Industrial Production In Russia Research Articles

LAWS AND INTERESTS: Factory Inspection Relationships with Owners and the Administration of Industrial Enterprises of Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century (Based on Materials from the Middle Volga Region)

Introduction. Factory inspection was one of the key institutions that influenced the industrial development of Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The factory inspection, closely integrated into the state management system, went through several stages of its formation and development. Being at the very center of social contradictions within the framework of an increasingly acute “work issue”, the factory inspectorate was often criticized by various political forces, as well as by entrepreneurs and the public. Research methods. The range of applied research methods when considering this topic is determined by the intersection of several subject areas: social, economic and legal. In order to reflect all the complexities of their interaction, the methods of socio-institutional analysis were used. The use of the modernization theory made it possible to include the approval of factory-labor legislation in Russia in the trend of industrial modernization. The method of micro-history allows you to see the specific practice of the relationship of factory inspection with the owners and administration of industrial enterprises. Results. In this article, based on the study of predominantly archival sources, an analysis was made of the activities of factory inspection of the provinces of the Middle Volga region in the beginning of the 20th century in the context of confrontation with entrepreneurs, the essence of which was the desire to oblige them to comply with the norms and rules of factory labor legislation. As the study showed, it was not unclouded, it raised many questions and controversial issues, often caused by the frank reluctance of the owners and administrations of industrial enterprises to comply with the requirements of factory-labor legislation, and in some cases the insufficient functioning of the factory’s institute inspection, as well as mechanisms for its implementation. Discussion and conclusion. As the study shows, carrying out mediation in resolving labor disputes and conflicts between workers and entrepreneurs, factory inspectors became essentially the main actors in the formation of the legal space in the sphere of industrial production in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Gradually, they became an effective force that could resist the desire of the owners and management of enterprises to preserve the so-called “old factory orders”, where the decisive role was played not by the “letter of the law”, but by the will of the owner and a well-established custom. The way in which the new practice of production and labor relations was successfully implemented largely depended on the personality of the factory inspector, on his principledness and desire to resist the entrepreneurs and the administration of factories in their desire not to comply with the norms of factory labor legislation. Keywords: industry, actory inspection, workers, entrepreneurs, Middle Volga region, factory labor legislation

Theoretical Basis for Composition of Economic Strategy for Industry Development

1. Introduction Machine-manufacturing industry, just like other sectors of the Russian economy, is in a situation of permanent influence of long-term systemic challenges that determine not only the global trends, but also internal destabilizing factors. Both financial and political crises have had a negative impact on the economy as a whole, but the industry is a kind of framework of the national economy, which is based on the defense and aerospace industry, and a number of other strategically important industries and areas of production. Also high level of development of machine-manufacturing and engineering industry helps to solve the problems of economic and social character, due to spillover effect. The role of the engineering industry for the country is further enhanced by the solution of such complex tasks, as import substitution, the reform of the military-industrial complex and modernization of manufacturing industries. Thus, the aim of our research is to develop adequate current realities of the economic development strategy of the machine-manufacturing industry, taking into account all the problems as well as offering a balanced solution to them. 2. Base part of research The above challenges necessitate the development of the economic development strategy for the industry, including its long-term investment plan. Challenges can be roughly grouped into the following categories: 1. Strengthening of competition on the global machine-manufacturing market. Prior to the 1990s, the leaders of machine-building were countries such as the USA, the USSR, Germany and Japan (Budik and Schlossberger, 2015). However by the 2000s the picture has changed dramatically, the place of undisputed leader in the production of machine tools was transferred to China, followed by Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea and Taiwan. Japan, Germany and Italy dominate the production of the most complex and sophisticated machinery. According to Eurostat, the United States went down to 7th place in the world, and Russia is now 21st (Kondratiev). Nowadays, the mechanical engineering and metal processing account for about 20% of the total volume of industrial production in Russia, and the annual turnover of the industry is more than 55 billion US dollars. For comparison, in the US, Japan and Germany the share of engineering products as the total industrial production is around 36-45% (Zavalko). According to forecasts composed by IMF World Economic Outlook for 2025 the top producers will the countries that are now developing, with China, EU, USA and Japan still retaining the leading positions. The total volume of machine-building production will increase by 2025 to reach $ 930 billion, corresponding to an annual growth of 3.8% (Kondratiev). 2. New wave of technological changes in the industry, reinforcing the role and importance of innovations (Dasanayaka and Sardana, 2015; Giannarakis, 2016). A new technological foundation is being formed, based, on utilizing IT and nanotechnology. Each year the US invests, on average 2-2.5% of GDP on scientific research in the sphere of manufacturing and engineering, and in the EU countries this proportion is 3% of GDP. In the US, the share of state financing of engineering projects can reach up to 50%. Given this, the process of adapting the achievements in the military and aerospace industry is then carried out. Germany has also carried out a series of reforms to renew the manufacturing sector, financing the operation through effective fiscal policy. Currently, every third manufacturing plant in Germany is considered innovative, with two-thirds of total engineering production being exported (Zavalko). 3. Increase in importance of role of human capital as the main factor of economic development, the deficit of qualified engineering workers, aging and deterioration of the qualitative composition of staff. 7-10 years ago, this given problem was attempted to be solve by trying to attract foreign staff, however foreign top-managers were not able to solve all the internal problems of the industry, due to not being familiar enough with Russian specifics (Sayfieva, Ermilina). …

Региональные различия динамики промышленного производства в России: текущие тенденции

Региональные различия динамики промышленного производства в России: текущие тенденции

NEW INCOMING ACCESSIONS OF BRASSICA RAPA L. INTO THE VIR PLANT COLLECTION

The crops of Brassica rapa L. species are varieties such as pak-choi, tatsoi, wutacai, tsoisum, mizuna, mibuna, brokkoletto and Japanese leafy turnips Komatsuna, Kurona, Hiroshimana, Shirona, Mana, which are all characterized by early-ripening, high productivity, presence of valuable biochemical compounds and relatively simple growing requirements. The nappa cabbage is widespread and cultivated everywhere in the world as open field and greenhouse crop. Other varieties are grown locally, namely brokkoletto is grown in Italy, whereas other mentioned varieties are mostly cultivated in the Southeast Asian countries, where population uses them for different processing technologies. There is the nappa cabbage that is mostly cultivated, particularly for industrial production in Russia. The Chinese cabbage (pak choi), Japanese cabbage, Japanese mustard spinach or Komatsuna are not very widespread and practically unknown crop. However, vegetable growers are interested in using new cole crops, and gardeners know about values of related varieties of nappa cabbage in the group of Asian cole crops. The analysis of incoming genetic accessions of Brassica rapa L. crops that have been included into the VIR plant collection is given. All botanical subspecies and varieties of leafy varieties have been taken for the study. The detailed description of new for Russia varieties, such as purple, brokkoletto, rosette pakchoi as well as well as types of cultivars that haven’t still included into State Register of Breeding Achievements of Russian Federation are given. According to research results obtained at Pushkin VIR laboratories (Saint-Petersburg) the initial breeding accessions have been selected to be sources of such characteristics as productivity, early-ripening, disease resistance and valuable biochemical compounds.

The analysis of industrial production structure dynamics in Russia

The article is devoted to research of sectorial and regional features of industry development in Russia, structure of industrial production, size and quality of economic growth. Comparative analysis of the dynamics of certain types of industrial production in Russia showed that the crisis of 2008–2009 has produced a significant impact on the production volumes, particularly in the areas of machinery and equipment as well as transport equipment. Based on analysis of official statistics the comparative analysis of industrial production volumes in leading regions is presented. It is shown that the structure of the manufacturing industry is dominated by activities not related to the production of machinery and equipment. The coefficients of growth of the shipped goods manufacturing industry are presented. It is shown that these coefficients significantly differ relating to the type of economic activity. A significant growth of regional differentiation in industrial production is revealed. It is shown that the growth rate of industrial production is not constant and different in different regions. The article offers to consider regional preferences determined by their climatic features and comparative advantages, as well as new realities determined by new challenges and threats.

АНАЛИЗ ПРОБЛЕМ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The analysis of the structure of industrial production in Russia, the level of profitability by type of activity, an analysis of R & D expenses, as well as trends in the development of industrial production and its prospects are given . To identify and support the key role of the state in regu-lating influence on the Russian economy as a whole, and on the development of industrial poten-tial of the country. Formed the main directions of development and implementation of industrial policy in the Russian Federation.

Principles of import substitution strategy for industrial production in Russia

After the introduction of Western countries economic sanctions against Russia, the import substitution became one of economic development priorities. It must be clarified , that the achievement of desired results in this field can’t be instantaneous. First, you must understand that the selfsufficiency presents for such for a large country as Russia a permanent condition for its sustainable development. As estimated by Japanese specialists, in the eighties of the last century, the Soviet Union, conscious of the economic security, occupied in this regard the first place, the United States the second place in the world, while Germany and Japan were far lagging behind them. Now, due to the policy of Russia’s integration into the global economy carried out in the last decades we found ourselves in many kinds of products beyond the threshold of safety. While in no case seeking to isolate themselves, we are going to reduce the import dependence. Secondly, it should be borne in mind that excessive imports depress domestic industry designed to meet the needs we are now importing. On the other side, we can’t immediately abandon the import of goods satisfying the needs. We can regard the task of import substitution as performed only after domestic products will be completely able to substitute the import on the domestic market To do so, we need time and thoroughly considered plan of action. The authors propose a strategic framework, on the basis of which it is possible to build the import substitution program. According to the authors, we can immediately begin developing and executing the program , without waiting for foreign investment.

Calculation of the integral index of competitiveness of industrial production in Russia

The article deals with the theory of integration of industrial competitiveness index, adopted by the UN and other international communities, the principles of integration indicators of competitiveness, proposed additions to the existing model.

Heuristic model selection for leading indicators in Russia and Germany

Business tendency survey indicators are widely recognised as a key instrument for business cycle forecasting. Their leading indicator property is assessed with regard to forecasting industrial production in Russia and Germany. For this purpose, vector autoregressive (VAR) models are specified and estimated to construct forecasts. As the potential number of lags included is large, we compare full-specified VAR models with subset models obtained using a Genetic Algorithm enabling holes in multivariate lag structures. The problem is complicated by the fact that a structural break and seasonal variation of indicators have to be taken into account. The models allow for a comparison of the dynamic adjustment and the forecasting performance of the leading indicators for both countries revealing marked differences between Russia and Germany. JEL classification: C52, C61, E37 Keywords: Leading indicators, business cycle forecasts, VAR, model selection, genetic algorithms

Heuristic Model Selection for Leading Indicators in Russia and Germany

Business tendency survey indicators are widely recognized as a key instrument for business cycle forecasting. Their leading indicator property is assessed with regard to forecasting industrial production in Russia and Germany. For this purpose, vector autoregressive (VAR) models are specified and estimated to construct forecasts. As the potential number of lags included is large, we compare full-specified VAR models with subset models obtained using a Genetic Algorithm enabling ’holes’ in multivariate lag structures. The problem is complicated by the fact that a structural break and seasonal variation of indicators have to be taken into account. The models allow for a comparison of the dynamic adjustment and the forecasting performance of the leading indicators for both countries revealing marked differences between Russia and Germany.

Assessing Forecasting Performance of Business Tendency Surveys During the Great Recession: Evidence for Russia

This study investigates usefulness of business tendency surveys in industrial sector for out-of- sample prediction of growth of industrial production in Russia. A special attention is paid to performance of survey-augmented models during the recent Great Recession 2008/2009. Using the real-time data vintages of the index of industrial production in Russia we conclude that the use of surveys positively contributes to boosting forecast accuracy of industrial production compared with forecasts based on a benchmark univariate autoregressive model.