Industrial Waste Treatment Facilities Research Articles

Challenges for Future Robotic Sorters of Mixed Industrial Waste: A Survey

To achieve recycling of mixed industrial waste toward an advanced sustainable society, waste sorting automation through robots is crucial and urgent. For this purpose, a robot is required to recognize the category, shape, pose, and condition of different waste items and manipulate them according to the category to be sorted. This survey considers three potential difficulties in the sorting automation: 1) End-effector: to robustly grasp and manipulate different waste items with dirt and deformations; 2) Sensor: to recognize the category, shape, and pose of existing objects to be manipulated and the wet and dirty conditions of their surfaces; and 3) Planner: to generate feasible and efficient sequences and trajectories. This survey includes 76 references to studies related to automatic waste sorting and 159 references to worldwide waste recycling attempts. This pioneering investigation reveals the possibility and limitations of conventional systems; thus, providing insights on open issues and potential technologies to achieve a robot-incorporated sorter for the chaotic mixed waste is one of its contributions. This paper further presents a system design policy for readers and discusses future advanced sorters, thereby contributing to the field of robotics and automation. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Most automated sorting systems operate for limited target waste items. This study is motivated by the automation of mixed industrial waste treatment facilities using advanced robotic sorters. Emerging advances and increasing functionalities of robot system components will widen system applicability and increase use cases in the chaotic mixed industrial waste domain. This paper surveys the research conducted to date, discusses open issues and potential approaches, and presents user guides that provide practitioners with a system design policy. The user guides created according to the strengths and weaknesses of each system configuration provide future researchers and developers with a useful a priori design policy that has been thus far validated on efficiency, quality, productivity, and reliability. A question-and-answer style guide and a sorting-target-aware previous study reference list allows users to find the desired system configuration, including the investigated components according to their purpose.

Analysis of incombustibles in the feedstock to incineration facilities in South Korea for optimum sorting and management.

Korea's Ministry of Environment has implemented the Framework Act on Resource Recirculation to activate waste resource recovery. However, industrial waste treatment facilities have some problems related to diversity of waste received for proper management of wastes. Waste incineration facilities are required to receive and process combustible waste and are forbidden to re-consign waste to other waste treatment facilities without any processing. In reality, a large amount of incombustibles is injected into the incinerator because it is impossible to completely separate the incombustible materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop additional management criteria for optimal operation of the incineration facility. This study was conducted to improve institutional management of incineration facilities in Korea. Through a literature review and statistics study, incombustible waste management trends were investigated. The characteristics of waste entering incineration facilities were surveyed. Physical composition and proximate analysis of incoming waste were conducted, and properties of the incombustibles mixed in feedstocks to waste incineration facilities were examined. As a result of this study, incombustibles mainly consisting of the construction and demolition waste, such as soil, glass, and metals, should be separated from feed sent to incinerators. A mechanical screening technique that sorts particles of 30-40 mm in size can be used to separate the incombustibles. Also, management criteria could be proposed to sort and re-consign the incombustibles.

Analysis of incombustibles in the feedstock to incineration facilities in Republic of Korea for optimum sorting and management.

The Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea has implemented the "Framework Act on Resource Recirculation" to activate waste resource recovery. However, industrial waste treatment facilities have some problems related to diversity of waste received for proper management of wastes. Waste incineration facilities are required to receive and process combustible waste and are forbidden to re-consign waste to other waste treatment facilities without any processing. In reality, a large quantity of incombustibles is injected into the incinerator because it is impossible to completely separate the incombustible materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop additional management criteria for optimal operation of the incineration facility. This study was conducted to improve institutional management of incineration facilities in Korea. Through a literature review and statistics study, incombustible waste management trends were investigated. The characteristics of waste entering incineration facilities were surveyed. Physical composition and proximate analysis of incoming waste were conducted, and properties of the incombustibles mixed in feedstock to waste incineration facilities were examined. As a result of this study, incombustibles mainly consisting of the construction and demolition waste, such as soil, glass, and metals should be separated from feed sent to incinerators. A mechanical screening technique that sorts particles of 30-40 mm in size can be used to separate the incombustibles. Also, management criteria could be proposed to sort and re-consign the incombustibles.

Multiresistensi dan Akumulasi Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 terhadap Logam Berat

The increasing industrial activity in Indonesia, that is not equipped with appropriate waste treatment, has caused an increase of heavy metal contaminants in water bodies. Heavy metals contamination such as copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) contamination in water bodies have endangered aquatic life and public health. For this reason, it is urgently important to lower down the concentration of heavy metal pollutants in the water bodies surrounding industrial areas. Compared to chemical remediation, bioremediation of heavy metal by using indigenous bacteria is more effective and economical, since it can be applied in situ directly and be used repeatedly. Acinetobacter sp. IrC2, used in this study, is Indonesian indigenous bacteria isolated from the industrial waste treatment facility in Rungkut, Surabaya. This study aims, firstly, to investigate the heavy metal multiresistance of Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 against mercury, cadmium, and lead. Secondly, this study intends to examine its bioaccumulation capacity for single and heavy metal alloys. The heavy metal multiresistance test was carried out by measuring the minimum heavy metal concentrations that inhibit bacterial growth (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration/MIC). The bioaccumulation capacity was measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).  It is shown that Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 has high multiresistance to mercury, cadmium, and lead with MIC values of 12 mM, 8 mM, and 18 mM, respectively. Furthermore,  it is also resistant to  heavy metal mixture of 4.5 mM.  The mechanism of bacterial resistance in response to heavy metal toxicity, in general, is by accumulating heavy metals in the cells. The highest amount of accumulated heavy metals identified, from bacteria grown in the medium contains a mixture of heavy metals, were 0.023 mg, 0.084 mg, 0.684 mg, and 1.476 mg per gram of cell dry weight for copper, mercury, cadmium and lead respectively.  In conclusion, Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 is a promising heavy metal bioremediation agent due to its heavy metal multiresistance and accumulator characteristics.  Key words: Acinetobacter sp. IrC2; cadmium; copper; lead; merkuri

The Effect of Lighting, Aeration and Stirring on Industrial Synthetic Resin Wastewater Model Treatment by Using Tubular Bioreactor

Industrial synthetic resin wastewater biological treatment has widely carried out. However, given its highly resistant organic content, the effect of some operating conditions is not well understood. A culture bacteria (PB) was taken from an industrial waste treatment facility and was tried in the lab-scale tubular reactor to observe the effect of lighting, aeration and mixing. The results showed that lighting gave an unclear outcome. However, aeration and stirring experiments had increased the quality of the treated wastewater model, as shown by the lower COD, odor, and clarity. The volatility of the synthetic resin might have influenced beside the biodegradation process. This qualitative-quantitative approach research gives a simple approach for further understanding of what occurred during the wastewater treatment process in the field application.

A model for reduction of transport-related CO2 emissions by optimizing industrial waste treatment facility location

One of the objectives of industrial waste management is to reduce the amount of waste and to ensure its reuse in a way that allows notable improvement of resource efficiency. Location of a waste treatment plant is a strategic issue that require careful logistics system planning. The aim of this article is to create a model for solving the locationallocation problem of waste (i..e. secondary raw materials) treatment facilities, taking into account the territorial distribution, the type, and the quantity of secondary raw materials, the distance between waste-generating industries, as well as the CO 2 emissions from transport of secondary raw materials. The basic principle for defining a mathematical model is minimization of CO emissions from transport-related activities; 2 for this reason, modeling is based on the p median model that has been modified and put within the context of industrial waste management, including CO emissions from 2 transport. The location model is based on common industrial waste streams and CO 2 emissions from vehicles commonly used to transport secondary raw materials from generators to facilities. The verification of the model was performed through a case study that included the region of southeast Serbia. It confirmed usefullness of the proposed model for deciding on optimal locations for new industrial waste treatment plants.

Sensitivity of the regional ocean acidification and carbonate system in Puget Sound to ocean and freshwater inputs

While ocean acidification was first investigated as a global phenomenon, coastal acidification has received significant attention in recent years, as its impacts have been felt by different socio-economic sectors (e.g., high mortality of shellfish larvae in aquaculture farms). As a region that connects land and ocean, the Salish Sea (consisting of Puget Sound and the Straits of Juan de Fuca and Georgia) receives inputs from many different sources (rivers, wastewater treatment plants, industrial waste treatment facilities, etc.), making these coastal waters vulnerable to acidification. Moreover, the lowering of pH in the Northeast Pacific Ocean also affects the Salish Sea, as more acidic waters get transported into the bottom waters of the straits and estuaries. Here, we use a numerical ocean model of the Salish Sea to improve our understanding of the carbonate system in Puget Sound; in particular, we studied the sensitivity of carbonate variables (e.g., dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, saturation state of aragonite) to ocean and freshwater inputs. The model is an updated version of our FVCOM-ICM framework, with new carbonate-system and sediment modules. Sensitivity experiments altering concentrations at the open boundaries and freshwater sources indicate that not only ocean conditions entering the Strait of Juan de Fuca, but also the dilution of carbonate variables by freshwater sources, are key drivers of the carbonate system in Puget Sound.

The Applications of GIS in the Analysis of the Impacts of Human Activities on South Texas Watersheds

With water resource planning assuming greater importance in environmental protection efforts, analyzing the health of agricultural watersheds using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) becomes essential for decision-makers in Southern Texas. Within the area, there exist numerous threats from conflicting land uses. These include the conversion of land formerly designated for agricultural purposes to other uses. Despite current efforts, anthropogenic factors are greatly contributing to the degradation of watersheds. Additionally, the activities of waste water facilities located in some of the counties, rising populations, and other socioeconomic variables are negatively impacting the quality of water in the agricultural watersheds. To map the location of these stressors spatially and the extent of their impacts across time, the paper adopts a mix scale method of temporal spatial analysis consisting of simple descriptive statistics. In terms of objectives, this research provides geo-spatial analysis of the effects of human activities on agricultural watersheds in Southern Texas and the factors fuelling the concerns under the purview of watershed management. The results point to growing ecosystem decline across time and a geographic cluster of counties experiencing environmental stress. Accordingly, the emergence of stressors such as rising population, increased use of fertilizer treatments on farm land, discharges of atmospheric pollutants and the large presence of municipal and industrial waste treatment facilities emitting pathogens and pesticides directly into the agricultural watersheds pose a growing threat to the quality of the watershed ecosystem.

Product flow analysis of various consumer durables in Japan

We conducted a product flow analysis (PFA) for 94 consumer durables in Japan to obtain a complete picture of the domestic flow. Data on domestic shipment, average weight and average lifespan of each product was surveyed and estimated based on statistics and product catalogues of manufacturers. Then, the amount of domestic shipment and waste from households and enterprises was estimated as inflow and outflow of the system. This is the first report on the complete picture of domestic product flow of consumer durables in Japan. From the results, the target items of Japan's recycling laws are considered reasonable from the viewpoint of landfill waste reduction because the total waste weight of the nine target items accounts for 68% of the total of 94 items. The number of waste products was relatively large for items such as cellular phones, VCRs and notebook PCs, which contain numerous hazardous and/or valuable substances, although their waste weight was small. The waste product collection ratio for the nine target items remains at 2–56% on a weight basis (4–59% on a number basis) due to the fact that some waste products are taken to industrial waste treatment facilities and exported. In addition, in the post-consumer stage, the flow has not yet been identified for 46–68% of the waste products of the 94 items in weight (82–86% in number). These products might be treated as municipal or industrial waste, exported, or illegally dumped and their flow should be clarified through further research.

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MEASUREMENT IN THE BOUNDARY OF WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES

Concentrations of the principal volatile organic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p,o-xylene, styrene, and chlorobenzene were measured at the solid waste treatment plants classified into four categories; municipal waste incinerator, municipal waste landfill site, industrial waste incinerator and industrial waste landfill site. The average concentration of VOCs in industrial waste treatment facilities was 33.43 ppb and was significantly higher than that measured at municipal waste treatment facilities (4.71 ppb). The average toluene concentrations measured at incinerators (13.05 ppb) were a little higher than those measured at landfill sites (11.54 ppb). The contribution of the waste treatment facilities to the concentration of benzene (0.35 ppb) and o-xylene (0.15 ppb) in the industrial area was relatively small. However, toluene measured in the industrial waste treatment facilities was the most abundant VOCs with the average concentration of 21.37 ppb. As a result of analyses of fingerprint, in cases of IISH and ILUS, a variety of compounds other than major VOCs were detected in high level. On the Pearson correlation analysis, the correlation was generally positive and some pairs of these VOCs were very strongly correlated (correlation coefficient > 0.75).

Using the Comprehensive Performance Evaluation Approach to Optimize Industrial Waste Treatment Facilities

Using the Comprehensive Performance Evaluation Approach to Optimize Industrial Waste Treatment Facilities

Stochastic Optimization/Simulation of Centralized Liquid Industrial Waste Treatment

A stochastic optimization‐simulation method is presented for delineating least‐cost treatment sequences for a centralized liquid industrial waste treatment facility. A dynamic programming model performs the optimization. The function of the model is to delineate least‐cost treatment sequences that will produce an acceptable effluent stream qualify given a probabilistically‐generated influent waste regime. The model is structured to permit the following user‐determined options: waste types and respective volumes in the waste inventory; specific contaminants within each waste type; contaminant‐specific probability density functions for waste strength; unit treatment processes including performance efficiencies and related costs; and individual contaminant effluent standards. The stochastic dynamic programming model served as a screening device, identifying unit treatment processes and sequences of processes with favorable cost‐effectiveness attributes. The treatment paths thus identified were further analyz...

Biooxidizability of dimethylaminopropionitrile and dimethylpropanediamine in industrial wastewater

In certain refineries and petrochemical plants, plans have been made to set up the production of (CH3)aNCHaCH2CN (dimethylaminopropionitrile, DMAPN) and (CH3)2NCH2CH2NH= (dimethylpropanediamine, DMPDA). In order to set standards for the discharge of these compounds to industrial waste streams entering the biological treatment facilities, preliminary studies were made of the biooxidation of these compounds. When these compounds are in commercial production, additional studies must be directed toward a better definition of the biooxidizability of DMAPN and DMPDA when mixed with the actual wastewater from the particular plant; also, the influence of these compounds on the effectiveness of industrial waste treatment facilities must be determined.