Industrial Forest Plantations Research Articles

Assessing the Potential of Biomass Power Generation for Renewable Energy Transition in South Papua Province, Indonesia

This study aims to explore the potential for biomass-based power plant to accelerate the development of renewable energy to replace the role of fossil energy in Merauke district, South Papua Province. The method used in this study is, first, to collect data and analyze the load on the grid system and the portion of the energy mix as well as the availability of woody biomass from forest areas by making a simulation of the development of a 2 x 12 MW Biomass Power Plant. Second, by conducting experiments to obtain woodchip conversion, as the fuel of the Biomass Power Plant, from the wood log and conversion from Biomass Power Plant capacity to the required biomass plantation area. The results provide an overview of the big potency for developing biomass-based power generation by utilizing biomass from the local industrial plantation forest and show the energy transition towards energy independence. This study can be useful for policy makers and opportunities for entrepreneurs or suppliers of wood biomass, as well. For the future, in terms of fuel efficiency, it is necessary to reduce the plantation area as a source of biomass for power plants by reducing the moisture content of the woodchip to increase the calorific value and utilizing the forest residue. Furthermore, the comparison cost study between fossil power plant and biomass power plant, as well as the strategy for preserving the plantation to ensure a steady biomass supply is conducted.

Regulatory Capture by Corporations, Liberalization of Industrial Forest Sector and Deforestation in Indonesia

This study was motivated by the proliferation of forest management businesses for industrial interests. The issuance of the Industrial Plantation Forest policy has benefited pulp and paper corporations, which can be observed from both the rapidly increasing amount of production and the area used under corporate land management, which has even exceeded the amount of land used as regulated by existing regulations.There were three problems that this study seeks to address. Firstly, how had the Industrial Plantation Forest policies during the administrations of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo impacted P.T. Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper and local communities. Secondly, in what ways the policy had caused deforestation, especially on peatlands. Thirdly, how had the state, as the policy maker, maintained the social life of the communities to reduce conflicts that would disrupt production, particularly in Riau. This study show that the industrial plantation forest policies had benefited pulp and paper corporations, that rely on wood as raw materials, by providing various facilities and subsidies from the government. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's administration issued a lot more policies that benefited corporations than Joko Widodo's administration. Meanwhile, Joko Widodo in its first period administration attempted to make amendment by making a moratorium policy that temporarily suspended the issuance of new forest and land management permits. In addition, the Joko Widodo administration also introduced a social forestry policy that allowed communities to own forestry management land. However, during the second period of his administration, forestry policies, again, had benefited corporations, especially with the issuance of the Job Creation Law which gave rise to many protests from the public.Fred Block’s in his book “the Revising State theory” to the conclusion that the business community has a strong influence on the formation of state policy and that business people seek government’s assistance to support their profit-seeking activities through various policies. The policies are in the form of trade protection, subsidy programs, tax benefits, punitive treatment of strikers, contracts from the government, and so on. However, Block also believes that other than providing support to corporations to accumulate capital, the government must also maintain social stability both as a protection for business confidence and because the government wants to maintain its power. Social forestry policy, for example, is aimed at reducing social conflicts by providing access to communities with cultivated land to improve their welfare.

Suhu dan Masa Simpan Benih Memengaruhi Viabilitas Benih Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King.)

Swietenia macrophylla or big-leaf mahogany is an exotic species from Central and South America. This tree has various benefits, so it’s used as an industrial plantation forest and afforestation in Indonesia. However, seed storage of mahogany is a major problem in cultivation, because it can reduce seed viability. The storability of seeds is influenced by seed and environmental conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of temperature and storage time on the viability of S. macrophylla seeds and to calculate the Seedling Quality Index (SQI). The experiment was carried out using a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 2 factors. The first factor was consisted of four levels of temperature treatment, namely room temperature (24), 4, 0, and -20°C. The second factor was the storage period treatment which consisted of 4 levels, namely 1 up to 4 weeks, with 1-week intervals. The results showed that the interaction between temperature and storage time affected mahogany leaves, primary and secondary roots, root/shoot ratio, and total wet weight of S. macrophylla seedlings. Mahogany seeds that were stored at room temperature for 1 week resulted in the highest seed viability, with SQI of 0.03-0.04.

Analysis of community preferences for industrial forest plantation development in Sumbawa district

Analysis of community preferences for industrial forest plantation development in Sumbawa district

The assessment of essential oil potential from waste logging of different eucalyptus clones in PT Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk's industrial plantation forests, Indonesia

PT. Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk's Industrial Plantation Forest is the largest forest company in North Sumatra Province, with a total area of 188055 ha. Eucalyptus leaves in this company have not been optimally utilized and processed, commonly left as waste. This study aims to calculate the potential of leaves and the potential production of essential oils from eucalyptus leaves which are waste from logging. The method used to calculate the potential of eucalyptus leaves from logging waste is to measure the weight of the leaves from the sample tree. The yield of essential oils produced from eucalyptus leaves is obtained through distillation techniques in the laboratory. The annual production potential of essential oils is calculated using annual logging area data for each clone. The study produced average data on eucalyptus leaf potential from logging waste for each clone and the entire logging area per year. Distillation was performed on all clones to produce eucalyptus oil's average yield and density. Conversion of yield with leaf potential and area of felling results in the amount of oil produced from felled logging waste leaf per year. The potential for eucalyptus production is very significant and related to efforts to increase the economy of non-timber forest products.

Implementation of the Industrial Plantation Forest Development Policy to Increase the Productivity of Industrial Plantation Forests in North Gorontalo Regency

Implementation of the Industrial Plantation Forest Development Policy to Increase the Productivity of Industrial Plantation Forests in North Gorontalo Regency

Advancing Food Security in Indonesia: Harnessing Innovative Intercropping Methods within Oil Palm Plantations for Enhanced Rice Farming

Indonesia faces the issue of meeting the escalating food demand caused by population growth. Intercropping rice in oil palm has emerged as a promising strategy to address food production and security challenges in Indonesia. This study thoroughly explores and evaluates the potential of innovative intercropping technology, which involves integrating rice farming into oil palm and industrial forest plantations in Indonesia. The study employed a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow guidelines, focusing on the keywords "intercropping technology," "rice," and "oil palm Indonesia”. Using search engines in ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. From the earlier search, 1826 articles were generated, and after selection, 10 articles meeting the criteria were obtained. Out of 48 million hectares of oil palm plantations, approximately 2.4 million hectares (immature) can be utilized for intercropping with rice and capable of producing 4-5 tons per hectare. In brief, this additional rice crop production constitutes roughly a 20-25% augmentation to the national rice output. These findings highlight the significant role of rice intercropping with oil palm in increasing rice production and enhancing food security in Indonesia. Intensive research is crucial to develop innovative technologies capable of boosting both crop productivity and soil fertility, thereby supporting the increase in food production and oil palm productivity.

Land Access, Exclusion, and Conflict in the Dynamics of Agrarian Changes in Forest Areas of Napal Putih Village, Tebo District, Sumatra

Extraction activities in forest areas in Indonesia have led to drastic changes in the ecological balance of forest regions. The Indonesian government responded by implementing the concept of Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI), which was granted to the private sector to address the damage caused by forest extraction while utilizing unproductive forest land. However, this policy failed to consider the presence of communities that controlled and utilized land. This triggered agrarian conflicts because of differing claims over land. Using qualitative research methods, this paper explores the issue of agrarian conflict through a political ecological analysis within the theoretical framework of access and exclusion. Thus, it elucidates why forest area conflicts in Napal Putih occur, who the actors are involved in each contestation process, and how the relationships among actors take shape.

Classification of Standing Types at PT. Work Locations. Sustainable Forest Tusam in Krakap Dusun, Umang Village, Linge District, Central Aceh District

PT. Tusam Hutani Lestari is a company with an area of ± 97,300 Ha which has an Industrial Plantation Forest Concession Rights permit number 452/Kpts-11/92 dated 14 May in Aceh Province which is in the districts of Central Aceh, North Aceh, Bener Meriah and Bireuen. With a large working area, the forest area is divided into 6 working blocks, namely the Mount Salak block, Blangkuyu block, Lampahan block, Burni Telong block, Bidin block and Jambu Aye block, making this area have varied biodiversity. This observation aims to determine the diversity of types of stand distribution found on mixed forest land and to determine the value of the important value index (INP) for a type of stand at the PT work site. Tusam Sustainable Forest. The results show that there are 8 types of stands or trees with a total of 17 individuals in the mixed forest area. The dominant important value index (INP) is found in Eucalyptus trees at 60.57% and Pine at 58.66%, while the INP for all plant types in mixed forest area cover is 300% and is included in the high value, and the diversity index for the growth rate of mixed forest land cover shows that the PT Tusam Hutani Lestari work area is included in the medium criteria.

Kajian Erosi pada Hutan Tanaman Industri di Kecamatan Tompobulu Kabupaten Maros

The small value of erosion on a land is sometimes ignored even though it can sometimes have an effect on a land. Industrial plantation forests (HTI) are present as a government effort to combine timber production and forest rehabilitation. However, the problems faced are low land productivity, decreased soil fertility due to erosion processes in the soil layer. The research hypothesis is that the use of a layered canopy, good soil infiltration will reduce the rate of erosion and surface flow. This research aims to study the amount of erosion in industrial plantation forests in Tompobulu District, Maros Regency. This research was conducted in January-February 2022 in Bahagia Hamlet, Bontomanurung Village, Tompobulu District which was carried out using the erosion plot method. Erosion plots were made in two stands in monoculture and agroforestry industrial plantation forest areas. The measurement results of the amount of flow rate in monoculture HTI is greater than agroforestry HTI which each has a surface flow, namely 113.86 m3/ha and 55.43 m3/ha. While the erosion rate in monoculture HTI is greater than agroforestry HTI, each of which has an erosion rate, namely in monoculture HTI of 0.19 tons/ha and agroforestry HTI of 0.06 tons/ha. The estimated value of annual erosion and tolerable soil loss (TSL) in each stand, namely monoculture HTI is 2.57 tons/ha/year and 4.69 tons/ha /year, while in agroforestry HTI respectively 1.45 tons/ha/year and 9.69 tons/ha/year. Each of the two stands produced estimates of annual erosion that were smaller than the tolerable soil loss (TSL). Good interception (use of layered canopy, vegetation with large leaf surface area) and good infiltration can reduce erosion and surface runoff.

Effects of noise intensity on concentration levels of chainsaw operators and harvesting workers in industrial forest plantation, North Sumatera, Indonesia

Background Noise has the potential to affect the comfort and health of workers. The objective of this research was to determines the effects of noise on the concentration levels of both chainsaw operators and harvesting workers in industrial forest plantation, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Methods This experimental study included 20 respondents which consisted of 10 chainsaw operators/helpers and 10 harvesting workers. All respondents were exposed to the sound of a chainsaw in three different conditions (idle, half gas and racing conditions) with and without personal protective equipment (PPEs: earmuffs, ear plugs and without PPE). The sound intensity produced by the chainsaw and the noise received by the respondents were measured using a sound level meter. Respondents’ perception toward noise was recorded using a Likert scale. Respondents’ concentration level was assessed by giving 25 math-questions to be answered within 10 minutes. Wilcoxon sign rank test was used to analysed paired data. Results The average sound intensity received by respondents’ left and right ears were lower than the average sound intensity produced by the chainsaw. The use of earmuffs leads to better perception towards noise when compared with the use of earplugs and the absence of any PPE. Based on Wilcoxon test, the noise did not have significant impact on the concentration level of chainsaw operators, whilst the contrary result is true for harvesting workers. Conclusions The research indicated that although the noise produced by the chainsaw was considered noisy for both chainsaw operators and harvesting workers, it did not have a significant effect on the concentration level of chainsaw operators and only affected the harvesting workers. Therefore, given that the harvesting workers were still affected by the noise, noise control measures are still needed to ensure occupational safety and health for the workers.

Membangun Hutan Lestari: Analisis Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

The purpose of writing this scientific article is to identify and analyze management supervision in the forestry sector in general in the context of forest protection in industrial plantation forests, because the sustainable implementation of industrial plantation forests in principle requires government involvement in community activities through legal instruments. in the form of permits. Sometimes government policies regarding participation in community activities do not end in just one stage, but rather go through several policies. As a research method, a normative research method was used, the results of which are as follows: Because this is an industrial plantation forest, the special basic law, namely. H. Forestry Law no. 41 of 1999 and newer laws. Regional Government Law no. 23 of 2014. Although the Environmental Protection and Management Law no. 32 of 2009 has different content, because it relates to environmental permits in general. Industrial forest plantation permits, known as IUPHHK-HTI, are issued by authorized officials from the Minister of Environment and Forestry, taking into account recommendations from the governor where the permit is issued. In this case, the authorization procedure actually requires preventive checks, because preventive checks are to avoid possible errors with the ultimate goal of ensuring forest sustainability.

Vulnerability of multi-designated landscape and its connectivity toward conservation: A case study in Kampar Kerumutan, Riau, Indonesia

Indonesia is declared by the United Nations as a country that meets its conservation targets. However, Indonesia has not maximized the potential conservation of its territory, and the ecosystem is still threatened by anthropogenic activity, particularly due to small and large scales cultivation. Besides, the Government of Indonesia (GoI) built taskforces at the national level to avoid greenhouse gas emissions through FOLU Net Sink 2030 that could tackle climate and biodiversity crises. Therefore, identifying OECMs and creating a sustainable management framework by elaborating on the carbon pool and its dynamics across the Indonesian landscape is crucial to meet the targets of the global conservation agenda. Kampar Kerumutan Landscape (KKL) is one of the critical landscapes in Indonesia with high potential conservation for biodiversity and high intervention from various concessions. Our result showed that most KKLs were categorized as potential restoration areas. Industrial forest plantations (IFP) had the highest threat for conservation. To connect the potential highly conserved areas within KKL for species mobility, restoration projects (particularly in IFP, Protected Areas, and Non-managed areas) should be conducted to achieve human and nature balance in the KKL.

Analysis of land cover changes case in the Batang Toru landscape

Land cover and land use changes have impacted nearly every form of life on Earth. Batang Toru landscape dominated as a protected area has been experiencing environmental problems due to human activities. The purpose of this study is to analyze land cover changes and land function in Batang Toru Landscape, North Sumatra from 2014 to 2020. We evaluated the changes by using overlay and spatial analysis using the software ArcMap 10.4 and QGIS Las Palmas version. The results of this study showed that during 2014-2020, Batang Toru Landscape covers and functions significantly changed. The areas that experienced the increasing number were agriculture dryland mixed with shrub areas 24,581.70 ha (9.86%), secondary dryland forests 14,439.60 ha (5.80%), paddy areas 3,523.95 ha (1.39%), open areas 1,117.35 ha (0.44%), and industrial forest plantation 429.75 ha (0.18%). Meanwhile, the decreasing areas were dryland agriculture 24,925.49 ha (10.02%), shrubs 17,361.90 ha (6.97%), and primary dryland forest 1,804.95 ha (0.72%). This study can be used as a consideration for the government in managing the landscape to combat the serious environmental problems in Batang Toru.

Potential waste from felling of Eucalyptus pellita trees using Komatsu PC130F-7 in industrial plantation forest

East Kalimantan has seen an increase in mechanized harvesting methods in recent years. Timber production activities in Surya Hutani Jaya Industrial Plantation Forest, Sebulu District have implemented a mechanical harvesting system, including tree felling activities. In the harvesting system by mechanical means, the presence of felling waste is inseparable. Therefore, the volume of felling waste from stumps, stems, and tree tops was calculated. From the stump waste with an area of 0.25 ha in the research plot, 50 samples were taken with a volume produced of 0.0427 m3 or 0.1707 m3 ha−1. In stem waste, 10 samples were taken with a total volume produced of 0.0453 m3 or 0.1811 m3 ha−1. From the tree top waste, 50 samples were taken with a total volume produced of 0.0374 m3 or 0.1496 m3 ha−1. Waste stump, stem, and tree top waste amounted to 0.5014 m3 ha−1 or 0.45%. The results of this study used the Komatsu PC130F-7, the lowest remaining stump height was 1.7 cm and the highest was 12.6 cm. Meanwhile, the mean stump height is only 5.44 cm. From research, it is known that this company has been able to carry out logging efficiently because the waste produced has a relatively small value. The advantage of harvesting trees with a Komatsu PC 130F-7 equipped with a shearing head is the minimum amount of wood debris that accumulates in the field.

Analysis of Combustion of a Steam Boiler with Chips and Bark as Fuel

PT. Medco is a business entity engaged in managing industrial plantation forests and one of the company’s branches is in South Papua—Merauke. This company manages wood to be processed into raw materials for paper and other purposes. Timber production activities that produce waste in very large volumes, these wastes still have a high calorific value which their utilization will produce fuels that can be used, one of which is as fuel for boilers for power generation. This study uses a qualitative method where research is conducted to obtain the necessary data to then be analyzed again by calculating combustion using the British Thermal Unit (BTU) analysis method. Preliminary data required for qualitative analysis include operational and technical steam boiler data. The fuel used in the combustion process is wood chips and bark obtained from production residue or what can be called waste. The results of the calculation of the combustion process in the 1 × 7 MW steam boiler (PLTU) PT. Medco shows Carbon (C) 34.47%, Hydrogen (H2) 4.22%, Sulfur (S) 0.06%, Oxygen (O2) 30.75%, Nitrogen (N2) 0.22%, Water (H2O) 27.80%, Ash 2.48% and a calorific value of Hight Heating Value (HHV) 9160.8 Btu/lb, Excess water 30% and fuel consumption of 16784 kg/h. The mass flow rate of steam is 35 tons or 66150 lb/h with a combustion gas temperature of 1490 °C and an adiabatic temperature formed in the furnace of 1075 °C. Primary air requirement is 43594.91 kg of air and the secondary air requirement is 18727.24 kg of air. The heat energy that is put into the steam boiler from the results of the combustion process is 98.24 × 106 BTU/h or 28.77204 MW, the heat that is utilized for the process of changing the fluid phase of the liquid in the water pipes along the boiler wall is only 83.038 × 106 BTU/h or 24.31975425 MW. So, it can be concluded that there is an energy loss of 15.2020 × 106 BTU/h or 4.452286 MW.

Constraints to community empowerment: A study of communities around forests in Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province

The empowerment of village communities around the forest is called the Plants of Life program by the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry Number P.12/Menlhk-II/2015 concerning Industrial Plantation Forest Development where the community is entitled to 20% of the HTI area. However, this is very contradictory to the community in Pelalawan Regency where empowerment through plants of life still adopts the pattern of giving cash. The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain the obstacles to empowering communities around the forest in Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province. This research uses a type of qualitative research with a case study approach that the author considers can answer the problems faced, namely related to obstacles to community empowerment around the forest. The type of research used is qualitative research with a case study approach. The data analysis techniques used are interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The informants in this study were the village government, community leaders, and the company. The data used consists of primary and secondary data. The results of the discussion show the lack of community ability to change from consumptive patterns to ideal empowerment patterns. Then existing institutions in the village such as teams/cooperatives are unable to accommodate the welfare of the community, as well as regulations that are unable to accommodate empowerment.

Feasibility of utilization of eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus spp) from logging waste in industrial plantation forests to produce essential oils

Eucalyptus is a type of industrial plantation forest (HTI) tree that has high economic value. Almost all parts of eucalyptus can be used. In addition, wood can be used as raw material for pulp, leaves and twigs containing cineol can be used as raw material for essential oils. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of using eucalyptus leaves from a financial perspective for essential oil production in the plantation forest area of PT. Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis, financial analysis with two selling price scenarios, namely the high target scenario and the low target scenario with the criteria of Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The results showed that the use of eucalyptus leaves as a raw material for essential oils from logging waste in plantation forest areas is financially feasible. With details of the high target scenario, it produces an NPV value of IDR 134,903,510,450 (USD 8,895,714.5), an IRR value of 33.01% and a BCR value of 3.76. The NPV value for the low target scenario is IDR 84,029,947,498 (USD 5,541,045), the IRR value is 21.90% and the BCR value is 2.72.

Thinning on the Growth of Red Jabon Trees (Anthocephallus Macrophyllus) in the Industrial Plantation Forest Area

This study aims to observe the growth of red jabon (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) plants at various thinning intensities. Red jabon is a native Indonesian plant species that have the potential to develop forest plantations and reforestation ex-mining land. The research measured stem diameter and plant height at each thinning intensity. The study results are expected to provide information on the potential of red jabon cultivation and become a recommendation for red jabon wood farmers to improve the quality of company and farmer income. This research is expected to contribute to the development of thinning activities in improving the quality of red jabon tree stands, as well as providing a better understanding of this plant's cultivation and potential benefits. The thinning intensity applied 6 months the growth of Red Jabon trees in the Industrial Plantation Forest Area of PT. Global Citra Lestari showed a significant effect on stem diameter increment, 40% intensity treatment has a promising potential to enhance both stem diameter and height growth.

Analisa Efektivitas Kerja Bulldozer Terhadap Pengisian Rangkaian Di Area Stockpile OPB 4 PT. Bukit Asam, Tbk

Heavy equipment is a tool that functions to transport or move materials in a large capacity and in a relatively short time. The use of heavy equipment is also a way to increase company productivity. One example of heavy equipment used by the east block of the PT. Bukit Asam Tbk is a Bulldozer. According to the penambang.com website, the Bulldozer is a crawler tractor that is useful for digging, displacing, pushing soil and pulling an object, which can be operated by rocky, hilly, and mud fields in various work sectors such as mining, construction, logging, industrial plantation forests (forestry) and plantations. This study aims to find out how to determine the effectiveness of bulldozer work, find out what factors affect the effectiveness of bulldozer work and find out the percentage of bulldozer work effectiveness and coal production results on the circuit in the OPB 4 PT stockpile area. Bukit Asam Tbk. Final results display data in the form of bulldozer working time tables and coal delivery report data as well as operating and working hours graphs and coal delivery charts.