Industrial Refuse Research Articles

Physical and chemical soil characterises integrating with GIS technique and regression models to optimize landfill location for various hospitals in Kirkuk city, Iraq

Leachate infiltration into groundwater is a major contributor to groundwater pollution, posing health hazards to neighbouring communities. Thus, this study aims to utilize Geographic Information System (GIS) procedure incorporated with regression models to assess soil characteristics and evaluate soil plasticity index as an indicator for landfill construction, specifically for medical and industrial refuse. Particularly, soil samples were collected from three different public hospitals within Kirkuk city, Iraq to optimize the best site for landfill construction. The research has focused on creating digital maps and analysing various collected physical and chemical soil characteristics. In addition, single linear regression model has been employed to evaluate the soil plasticity index in terms of individual physical and chemical soil properties. Furthermore, multi-linear regression model was applied to compute soil plasticity index benefiting from individual and combined physical and chemical soil characteristics. Precise associations between PI (plasticity index) and soil properties are determined, making it possible to indirectly quantify important soil swelling characteristics with low expense and effort to be used for optimizing landfill location. Moreover, using multi-linear regression consideration, various equations are analysed, demonstrating encouraging outcomes in predicting PI values with multiple R values ranging from 0.510 to 0.689. These models illustrate the benefit of including both physical and chemical soil properties to enhance the accuracy of PI estimation to give the chance for optimizing the landfill location depending on accessible individual or combined chemical and physical soil properties.

Research Progress on the Application of Steel Slag in Water Treatment

As the economy evolves swiftly, the significance of the iron and steel sector in the national economy has grown, yet concurrently, it generates a substantial quantity of steel slag. Steel slag, a form of industrial refuse posing possible environmental risks, presents an immediate challenge in its logical usage and treatment. Lately, there has been significant focus on studying how steel slag is applied in environmental treatment. The article presents an overview of the material makeup, physical, and chemical characteristics of steel slag, and encapsulates the advancements in its application research for water treatment in recent times. Concurrently, this document highlights the difficulties and hurdles associated with steel slag, along with an exploration of its potential applications and future development paths.

Influence of Conventional and Non-conventional Organic Sources of Plant Nutrients and Industrial Refuse for Yield and Quality Enhancement of Radish

Background: India generates about 50 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) every year. Composting MSW is viewed as a low-cost method of diverting organic wastes from landfills in to a valuable product of agricultural importance. Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is an organic matter rich with a small quantity of nitrogen, while rice hull ash is a good source of plant nutrients particularly of potash. Bagasse ash is a waste obtained from sugar industries and is capable of supplying significant amount of plant nutrients. The present investigation aimed to study the effect of organic sources of plant nutrients and industrial waste on yield and quality of radish as a supplementary source of plant nutrients. Methods: A pot trial investigation was carried out during 2019 at Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tami Nadu to study the influence of conventional and non-conventional organic sources of plant nutrients and industrial refuse on yield and quality of radish. Under this trial, FYM (12.5 t ha-1), Municipal Solid Waste Compost (25 t ha-1), Rice hull ash (5 t ha-1), Bagasse ash (10 t ha-1) with 100% RDF and 75% RDF were tried. Result: The present investigation under pot trial showed that the maximum radish root yield, shoot yield and quality were observed due to the application of organic sources of plant nutrients of both conventional and non-conventional organic sources and industrial refuse.

INFLUENCE OF CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL ORGANIC SOURCES AND INDUSTRIAL REFUSE FOR YIELD AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF RADISH

Radish is a unique root vegetable cultivated in India for its tender roots, consumed as a salad or cooked vegetable. The soil was collected from Vallampadugai, Chidambaram taluk farmer’s field having sandy loam soil texture, pH 7.0, EC 1.37 dSm-1, (textural class: Typic ustifluvents). A pot experiment was executed out in the pot culture yard of Annamalai University. Organic sources viz., FYM (12.5 and 25 t ha-1), non-conventional organic sources viz., household solid waste compost (12.5 and 25 t ha-1) and industrial refuse viz., rice hull ash (5 and 10 t ha -1) and bagasse ash (5 and 10 t ha-1) with 100% RDF and 75% RDF. There were 9 treatment combinations replicated thrice in CRD. The results showed that maximum root yield (845.9g pot-1) and shoot yield (501.9 g pot -1) were recorded in treatment, receiving 75% RDF + FYM @ 25 t ha-1 (T5). The highest chlorophyll content (1.38 mg g-1), total carbohydrates (4.76%), ascorbic acid (15.9 mg kg-1), and crude protein (0.85%) were registered in T5 (75% RDF+FYM @ 25 t ha-1)

Middle and Late Iron Age Occupation at Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

Three individual areas, totalling 0.55ha, were excavated at the Cadnam Farm site, following evaluation. Area 1 contained a D-shaped enclosure of Middle Iron Age date, associated with the remains of a roundhouse, and a ditched drove-way. Other features included refuse pits, a four-post structure and a small post-built structure of circular plan. Area 2 contained the superimposed foundation gullies of two Middle Iron Age roundhouses, adjacent to a probable third example. Area 3 contained a small number of Middle Iron Age pits, together with undated, post-built structures of probable Middle Iron Age date, including a roundhouse and four and six-post structures. Two large boundary ditches extended from the south-west corner of Area 3, and were interpreted as the funnelled entrance of a drove-way. These contained both domestic and industrial refuse of the late Iron Age date in their fills.

Environmental Precesion: Importance of Worm Manure in Sustainable Agriculture

Agricultural production is one of the main factors which have significant on environment. Sustainable agricultural systems combine traditional methods and modern techniques to provide a continuous and economic production by considering natural resources and all the environment components. Using of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in agriculture are main pollutant factors to environment due to negative effects on human health, environment security, soil quality and increased pathogen resistance. Soil fauna includes worm, protozoa, nematode etc. animals. Many of worm species fed by residues such as crops, animal wastes, sewage sludge, industrial refuse etc. mediums while Eisenia fetida (Savigny) is mostly live in organic wastes and known as an accelerator for waste stabilization by decomposition, mineralization, nitrogen transformations and includes various enzyme, vitamins, amino acids, growing regulators which lead to better medium for plant growing as vermiculture. Besides an increasing tendency for using of worm manure and its developing industry, their lifecycle and activities are studied extensively over world while less studied in Turkey especially about importance in sustainable agricultural systems. Present paper reviews using of worm manure to provide sustainable environment systems which is an issue for human health by functional food production and application of environmental friend production systems.

Properties of a Low-Carbon Cement with 90% of Industrial Refuse

Material composition, mix proportion and physical properties of a low carbon cement with 90% of industrial refuse, properties of the cement was measured according to chinese national standard GB1346-2001 and GB175-2008. It is seen that the cement had good soundness, long setting time, low water requirement for standard consistency, good initial fluidity and high final strength as well, the properties are beneficial for the construction of highway engineering, underwater engineering and large volume concrete engineering.

Baseline levels of dioxin and furan emissions from waste thermal treatment in Colombia

Background data of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) emissions from the incineration sector in Colombia are presented. Monitoring was carried out during a two-year period, 2003–2005. Twelve plants were sampled for stack gas emissions of dioxins and total solid particulate (TSP). Additionally, PCDD/Fs in several fly ash samples were analyzed. Most incinerators burned industrial refuse materials and medical residues. A wide range of PCDD/Fs emission levels were found. In particular, levels ranging from 6.9 to 343.8 ng I-TEQ/N m 3 were determined in plants without any air pollution control system (APCS). In contrast, 0.5–39.2 ng I-TEQ/N m 3 levels were found in plants with APCS while 8.5–67.5 ng I-TEQ/g were measured in fly ash samples. TSP values ranged from 14 to 448 mg/N m 3. This study also evaluated the impact of implementing different control systems in an incinerator. Finally, for comparison purposes several samples were analyzed by both high resolution gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) and high resolution gas chromatography coupled to ion-trap low resolution mass spectrometry–mass spectrometry (HRGC-IT LRMS/MS). Overall, I-TEQ values deviated about 20–30% between both techniques.

Functional schemes for biomass use in autonomous heat power complexes of Kaliningrad region

Energy deficiency of Kaliningrad region compels to look for the ways of using non-traditionaland renewable energy resources in the regional energy balance. One of the perspectiveresources is biomass which includes wood waste of forestry activity, solid domestic waste andcombustible industrial refuse, wastes of animal husbandry, poultry breeding and plantgrowing and etc. Based on preliminary estimation, biofuel can replace more than 85,000 tonsof equivalent fuel per year. Functional scheme of autonomous heat power complexes forKaliningrad region was worked out Resource base of these complexes will be large-scaleagroindustial enterprises, poultry factories, fur farms, timber enterprises and small individualfan11S. At such objects different organic waste materials of animal and plant origin will besubjected to ecological clean without waste processing with the production of biogas,natural fertilizers, heat energy and electricity. Combination of biogas units with wind energyturbines, solar collectors and heat pumps will allow complete application of traditional fueland energy resources.

Carlos Poveda's Menu

Carlos Poveda's Domestic Landscapes are linked to a history of food and art that reaches back to Greco-Roman antiquity and becomes empowered with contemporary artists who sculpt or paint their works in edible materials to be devoured by spectators. Poveda's Landscapes, however, offer food that is symbolic——inedible. He reinvents the organic by using industrial refuse that he converts, colors, and models in a cauldron in a process as akin to alchemy as to cooking. His is not a faithful transcription of meals in the style of classical still lifes, but rather an artistic overlapping of emotions, that surround the idea of the edible. Looking at his sculptures we may feel revulsion, but what sickens us is not so much his creation as the awareness it brings of our intrinsically predatory nature. He gives us an art form that not only fails to provoke appetite but also touches our deepest culinary memories and leads us back to a primal past by asserting the significance of food in our collective memory. Ultimately, our strongest reaction to his work may be the fear that we won't be able to digest the absurdity of our daily life.

Georadar as a tool to identify and characterise solid waste dump deposits

This paper reports the ability of a ground-penetrating radar survey to detect and characterise uncontrolled waste dumps. The dumps in our study are located just outside Rome, date back to the 1960s, and have long been abandoned. It is probable that stored there are heterogeneous refuse, i.e. household refuse, building rubble and/or industrial refuse. The Ponte Malnome dump overlies Quaternary alluvial sediments and the Regione Lazio dump, located in an abandoned quarry of gravel and coarse-sand extraction, lies on Plio-Quaternary fine sediments. The sites were surveyed with georadar equipped with 50-, 100- and 200-MHz antennas. The results of the first site were compared and integrated with VES, multielectrode and boreholes and the second with VES and seismic refraction results obtained prior to the present study by Cardarelli et al. (1997). The study confirmed that georadar can be used to detect such dumps and define the geometry of the waste dump body. On the georadar records, the in situ sediments are stratified while the dump deposits produce diffraction and noncontinuous reflections. In the Ponte Malnome site, the georadar allowed us to define the actual eastern limit of the waste dump deposits, finding it wider than was presumed from geological survey, and define the type of refuse—mainly building rubble. The geophysical results were confirmed by boreholes. In the Regione Lazio, the georadar allowed us to define the limits of the waste dump and to discriminate between surficial household refuse and underlying quarrying waste. The study demonstrates that even in unfavourable conditions, georadar can provide useful information for locating and characterising abandoned urban dumps.

Landfill Delineation and Characterization Using Electrical, Electromagnetic and Magnetic Methods

Three geophysical techniques have been used to determine the boundaries and contents of a small composite landfill. Initially, widely spaced electrical resistivity soundings and profiles provided gross information on the distribution of electrical conductivity with depth and the approximate position of the landfill. Frequency‐domain electromagnetic data were then collected on a dense grid that encompassed the landfill and surrounding sediments. Using a simple new technique, these vertical‐ and horizontal‐mode data were inverted jointly to yield shallow electrical conductivities and approximate estimates of magnetic susceptibility. Finally, optically pumped Cesium‐vapor sensors were employed in the acquisition of total‐field and vertical‐gradient magnetic data over the same area as the electromagnetic data. Together, the resultant geophysical data sets revealed two distinct waste pits separated by a 20–40 m wide zone of undisturbed ground. One waste pit was distinguished by moderate to low‐amplitude geophysical anomalies. It was the likely dump for domestic garbage. Uniformly high‐amplitude anomalies suggest that the second pit was the main site for the disposal of industrial refuse, including steel containers of chemical waste. The irregular boundaries of the two waste pits were determined equally well on the electrical conductivity, magnetic susceptibility and vertical‐gradient magnetic maps. By comparing anomalies on these maps, it was possible to distinguish ferrous and non‐ferrous metallic objects outside of the landfill and to identify sand‐ and gravel‐rich units within the dominantly fine‐grain sediments of the region.

UK government policy for refuse disposal: Actions as well as words!

Recent pertinent legislation concerning the handling, recycling and/or disposal of domestic, municipal and industrial refuse in the UK is reviewed. At present it appears that UK energy policy is being influenced significantly by EC environmental legislation. Nevertheless, an overall strategy for dealing with garbage is needed urgently.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROSOLS IN BEIJING-TIANJIN AREA OF CHINA BY PIXE AND INAA AND IDENTIFICATION OF THEIR SOURCES BY CEB

Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) techniques were used to measure the contents of 45 elements in 150 air-filter samples collected by cascade impactor with 8 stages at 10 sites in Beijing-Tianjin area of China during the periods of the winter of 1983 and the summer of 1984. It was noticed that the toxic elements such as As, Sb, Se, Pb, Hg, Cu and Ni were mainly enriched in fine particles with diameter less than 2 um. The major seven sources of coal burning, soil dust, oi1 burning, sea-salt aerosol, motor vehicle emission, limestone dust and industrial refuse attributing to the pollution in Tianjin area were identified by Chemical Elements Balance method (CEB). Among them the most important sources were the soil dust and the emission from coal-combustion followed by contributions from limestone and industrial refuse.

Industrial Adaptive Regulator with Discontinuously Variable Structure

This paper presents heuristic simple techniques for designing structure of control systems with a time-delay. It explains the new type of systems with varying structure, whose structure is being changed by switching over two different simple regulators.The structure is changed according to the value of the error signal. For the static plants of the second and higher orders a PI regulator is used as a basic mode of operation and P regulator is used for a “failure” mode of operation. Some advantage of using a PD regulator in “failure” mode is shown for static plants with time-delay.The developed regulator was implemented on microprocessor based control systems. It follows from the plant operational results that the quality of control can be improved significantly by employing the structure varying control system. The control system DIAMO-S with the above described industrial adaptive regulator is offered for modernized and newly built boilers with fluid combustion, heating stations, municipal and industrial refuse incinerating plants etc.

Combustible-gas production from domestic, municipal and industrial refuse deposited in landfill sites

The rate of production of landfill gas (LFG) varies considerably from site to site. A major obstacle in determining the financial viabilities of proposed LFG utilisation schemes, for sites which are producing appreciable quantities of gas, is the current inability to forecast accurately the considered site's gas-production rate. In essence there are two techniques for determining a site's gas-production rate: 1. (1) The site's behaviour is modelled mathematically and the LFG production rate is predicted from the composition of the deposited waste and an understanding of how quickly the organic material decays to form LFG. 2. (2) Gas-extraction flows and associated gas-pressure measurements are taken at the site. The second technique is preferable because more-accurate estimates can be made as to the mass of LFG likely to be produced per day over the next decade. The present paper discusses two approaches for the implementation of the second technique, and makes recommendations with respect to procedure.

Harnessing energy from domestic, municipal and industrial refuse

Problems and options for those organisations contemplating changes in their refuse-disposal policies and processes are reviewed. Controlled incineration is potentially the safest method of destroying the more toxic industrial wastes such as PCBs, which are especially persistent. The use of the resulting hot gases to produce superheated steam to drive a turbine and thereby generate electricity can be a bonus. Factors influencing the incineration of either raw municipal waste or refuse-derived fuels are discussed and two quite different types of incinerator design are described and their characteristics compared. The first type, which employs a reciprocating grate, is simple, effective and capable of burning untreated refuse, albeit with rather low combustion efficiencies. The second type, which uses a fluidised-bed incinerator, is also thought capable of burning untreated refuse, although the pelletised combustible components would be preferred. In addition, the fluidised bed requires more complicated control of the combustion reactions, with the result that higher combustion temperatures and efficiencies can thus be achieved. In essence, effective incineration of refuse requires highly sophisticated machinery, expensive pollution-control equipment and high standards of management. The incomplete incineration of wastes at temperatures below 1100°C can lead to the formation of dangerous end-products, for example, partially-burned PCBs can give rise to dioxins and di-benzofurans, which are also highly toxic substances.

Man-made litter on the shores of the Thousand Island archipelago, Java

The Thousand Islands archipelago is situated to the north west of Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia. The disposal of domestic and industrial refuse from Jakarta directly into the sea is causing concern for the waters of Jakarta Bay and producing large quantities of marine litter along the shorelines of the Thousand Islands. This study looks at the composition, distribution and origins of this litter, and discusses its effects on tourism within the island group.

Domestic, municipal and industrial refuse in the UK

The most important single step in effective waste-management is to avoid mixing the different components of rubbish at the sources of its generation. Once collected, the wise treatment of refuse would result in (i) recycling re-usable artefacts and materials, (ii) conserving fossil-fuel reserves and (iii) protecting the environment from degradation. In particular, because glass and metals need high energy-inputs per tonne to produce, they should be recycled wherever and whenever economically feasible. Annually, in England and Wales, more than 29 × 10 6 tonnes of municipal refuse is generated and about 10 per cent of this is incinerated. Even less is converted into useful energy, but, nevertheless even this small fraction makes a worthwhile contribution to the UK economy. So a review of the historical trends concerning the composition of UK refuse is presented, together with an outline of its rôle in the materials' cycle and the means of dealing with it. Possibly this will encourage better use to be made of the components of refuse, which is a major resource. We can no longer refuse to acknowledge the importance of refuse!

Significance of biogas production in waste tips

In a waste tip methane fermentation should be promoted as much as possible in order to minimize contamination of leachate and groundwater. In this paper the production of biogas is mathematically described as a first-order process. The degradable organic fraction of municipal refuse is subdivided into three fractions with different half-lifes (1, 5 and 15 years). If other categories of waste are present (e.g. industrial refuse or demolition waste) one should know the organic matter content per category and if possible some information on the degradability of the organic fractions. Field tests can also give information, e.g. the pressure lowering in and around an extraction well may be used to calculate the gas production rate and the radius of influence. Without recovery the gas escapes into the atmosphere and is (partly) oxidized by microbes in the soil cover. This may create anaerobic conditions in the soil cover causing injury to vegetation.