Industrial Sites Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS FOR PROTECTIVE SCREENS OF VARIOUS FORMS ON AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION

Problem statement. The task of evaluating the effectiveness of the use of protective screens of different geometric shapes to reduce the level of air pollution is considered. The data on the screen allow you to change the aerodynamics of the air flow and redirect the movement of polluted air away from the work areas in the other direction. The purpose of the article – study of the effectiveness of the use of protective screens of different geometric shapes to reduce the level of pollution, creation of a three-dimensional numerical model for the analysis of the effectiveness of the use of protective screens. Methodology. The method of physical experiment in laboratory conditions is used to analyze the effectiveness of screens of different geometric shapes. Three-dimensional equations of aerodynamics and mass transfer are used for mathematical modeling of impurity propagation in the presence of screens. The developed numerical model makes it possible to take into account the air flow velocity profile, atmospheric diffusion, the emission intensity of the impurity, the rate of gravitational sedimentation of the impurity in the air. For the numerical integration of the modeling equations of aerodynamics and mass transfer, finite-difference splitting schemes are used. Scientific novelty. Data on the effectiveness of the use of four protective screens, which differ in geometric shape, were obtained experimentally. Experimental data make it possible to carry out an initial assessment of the impact of various screens on reducing the level of pollution in working areas. A fast-calculating 3D numerical model was developed for solving problems of aerodynamics and mass transfer in relation to the problem of evaluating the effectiveness of the use of screens located in areas where atmospheric air pollution occurs. Practical significance. Experimental data make it possible to justify the choice of a protective screen near the highway or another area on the industrial site where the impurity emission takes place. A computer code was created on the basis of the developed mathematical model, which makes it possible to predict the intensity of air pollution in the presence of obstacles that change the aerodynamics and the direction of transport of impurities in the atmosphere. Conclusions. The results of the physical experiment allow us to imagine the regularities of the formation of areas of pollution near protective screens of different geometric shapes, the developed mathematical model allows us to estimate air pollution in areas where there are obstacles in the way of the movement of impurities. The results of physical and computational experiments are presented.

Spatiotemporal assessment and scenario simulation of the risk potential of industrial sites at the regional scale

Spatiotemporal risk and future evolutionary distribution characteristics of industrial sites are crucial for regional environmental supervision. However, traditional site survey methods have long cycles, high costs, and small coverage and usually only consider the static risk of a single industrial site to a single receptor. Low-cost, large-scale, and long-term multi-source data can compensate for the shortcomings of traditional site surveys. Previous studies have rarely considered the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of industrial sites and assessed their dynamic risks at the regional scale. This study used China's Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration as the study area. We assessed the risk potential of industrial sites from 2000 to 2020 using multi-source and multiperiod data. We also simulated the risk potential for 2030 and 2050 using a patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model under different scenarios. The results indicated that the proportion of medium- and high-risk potential grids from 2000 to 2020 ranged from 2.53 % to 5.61 % in the study area, with the vast majority of areas (94.39 %–97.47 %) having low- or no-risk potential. The PLUS model exhibited remarkable reliability from 2005 to 2020, with the overall accuracy, Kappa coefficient, and Moran's index ranging from 83 % to 89 %, 0.38 to 0.59, and 0.34 to 0.56, respectively. The future prediction results indicated that the number of high-risk potential grids (>5 %) showed an upward trend under natural development scenarios in 2030 and 2050 and a downward trend under the ten-chapter soil pollution action plan or strict control scenarios. This study provides vital information for addressing the challenges of industrial site management and environmental risks in similar regions.

Sustainable Assessment of Built Heritage Adaptive Reuse Practice: Iranian Industrial Heritage in the Light of International Charters

ABSTRACT Adaptive reuse of Industrial heritage is among the most common of sustainable approaches to preserve heritage values and pass them on to the future generations. It also leads to a reduction in environmental effects, and carbon footprint. The purpose of this research is to present an assessment of the sustainability of 12 Iranian adaptively reused industrial heritage sites in light of international charters. To reach this objective, 7 indexes and 20 indicators have been selected in terms of principles of sustainability and compliance with the green international charters. Then, five experts were interviewed through focus group discussion (FGD) to assess the cases based on the sustainable criteria. The findings indicate that the case studies generally meet sustainability criteria set by international charters, however community participation in the decision – making process and more creativity is highly recommended in the green adaptive reuse process. Moreover, it was observed that mixed-use flourishes in contrast to other alternatives. This research, aims to evaluate the case studies of the adaptively reused in Iran covering strengths and weaknesses to use the experience gained in future studies. Although this study focused on Iranian cases, the methodology can be useful in similar cases worldwide in the future.

Place-Based Strategies Addressing Neighborhood Environments to Improve Perinatal and Preterm Infant Outcomes.

Preterm birth (defined as birth <37 weeks of gestation) is a significant health concern globally, with lasting implications for individuals, families, and society. In the United States, high preterm birth rates among Black and low-income populations likely result from differences in environmental exposures. Structural racism and economic disadvantage have led to unequal distribution of polluting industrial sites and roadways across society as well as differential access to health-promoting resources which contribute to preterm birth risk. Once born, preterm infants remain at risk for numerous environmentally responsive adverse health outcomes that affect growth and development throughout childhood and adulthood. In this commentary, we describe associations of neighborhood environments with pregnancy and preterm infant health outcomes and propose strategies to address harmful exposures that affect families across the lifespan.

A new portable field rotational viscometer for high-temperature melts.

Mounted on top of furnaces, laboratory viscometers can be used for the rheological characterization of high temperature melts, such as molten rocks (lava). However, there are no instruments capable of measuring the viscosity of large volumes of high temperature melts outside the laboratory at, for example, active lava flows on volcanoes or at industrial sites. In this article, we describe a new instrument designed to be easy to operate, highly mobile, and capable of measuring the viscosity of high temperature liquids and suspensions (<1350 °C). The device consists of a torque sensor mounted in line with a stainless-steel shear vane that is immersed in the melt and driven by a motor that rotates the shear vane. In addition, a thermocouple placed between the blades of the shear vane measures the temperature of the melt at the measurement location. An onboard microcomputer records torque, rotation rate, and temperature simultaneously and in real time, thus enabling the characterization of the rheological flow curve of the material as a function of temperature and strain rate. The instrument is calibrated using viscosity standards at low temperatures (20-60 °C) and over a wide range of stress (30-3870Pa), strain rate (0.1-27.9s-1), and viscosity (10-650Pas). High temperature tests were performed in large scale experiments within ∼25 l of lava at temperatures between 1000 and 1350 °C to validate the system's performance for future use in natural lava flows. This portable field viscometer was primarily designed to measure the viscosity of geological melts at their relevant temperatures and in their natural state on the flanks of volcanoes, but it could also be used for industrial purposes and beyond.

Bakteri Indigen yang Diisolasi dari Danau Toba: Acinetobacter junii DT2.1 Multiresisten Tembaga, Methylen Blue, dan Basic Fuchine

Lake Toba is one of the industrial waste disposal sites around the location. Copper and dyes are pollutants that are toxic and harmful to organisms. Bioremediation using indigenous bacteria isolated from polluted sites is a promising solution to overcome environmental pollution. Bacteria that have multi-resistance to copper and dyes are expected to increase the efficiency of industrial waste treatment. This study aims to: 1) isolate and characterize copper-resistant bacteria, 2) determine the level of resistance of bacterial isolates to copper, 3) test the resistance of bacteria to dyes. Physiological characterization of bacterial isolates was carried out by observing colony and cell morphology, also Gram staining. Molecular characterization was carried out by analysis of the 16S rDNA gene. The copper resistance level was tested by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC value. The dye resistance test was carried out by growing bacteria on a medium containing 100 ppm of dye. There were eight isolates of copper-resistant bacteria with MIC values ranging from 3-7 mM CuSO4 with code as DT1.1; DT1.2; DT1.3; DT1.4; DT1.5; DT2.1; DT2.2; and DT3.1. The three highly resistant bacteria were strains DT1.1 and DT1.3 which were identified as Lysinibacillus macroides and strain DT2.1 was identified as Acinetobacter junii with an MIC value of 7mM CuSO4, respectively. The results of the resistance test to dyes showed that only A. junii strain DT2.1 was resistant to 100 ppm Methylene Blue and Basic Fuschine. Key words: indigenous bacteria; Lake Toba; multi-resistence; dye; copper.

Reinforced PAHs degradation in industrial site soil by Fe(III)/NaClO catalytic oxidation system: Insights from promoting hydroxyl radicals generation

Reinforced PAHs degradation in industrial site soil by Fe(III)/NaClO catalytic oxidation system: Insights from promoting hydroxyl radicals generation

Екологічні аспекти переробки ливарного алюмінієвого шлаку

Data on the influence of the aluminum slag processing process on the state of the atmospheric environment are presented. Calculations of the dispersion of pollutants (PO) in the surface layer of atmospheric air were carried out, which showed the absence of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) for carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxin, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride and dust. Analysis of emissions was carried out for extreme conditions of equipment operation. It was established that under such technological conditions, the maximum concentration of pollutants is: NO2 ≤ values of 0.2 MPC, and the rest of the pollutants do not exceed - 0.05 MPC. To identify the actual concentrations of hazardous substances at the border of the sanitary protection zone (SZZ), laboratory tests were performed at a distance of 300 m from the emission source. It was established that emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from the industrial site on the territory of the enterprise and on the border of the calculated sanitary protection zone are less than the MPC of the atmospheric air of populated areas and will not have a significant harmful effect on the environment, provided that the sanitary and technological requirements for operation are met. The level of the content of harmful impurities in the air does not exceed the hygienic standards outside the sanitary protection zone, which are established for the atmospheric air of populated areas. Keywords: ecology, pollutants, maximum permissible concentration, aluminum slag.

북한 공장대학교 영어교과서 읽기지문에 대한 코퍼스 기반 분석

This paper aims to analyze reading passages found in an English textbook used at Factory College in North Korea and examine the characteristics of English education for adults, particularly “learning while working system” implemented in North Korea. To investigate the linguistic properties; lexical frequency(high frequency vocabulary, keywords, and 4gram) and readability(measured by FKGL and FRE), this corpus-based analysis was conducted with Wordsmith, AntConc and Readable. The findings demonstrate frequent appearance of science and technology terms, and their frequent description. This confirms that North Korea attempts to connect education with industrial sites by combining English and technical education. In addition, as a result of analyzing vocabulary diversity and readability, it was found that the level of difficulty increased rapidly compared to high school English textbooks. The vocabulary appeared less varied than English reading passages of Korean SAT and readability showed a similar level.

Analytical research of the parameters and characteristics of new “quarry cavities – backfill material” systems: Case study of Ukraine

Purpose. The research is aimed to identify, investigate and study the parameters and characteristics of the “quarry cavities – backfill material” systems on the territory of Ukraine using new comprehensive methodological tools that form the basis for the development of effective methods for restoring the earth’s surface with an emphasis on industrial and construction use. Methods. An integrated approach is used, which includes: analysis of the spatial location of industrial waste heaps on the territory of Ukraine as potential backfill materials and resulting quarry cavities that are not subject to complete earth’s surface restoration, as well as determination of the volumes of resulting cavities and backfill materials. Based on a set of factors, the “quarry cavities – backfill material” systems have been ranked according to priority. Tools used are: information data from the State Informational Geological Fund of Ukraine, registers of industrial waste accumulation sites in region, the Google Earth satellite program, an online topographic map (OpenStreetMap) and Blender program for constructing 3D models. Findings. A new concept and theoretical representation of “quarry cavities – backfill material” has been formulated. The characteristics of a number of important conditions for the harmonious existence and effective implementation of promising “quarry cavities – backfill material” systems are provided. A new information-analytical map of the spatial location of potential backfill materials and resulting quarry cavities has been created. Thirteen promising systems and their parameters have been identified, within which it is appropriate to consider backfill technologies for the complete earth’s surface restoration. The existing balance of cavities and backfill materials for the identified systems has been determined, followed by grading of quarries according to the predicted lifespan. Originality. The “quarry cavities – backfill material” systems, which have the greatest advantages, are specified by ranking them according to a complex of technological, environmental, economic and social factors. Practical implications. The results obtained provide valuable information for the development of a government strategy and environmental programs for the restoration of land areas disturbed by mining operations based on backfill technologies and their subsequent use for industrial purposes.

아차사고를 통한 위험성(R)과 시간(t)의 특성곡선 유도와 분석에 대한 연구

The purpose of this study is to find the key factors to reduce the damage caused by accidents by expressing the correlation between risk (R) and time (t) for near-miss accidents as a curve through literature review and inducing it as a mathematical function. In other words, it is to investigate various near-miss accidents that occur in industrial sites based on key factors and use them as learning materials to reduce the damage of accidents with the strengthened individual capabilities of workers. In addition, a simulation experiment was conducted to increase the realism of the change in risk (R) according to time (t).&#x0D; The proceeding method is first expressed as a curve of risk (R) and time (t) according to literature review, and second, the stages of prediction → monitoring → response discussed in literature review are distinguished from the corresponding curve. Third, the time required for each step is reviewed through simulation, and fourth, a function with a curve similar to the corresponding curve is derived. Fifth, analyze the R-t characteristic curve through the function and review the key elements. Here, the meaning of the simulation experiment is to distinguish the stages of thinking from the theoretically obtained curve to the stages of prediction→monitoring→response, and to emphasize the importance of the time required for each stage.&#x0D; The result obtained through the risk function (R(t)) is, First, it is a method of preventive activities that reduce the size of the risk itself. Currently, in Korea, efforts are being strengthened to prevent accidents through risk assessment. Second, it is a method of responding to an accident by reducing the time required (Δt1) to reach the maximum risk. This is a key element to be found in this study based on the resilience theory, and the effectiveness of education can be enhanced by specifying the time required (Δt1) for the accident process.&#x0D; The conclusion of this study is that it is as important to strengthen the individual's ability to increase the size of b, that is, to improve judgment immediately after an accident, as much as to prevent accidents by reducing the size of a through function , ( 0 &lt; t ≤ c ). Therefore, the way to strengthen individual capacity to reduce the damage caused by an accident is to add information on the time required (Δt1) in the near-miss investigation and use it as an educational material. This provides realistic help for recognition and judgment of individual thinking.

Analysis of Methods for Assessing and Managing Risks at Hazardous Industrial Sites

Currently, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, some enterprises have implemented various methods of analysis and management of industrial safety. At the same time, it seems relevant to introduce developments that allow to automaze the process of data processing and conducting a comprehensive analysis of the state of industrial safety at enterprises. The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of domestic, foreign and international methods for assessing and managing risks at hazardous industrial sites. The authors carried out a comparative analysis of risk assessment and management methods, both universal and developed for certain industries. These methods were researched according to 26 main elements characterizing the effectiveness of the industrial safety management system at the enterprise. The analysis showed that one of the best results was achieved by the development of Kazakh scientists «Computer monitoring system for hazardous industrial sites of the Republic of Kazakhstan». This system allows users to carry out verification and corrective actions in order to increase the responsiveness to constantly changing industrial conditions, which will significantly increase labor safety

Problems of safe operation of Zaporizka NPP in the conditions of war in Ukraine

Among the specified types of terrorist threats, the most dangerous today is the nuclear threat, which has moved from the realm of the probable to a real military-terrorist attack on the Zaporizhzhia NPP and its capture by the occupiers. Therefore, the issue of determining the level of nuclear and environmental safety of Ukraine's nuclear power plants in extreme war conditions, using the example of the situation that developed at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP), the largest in Europe, is extremely urgent, precisely because of the station's location in the war zone.During the period of the full-scale war, there have already been dozens of warheads hitting the objects of the critical infrastructure of the ZNPP, the external and emergency power supply of the ZNPP (transformer equipment, power supply systems to consumers, the premises of diesel generators, the industrial site of the station, and others). There have been corresponding emergency shutdowns of the power units of the ZNPP due to the blackout of the station and due to the forced disconnection of consumers as a result of the destruction of various objects in the power grid systems. These events cause great alarm and concern of the world public regarding the possibility of new global nuclear-ecological disasters due to nuclear-radiation accidents at the ZNPP. Many years of global experience in the operation of nuclear power reactor facilities (NPRF) and their safety regulation, as well as lessons from the largest nuclear and radiation accidents at NPPs, have revealed the insufficient validity of traditional probability indicators and safety criteria for NPPs, including the Zaporizhzhya plant. Probabilistic approaches to assessing the objective level of safety of the Zaporizhzhya NPP in extreme conditions of war are insufficiently substantiated, taking into account, among other things, the need to predict the possibility of the occurrence of unlikely emergency events and their combinations, which will have catastrophic consequences.Therefore, conducting an objective assessment of the level of nuclear and radiation safety at the ZNPP due to the station's location in the war zone, as well as substantiating practical recommendations for preventing nuclear and environmental disasters at the NPPs of Ukraine, is an extremely urgent issue for the entire nuclear energy industry of Ukraine.

Association between cumulative airborne dioxin exposure and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma risk in a nested case-control study within the French E3N cohort

BackgroundDioxins are a family of chemical molecules that are chlorinated, lipophilic, and bio-accumulative. They are thought to enhance the risk of non-lymphoma Hodgkin's due to their known carcinogenic properties (NHL). This is the first epidemiological research to investigate the relationship between repeated emissions of airborne dioxin exposure and the risk of NHL. ObjectiveA case-control study nested within the French E3N cohort of 98,995 women covered by the health insurance provider of the national education system evaluated the association between cumulative airborne dioxin exposure and NHL risk. Materials and methodsNHL incident cases (368) and controls (368) were compared. Over the duration of the study, participants' residential histories and the locations of industrial sites were gathered (1990–2008). Using a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based exposure index, the cumulative exposure to airborne dioxins for each participant was calculated at the individual address level. The odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable conditional logistic regression models (CI). ResultsThe log-transformed continuous cumulative dioxin exposure index was substantially correlated with the risk of NHL (OR1.2 (95 % CI 1.0,1.4) for an increase in log-TEQ/m2 of 4.4, or one standard deviation). The combined chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) subtype was significantly associated with NHL histological subtypes (OR 1.6 (95 % CI 1.1,2.3)). ConclusionThe findings of this study demonstrate a significant positive correlation between cumulative airborne dioxin exposure and the risk of NHL in women, and more specifically, a significant positive association for the CLL & SLL subtype. These results help to support the attempts to reduce the exposure to dioxins in the air.

Remediation of chlorinated solvents with Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH) at an active industrial site in Italy

Italian legislation defines stringent groundwater chemical quality criteria, to be applied at a site’s downgradient property boundary, irrespective of whether the underlying aquifer is, or could be, used for water resource purposes. In some scenarios, the regulatory authorities may identify less stringent standards, but this rarely occurs. This means that many sites with groundwater contamination are managed using hydraulic barriers, as source zone remediation may not achieve the stringent groundwater standards required due to technology limits or time constraints; therefore, the parties responsible for contamination often decide to continue to operate these hydraulic barriers indefinitely. This article describes the first application in Italy of source treatment using Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH), a remediation technology capable of removing a large percentage of contaminant mass, at a site where a hydraulic barrier is operating within a low yielding aquifer that is not used for water supply. The implementation of this technology was possible since the source zone was far from the downgradient site boundary, thus making achievement of the stringent quality standards at the boundary possible within a reasonable timeframe. The ERH system recovered of about 600 kg of contaminants within a timeframe of 8 months and achieved a reduction of contaminant concentrations in the most impacted areas greater than 90%. This article also emphasizes that, in similar low yielding aquifers, setting less stringent groundwater standards at the site boundary whilst still protecting downgradient receptors may promote more widespread implementation of source remediation activities in Italy.

Hitchhiker planting: mixed-species container stock planting as a novel tool to increase plant diversity on industrially disturbed sites

Rapid establishment of closed canopy cover is a key goal in land reclamation. While re-establishment of understory vegetation is likely to positively contribute to this goal, native herbaceous species are not typically planted on reclaimed sites though it is an alternative to reliance on natural regeneration. The objective of the present study was to test the principle of hitchhiker production of a tree species with native herbaceous species on recently reclaimed industrial sites with the aim of (1) understanding growth tradeoffs when mixing these species in the same container and (2) if hitchhiking had negative growth and survival outcomes for white spruce ( Picea glauca) seedlings compared with singly grown white spruce seedlings. White spruce seeds were sown in nursery containers of contrasting cavity sizes, followed by sowing a forb species ( Eurybia conspicua or Chamerion angustifolium) at different time intervals or grown singly. Larger cavities and earlier sow dates were associated with higher persistence and growth of the forbs, while later sow dates were associated with larger white spruce seedlings. We observed no evidence to suggest that hitchhiked seedlings were at a competitive disadvantage in terms of growth or survival compared with singly grown seedlings that were initially similar in size.

Creating shared value through open innovation: Insights from the case of Enel industrial plants

AbstractDespite the significant attention gained by the concept of creating shared value (CSV) over the past decade, there is a lack of empirical research on corporate practices that achieve social and environmental benefits through CSV dynamics. Through an in‐depth single case study, this research explores open innovation (OI) practices contributing to the grand challenge of climate change and their role as microfoundations in the three CSV dynamics proposed by Porter and Kramer: (1) reconceiving products and markets; (2) redefining productivity in the value chain; and (3) enabling local cluster development. Building on a 3‐year (October 2019–October 2022) interaction with Enel—a very large company in the renewable energy sector—we collected qualitative data on the OI practices implemented in the construction, operating, and repurposing phases of three of its industrial sites. Employing a three‐step data analysis process, the study identified 29 OI practices across the sites, which have been grouped into 11 CSV microfoundations. Our findings contribute to understanding the organizational factors in sustainable value creation by bridging the gap between CSV and OI literature and confirm the effectiveness of OI models for addressing societal challenges like climate change.

Growth rate, meat yield, condition index and reproduction of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck 1819) integrated to a fish farm

In the current study mussels were integrated to a fish farm located at the Aegean Sea, which is providing important production sites for the European aquaculture industry. Growth and survival, meat yield, condition index were calculated and gonad development was observed monthly over a one year period from April 2018–2019. First the impact area of sea cage farm was determined and study carried out at three sitations that were identified as impact zone, sea cage center and distant zone without impact from farm site. Temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a and particulate matter were measured monthly. It was determined that, the mussel growth of at the impact zone was statistically significant with a final size of 61.36 ± 4.2 mm which was superior than those located in the center point and far distance zone with no influence from the cage farm. The mussels in the study area were in the resting phase during the summer months; became sexually active with the decline in water temperature and spawning occurred during the winter time from December to March.

Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) size distributions in different urban environments and geographical regions: Towards understanding of the PM2.5 dose–response

Recent studies indicate that monitoring only fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may not be enough to understand and tackle the health risk caused by particulate pollution. Health effects per unit PM2.5 seem to increase in countries with low PM2.5, but also near local pollution sources (e.g., traffic) within cities. The aim of this study is to understand the differences in the characteristics of lung-depositing particles in different geographical regions and urban environments. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) concentrations and size distributions, along with PM2.5, were compared with ambient measurement data from Finland, Germany, Czechia, Chile, and India, covering traffic sites, residential areas, airports, shipping, and industrial sites. In Finland (low PM2.5), LDSAal size distributions depended significantly on the urban environment and were mainly attributable to ultrafine particles (<100 nm). In Central Europe (moderate PM2.5), LDSAal was also dependent on the urban environment, but furthermore heavily influenced by the regional aerosol. In Chile and India (high PM2.5), LDSAal was mostly contributed by the regional aerosol despite that the measurements were done at busy traffic sites. The results indicate that the characteristics of lung-depositing particles vary significantly both within cities and between geographical regions. In addition, ratio between LDSAal and PM2.5 depended notably on the environment and the country, suggesting that LDSAal exposure per unit PM2.5 may be multiple times higher in areas having low PM2.5 compared to areas with continuously high PM2.5. These findings may partly explain why PM2.5 seems more toxic near local pollution sources and in areas with low PM2.5. Furthermore, performance of a typical sensor based LDSAal measurement is discussed and a new LDSAal2.5 notation indicating deposition region and particle size range is introduced. Overall, the study emphasizes the need for country-specific emission mitigation strategies, and the potential of LDSAal concentration as a health-relevant pollution metric.

Effect of Dietary Selenium on the Growth and Immune Systems of Fish.

Dietary selenium (Se) is an essential component that supports fish growth and the immune system. This review attempts to provide insight into the biological impacts of dietary Se, including immunological responses, infection defense, and fish species growth, and it also identifies the routes via which it enters the aquatic environment. Dietary Se is important in fish feed due to its additive, antioxidant, and enzyme properties, which aid in various biological processes. However, excessive intake of it may harm aquatic ecosystems and potentially disrupt the food chain. This review explores the diverse natures of dietary Se, their impact on fish species, and the biological methods for eliminating excesses in aquatic environments. Soil has a potential role in the distribution of Se through erosion from agricultural, industrial, and mine sites. The research on dietary Se's effects on fish immune system and growth can provide knowledge regarding fish health, fish farming strategies, and the health of aquatic ecosystems, promoting the feed industry and sustainable aquaculture. This review provides data and references from various research studies on managing Se levels in aquatic ecosystems, promoting fish conservation, and utilizing Se in farmed fish diets.