Industrial Pollution Load Research Articles

Hydrogeochemical processes and causative pollution sources in the highly urbanized crystalline aquifer system in Southern India

Groundwater contamination due to the disposal of untreated or partially treated domestic and industrial sewage is posing a severe threat to urban groundwater reserves in many parts of the world. The efforts made for the modelling of contaminant transport to understand these pollution transport and hydrogeochemical processes in urban areas are often challenging due to the difficulty in selecting source boundary condition locations mainly in the presence of Multiple Point Sources (MPS). The present research used Multivariate Statistical analysis (MSA) to classify the major pollution sources and to demarcate its area in the highly urbanized Hussain Sagar (HS) lake catchment situated in Hyderabad, South India. The observed monitoring data of groundwater levels and groundwater quality (pH, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO32−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3-N, total hardness) at 108 locations for eight different seasons over four years have been used for modelling. The MSA has revealed that the first component is associated with industrial pollution loads that are restricted to Kukatpally and Dulapally streams and HS lake with a total variance of up to 46% to the total pollution load. Component 2 and component 3 are associated with domestic pollution loads (HCO32−, Na+, and NO3-N) that spread across the lake catchment with a total variance of up to 37%. The approach used in this study can be applied to any local to regional scale river basins for understanding hydrogeochemical processes and to provide inputs to simulate contaminant transport.

Water Quality Characteristic of Ciliwung River at Bogor Botanical Garden Segmen, Bogor

The Ciliwung River is one of the heavily polluted rivers in Indonesia. This is caused by the input of high population and industrial pollution loads along the river, from upstream in the recreation area and Puncak in Bogor Regency to through Bogor City, Depok City and downstream in the Jakarta metropolitan city. This condition is worsened by the decreasing vegetated land in the Ciliwung watershed, especially in the river border which is polluted by the increasing population and the development of various industries, which generally do not have sewage treatment units, so that the Ciliwung river is declared heavily polluted. Bogor Botanical Gardens (BBG) is one of the green open spaces that acts as a buffer for the Ciliwung River in the BBG section. This study aims to analyze changes in the water quality of the Ciliwung river along the BBG. The research was conducted by analyzing air quality based on physicochemical factors (temperature, turbidity, total solids, pH, DO, BOD, COD) and benthic community structure at BBG inlet, middle BBG, and BBG outlet. The physico-chemical parameters of the Ciliwung river in the BBG segment still meet the requirements of class II water quality standards except for COD. The macrozoobenthos community structure is dominated by the orders Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Air quality analysis using the Water Quality Index, Pollution Index, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index and the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index showed an increase in air quality from BBG inlet, middle BBG to BBG outlet.

Reciprocating Subsurface Wetlands for Drainage Water Treatment A Case Study in Egypt (Dept.C)

A new patented constructed wetlands treatment technology for enhanced nutrients reduction has been developed by Tennessee Valley Authority. This new treatment technology is known as Reciprocating Flow Constructor Wetland (RFCW) through increasing oxygen content in the treatment processes. The RFCW has a process of operating two adjacent subsurface flow gravel beds by alternately draining and filling the wastewater on a recurrent basis to achieve tertiary levels of wastewater treatment. In Egypt, A pilot-scale RFCW was built near Lake Manzala as a demonstration of low cost treatment technology to treat a portion of Bahr El-Baqar drain wastewater that carries drainage water contains domestic and industrial pollution loads. The pilot wetland consists of one sedimentation basin followed by two subsurface flow cells working in a fill-empty sequence mechanism. The treatment capacity is 100 m per day. Treatment detention time is 4 days including 2 days in the gravel bed RFCW cells. Objectives of this paper are to describe operational flow inside the alternate cells, and to evaluate the treatment performance of reciprocating wetland for such polluted drainage water and to estimate removal rate constants (K) of the treated pollutants applying mixed flow reactor model. Water samples were collected from both influent and effluent wetland cells. Samples were analyzed to measure concentrations and loads of DO, BOD, TSS, NH4-N, NO3-N, TP, Fe, and FC. Results showed that RFCW managed to polish pollutants of drainage influent especially ammonia and nitrates reaching a limit which it could be used in a safe manner for the agricultural purpose or dumping it into Lake Manzala without negative impacts on its ecosystem.

Multivariance analysis on the distribution of micro-macro elements and their derivates at Meriç River (Thrace Region, Turkey)

Meric River, called international water, is one of the most important river systems in Thrace. As the river is an open ecosystem to intensive anthropogenic impacts from settlements, agricultural and industrial areas, monitoring its aquatic characteristics is very valuable in terms of maintaining its sustainable use. In particular, knowing the micro and macro element contents that play an important role on primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems will be very useful in predicting the eutrophication process. In this study some chemical analyzes (calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, sulphate, phosphate, cupper, iron, zinc) were carried out to determine the concentrations and distribution of some micro-macro elements and their derivates in Meric River. Thus, it was aimed to determine the micro and macro element contents of different regions in the river, to compare the data with other studies in the region and to make suggestions on the sustainable use of the river. For this aim, samplings were done selected from eight stations located in Meric River at Thrace region of Turkey between January and December 2011. Chemical analyzes of Ca, Mg, Cl, NO3-N, NO2-N, PO4, SO4 in water samples taken from the sampling stations by the Ruttner water sampler at monthly intervals were carried out in the laboratory using classical and spectrophotometric methods. The multivariance analysis (Bray-Curtis Cluster Index) was used to evaluate the similarities of sampling stations in terms of seasonal averages of these parameters. In order to determine the concentrations of some heavy metals (Cu, Fe and Zn), water samples taken by Ruttner sampler and sediment samples taken by Ekman grab at seasonal intervals were measured in flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The sampling stations were evaluated also statistically by using Bray-Curtis Cluster Index in terms of heavy metal contents of water and sediment. According to the result of statistical analysis, it was determined that the locations at lower Meric River area are different from the upper area. Especially it was observed that the sampling locality after Ergene River added to Meric River has very low quality level in terms of some chemical contents. It is thought that this may be due to the agricultural and industrial pollution load carried by the Ergene River. Therefore, it has been concluded that these locations must be evaluated in the studies of physicochemical evaluation of Meric River.

Phosphorus fractionation in surface water and sediments of industrially polluted freshwater reservoir, India

ABSTRACTIndustrial pollutions are responsible for alterations in biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus (P) in freshwater systems. The objectives of the present study were to quantify the major P forms and assess the relationship between P fractions in water and surface sediments of Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar (GBPS) reservoir, India. Surface water samples (n = 48) and surface sediment samples (n = 48) were collected from six regions of GBPS reservoir in December 2014. The results showed that total particulate phosphorus (TPP) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) account for 45%–58% and 42%–55% of total phosphorus (TP) in the surface water. The authigenic-P was found to be more than 84% of the total P in surface sediments. The TPP showed a positive statistical relationship with sedimentary P fractions (authigenic-P, exch-P, and organic-P) indicated the impact of industrial pollution load on inorganic and organic P fractions in water and sediments of GBPS reservoir. The discriminant fraction analysis (DFA) revealed that the exch-P, Fe(III)-bound-P, detrital-P, organic-P, and TPP were sensitive indicators of P dynamics in the industrially polluted GBPS reservoir.

Industrial pollution load assessment in Phnom Penh, Cambodia using an industrial pollution projection system

Approximately 56% out of the total 1302 Cambodian firms are operated in the Capital city of Cambodia. The necessary information on industrial pollution to set strategies, priorities and action plans on environmental protection issues is absent in Cambodia. In the absence of this data, effective environmental protection cannot be implemented. The objective of this study is to estimate industrial pollution load by employing the Industrial Pollution Projection System, a rapid environmental management tool for assessment of pollution load, to produce a scientific rational basis for preparing future policy direction to reduce industrial pollution in Phnom Penh city. Factory data between 1994 and 2014 obtained from the Ministry of Industry and Handicraft of Cambodia were used in our study.Due to the high number of employees, the total environmental load generated in Phnom Penh city was estimated to be 476,981Mg in 2014. Phnom Penh city generated 189,109Mg of VOC, 165,411Mg of toxic chemicals to air, 38,523Mg of toxic chemicals to land, and 28,968Mg of SO2 in 2014. The results of the estimation show that the Textiles and Apparel sector was the highest generators of toxic chemicals into land and air, and toxic metals into land, air and water, while the Basic Metal sector was the greatest contributor of toxic chemicals to water. The Textiles and Apparel sector alone emitted 436,016Mg of total pollution load. The results indicate that the Dangkao and Meanchey districts were the greatest emitters of all pollutants in Phnom Penh. The results suggest that reduction in industrial pollution could be achieved by focusing on the most polluting sectors and areas. Adopting waste minimization strategies, which include cleaner production processes, will not only reduce the cost of controlling pollution, it will also make manufacturing more efficient thereby increasing profits while reducing pollution load in the long run.

Study on industrial macropollutants discharges in Milan sewer system

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to study the transformation of some macropollutants including hydrocarbons, surfactants and metals in Milan west sewer basin. The study is part of a wider research (named SWARMNET and proposed by Politecnico di Milano and Metropolitana Milanese S.p.A and has been classified as fundable by the Ministry of Education, University and Research of Italy), aiming at installing a monitoring system for measurement of accidental discharge of pollutants from industrial activities and real-time protection of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by avoiding dangerous discharges entering the sewers. Good effluent and waste sludge quality allow safe agricultural reuse of both streams. Other objectives include food safety, lower treatment costs and reduction of pollution of soil, surface and groundwater.Design/methodology/approach– The west basin of Milan sewer network, discharging to San Rocco WWTP was considered. Among 700 industries, 16 have been selected for their specific characteristics and/or high industrial pollution load. A quality model was coupled with a hydraulic model to evaluate the effect of pollutants transport in the network.Findings– Heavy metals, surfactants and hydrocarbons have different behavior from biodegradable domestic sewage and can be modeled as conservative matter conveyed by advection only. Results show that the concentration values of these macropollutants at the inlet of the WWTP are below the Italian standard values with the exception of Cadmium and Mercury. These heavy metals should be considered in the planned sampling campaign.Originality/value– This study will estimate environmental benefits and both methodology and monitoring techniques can be extended to other cities in Italy and Europe.

Modelling habitat preference of an alien aquatic fern, Azolla filiculoides (Lam.), in Anzali wetland (Iran) using data-driven methods

A crucial element in modelling habitat requirements of any alien plant species is selection of the most important predictive variables. A database consisting of measurements collected at 7 different sampling sites at Selkeh Wildlife Refuge (Anzali wetland, Iran) was applied to predict the habitat preferences of an exotic species, Azolla filiculoides (Lam.). The measured variables were a combination of physico-chemical, structural-habitat and cover percentage data of A. filiculoides collected during the 2007–2008 period. We used support vector machines (SVMs) combined with two search algorithms, i.e. genetic algorithm (GA) and greedy stepwise (GS) in order to select the most important explanatory variables for the target species. The models with the best performing exponent were run five times after randomization to check the models’ robustness and reproducibility. The results of paired Student's t-test showed that the two optimizers (GA and GS) were unable to improve the predictive performances of the SVMs. Yet, GA outperformed GS resulting in a better prediction. All applied methods showed that both structural-habitat and physico-chemical variables might play key roles for meeting the habitat preferences of the exotic fern in the wetland. However, structural-habitat parameters (particularly wetland depth and air temperature) were the most predictive ones. Among the water quality variables, orthophosphate and sulphate were also recognized as important predictors. The physico-chemical variables selected by the models revealed that reduction of industrial pollution loads and also decreasing nutrient and organic pollution inputs into the wetland could be effective way to reduce the growth of Azolla's population.

Determination of permissible industrial pollution load at a municipal wastewater treatment plant

Industrial wastewater discharged to a municipal sewage system may often be a source of valuable organic substrate for biological processes at a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In such situations, the pre-treatment of wastewater at an industrial plant should be minimized, in order to maintain the favourable structure of organic material in influent to a WWTP. A frequent problem is how to determine the maximum industrial pollution load that can be discharged, without compromising the treatment capability of a WWTP. This article presents a method based on computer simulation that can be used for this purpose. As a result, the method produced the permissible industrial pollution load that could be discharged safely, and the relationship between chemical oxygen demand (COD) load and required biomass concentration as a function of process temperature. The method was tested at a fruit-processing plant and municipal WWTP, located in Poland. The results of this study have shown that the bioreactor should be operated at a biomass concentration varying between 3,600 and 5,400 g m−3 in function of the process temperature. Under such operational conditions, the WWTP would be able to accept the permissible industrial COD load of above 9,000 kg COD d−1 for a wide range of temperatures, namely 14–19 °C. If the WWTP was operated at a constant biomass concentration, its permissible industrial COD load would be reduced to 7,500–9,000 kg COD d−1. The method can be applied to other municipal WWTPs with activated sludge that receive industrial effluents.

Movement of toxic metals from small-scale industrial areas: a case study from Delhi, India

In India, an estimated 70% of the total industrial pollution load is attributed to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Among SMEs, small-scale industries continue to use obsolete technologies with no stringent rules for pollution control. Consequently, waste generated from them is generally dumped without treatment. These facts are strengthened from the analysis conducted on solid waste and wastewater samples from five industrial areas, water samples of river Yamuna, the tributary of river Ganges and solid waste samples of landfill areas in Delhi. Toxic metal concentrations were analysed and found in high concentration in collected samples. Besides that, fractionation study was also done. The data obtained from this study identify that the wastes with high concentrations of toxic metals, calling for the introduction of point source control of waste generation.

Industrial pollution load assessment by industrial pollution projection system (IPPS)

Growing awareness of the harmful effects on the environment caused by industrial activities has led to increasing pressure from local communities, groups, environmental organizations, and government regulators on industries to reduce their pollutant emissions. The need for industrial pollution assessment in the developing countries (where necessary information to set priorities, strategies, and action plans on environmental issues are lacking) has led to the development of the Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS) by the World Bank. IPPS is a cheap and rapid environmental management tool for pollution load estimation towards the development of appropriate policy formulation for industrial pollution control.

Estimating Sectoral and Geographical Industrial Pollution Inventories in India: Implications for Using Effluent Charge Versus Regulation

Developing countries are increasingly concerned about the growing pollution levels in cities. Because of the lack of reliable information on the nature and magnitude of emissions/discharges from various industrial sources it is difficult for regulators to formulate cost-effective strategies for industrial pollution control. This article uses the Industrial Pollution Projection System database to estimate the industrial pollution load and the associated abatement cost, which can be used to design cost-effective strategies for pollution control. The article also illustrates the cost-effectiveness of market based instruments such as effluent charge vis-à-vis regulation.

Water quality conservation for the Citarum River in West Java

The Citarum River in West Java has important role in the economic development and prosperity of the people in West Java Province and Jakarta City. It has been exploited to support agriculture, fisheries, public water supply, industry, hydroelectric power and recreation. More than 500 industries and about five million people in the basin are the main sources of water pollution of the Citarum River. The continuing deterioration of water quality in the Citarum River has become a routine water pollution case. Therefore it is necessary to solve the river pollution problems and upgrade the water quality. A study on water quality management of the Citarum River was executed from 1989 to 1993. The objective was to define the recommendation for the optimisation of water quality conservation. The results of the study show that the quality at most locations of the river during the dry season has exceeded the water quality objectives for its beneficial water uses. It is recomended that the domestic and industrial pollution load has to be reduced for water quality conservation. Smaller unit domestic waste treatment and centralised industrial waste treatment are recommended for pollution control. For further development it is recommended to propagate clean technology and to prefer giving licences to industries with low water demand. Regular monitoring must be carried out for effective water quality control.

Water quality conservation for the Citarum River in West Java

The Citarum River in West Java has important role in the economic development and prosperity of the people in West Java Province and Jakarta City. It has been exploited to support agriculture, fisheries, public water supply, industry, hydroelectric power and recreation. More than 500 industries and about five million people in the basin are the main sources of water pollution of the Citarum River. The continuing deterioration of water quality in the Citarum River has become a routine water pollution case. Therefore it is necessary to solve the river pollution problems and upgrade the water quality. A study on water quality management of the Citarum River was executed from 1989 to 1993. The objective was to define the recommendation for the optimisation of water quality conservation. The results of the study show that the quality at most locations of the river during the dry season has exceeded the water quality objectives for its beneficial water uses. It is recomended that the domestic and industrial pollution load has to be reduced for water quality conservation. Smaller unit domestic waste treatment and centralised industrial waste treatment are recommended for pollution control. For further development it is recommended to propagate clean technology and to prefer giving licences to industries with low water demand. Regular monitoring must be carried out for effective water quality control.