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag in the DMDA method not only enhances the mortar’s quality but also provides a good solution for industrial waste treatment toward a cleaner environment and sustainable development. Another aim of this study is to investigate the changes in engineering properties and microstructure of the green mortars prepared with various lubricating paste contents (n). For this purpose, the green mortar samples were prepared with three different paste contents (n = 1.1, 1.3, and 1.5) and a fixed water/binder ratio of 0.4 was fixed for these mixtures. A reference mix designed by the conventional method was also included for comparison purpose. In the fresh stage, the flow diameter of all fresh mortar mixtures was adjusted in the range of 180 ± 5 mm by using various superplasticizer dosages and the fresh unit weight of these mixtures was also checked. In the hardened stage, the mortar samples were subjected to various tests including flexural strength, compressive strength, water absorption, and drying shrinkage. Moreover, a scanning electron microscopy technique was also used to observe the microstructure of the mortars. The experimental results show that increasing the paste content resulted in an increase in flexural strength, compressive strength, and drying shrinkage of the green mortars, meanwhile, a reduction in their fresh unit weight was found. Besides, all of the mortar samples exhibited a denser microstructure with low water absorption rates. A maximum compressive strength value of about 53 MPa could be achieved for the green mortar sample at 28 days with n = 1.5. It could also be observed from the results that all of the green mortars exhibited better performance than the reference mortar. The results of this study further demonstrated the effectiveness of using DMDA for the mix design of green mortars for sustainable construction.

Pengembangan Booklet Pengolahan Limbah Industri Tahu Menggunakan SSF-Wetlands dengan Tanaman Eceng Gondok

Liquid waste generated from the tofu industry contains organic substances, namely 40%-60% protein, 25%-50% carbohydrates, 10% fat, and other suspended solids that can undergo physical, chemical, and biological changes to produce toxic substances. To overcome the pollution caused by the disposal of industrial liquid waste, research on the development of a tofu industrial waste treatment booklet using subsurface flow-wetlands was carried out with water hyacinth plants. This aims to improve the understanding and skills of tofu industry owners so that tofu industry owners can practice on their own about tofu industrial waste treatment after reading the booklet. This research method uses the Thiagarajan media development model, there are 4 stages, namely: definition, design, development, and disseminate. However, this research was carried out only until the development stage. The results of the validation assessment validation test from material experts obtained an assessment percentage of 86% and media experts obtained an assessment percentage of 82.85% with the achievement criteria being very suitable or very valid according to the BSNP criteria. In conclusion, the booklet developed has very interesting qualifications, is very appropriate, and is effective, and has few revisions. so that the booklet media is suitable to be used and disseminated as a media for outreach to the owners of the tofu industry.

Predictive Study of the Influence of the Position of the Sulfonate Substituent on the Chemical Stability of Some Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Isomers

Molecules from industrial formulations are used as palliative solutions in the treatment and reuse of industrial waste, with very encouraging results in developing countries. However, the lack of knowledge of the physicochemical properties of these molecules constitutes a major obstacle in the search for an effective solution. To contribute to the characterization of their physicochemical properties, twenty molecules of linear alkyl benzenesulphonate isomers of C10 and C13 homologs and their parent structures were the subject of this study. The stability and overall reactivity parameters such as the energy gap (.∆E), the chemical potential (μ), the electrophilic index (ω) as well as the molecular dipole moment (μD) are determined by the DFT method with the level B3LYP / 6-311G (d, p) / (water; IEFPCM). The results showed that the meta position of the sulfonate substituent increases overall stability and reactivity and decreases the solubility of the more stable 2C10, 4C10, 2C13 and 3C13 homologues of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. The parent molecules (2mC10, 4mC10, 2mC13 and 3mC13) obtained more stable and less soluble are in favor of the effects observed in the treatment of industrial waste.

Construction and implementation of floating wetpark as effective constructed wetland for industrial textile wastewater treatment

Fimbristylis dichotoma, Ipomoea aquatica, Pluchea tomentosa and their co-plantation (consortium FIP) autonomously degrade Orange 3R. Consortium FIP showed 84% removal of Orange 3R within 48 h, which is a higher dye elimination rate than individual plant systems. Oxidoreductase enzymes like tyrosinase (76%), varatryal alcohol oxidase (85%), lignin peroxidase (150%), riboflavin reductase (151%), laccase (171%), NADH-DCIP reductase (11%) and azo reductase (241%) were expressed in consortia FIP during Orange 3R degradation. UV–vis spectroscopy, enzyme activities, HPTLC, FTIR and GC-MS confirmed mineralization of Orange 3R into its metabolites. Microscopic investigation of root tissue revealed the harsh effect of dye on root tissues. Toxicity assessment on the HepG2 cell line demonstrated the toxic nature of Orange 3R, which gets reduced after phyto-treatment with consortia FIP. Floating wetpark of consortia FIP was found more efficient for the treatment of industrial textile waste and accomplished 87%, 86%, 75%, 49% and 46% removal of COD, BOD, color, TSS and TDS of effluent.