Industrial Forest Plantations Research Articles

Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan Kebakaran Lahan Gambut di Indonesia: Konflik Pelaksanaan Restorasi Lahan Kawasan Hutan Tanaman Industri

The purpose of this study was to analyze the implementation of policies and conflicts between actors in restoring peatlands in HTI areas in Riau Province. This research method is qualitative. Secondary data is obtained through literature studies, or from other written sources that do not interact directly with the object of research in order to obtain data. Some of the secondary data used by researchers are documentation and data containing information on the theme of policy implementation, both from electronic and print media. The results of the study show that the inhibiting factors for the achievement of BRG's performance are First, overlapping policies related to the restoration area / map between the executors of activities, namely BRG and KLHK, which causes conflict. Second, coordination between central and local governments in the implementation of restoration so that the Riau Provincial Government is not proactive in supporting the restoration agenda. The Riau Province Environment and Forestry Service does not have a significant role in implementing the peatland restoration agenda in Riau. Third, the inactivity of the Riau Provincial Government is indicated by the fear of disruption to the Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) and Oil Palm sectors due to peat restoration. This is related to the regional development agenda itself. The disruption of these two sectors has implications for the economy of Riau Province as a whole.

Timber transportation using two types of trucks in industrial plantation forests, North Sumatra, Indonesia

The timber transportation is expensive, because wood besides having a light weight, is also deep implementation is often constrained by limited access, steep slopes and distances far away. The purpose of this study was to determine the productivity of timber transportation in industrial plantation forests of PT. Toba Pulp Lestari, North Sumatra, Indonesia. This research was conducted in the area of PT. Toba Pulp Lestari, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The research was carried out by taking a sample of twenty trucks with two different types of trucks by purposive sampling. The results showed that the shortest working time in activities transportation is the activity of unloading. The average volume capacity of truck was 10 m3 and 32 m3, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the average productivity produced by both types of trucks was 0.57 m3/hour and 1.46 m3/hour, respectively.

Potensi Tiga Jenis Kayu Tanah Gambut Sumatera sebagai Bahan Baku Pulp dan Kertas (The Potential of Three Peat Land Woods of Sumatera as Pulp and Paper Raw Material)

The growth of pulp and paper industries has encouraged the expansion of the industrial plantation forests for pulp wood. The exotic species planted for pulp wood initially maintained a relatively high productivity, however it decreases in the following rotation cycles. The peat land wood species of Sumatera could be an alternative for exotic species. However, the insufficient information on the wood properties has brought about they are less considered. This paper examined the fiber quality of Sumatran local peat-wood and its possibility as a raw material of pulp and paper. For specific gravity, samples were selected based on three different diameter groups in each plot. Fiber properties (dimension and fiber derivative values) used to asses the suitability of the wood for pulp and paper raw material were determined in accordance with the method of the Forest Product Laboratory (FPL). The resulted data and information were compared to those of krasikarpa (Acacia crassicarpa Benth.). The results showed that the fiber quality of sekubung wood was classified into grade II, while gerunggang and mahang putih were classified into grade III. The specific gravity of gerunggang wood was higher than these of other woods and comparable to that of krasikarpa. Although the growth of Sumatran local peat-wood is still low, however, conformity with government regulations (Government Regulation Number 57-2016 and Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number 17-2017) and fiber quality, the local peat-wood could potentially substitute the exotic wood species.

Dynamics of carbon of peat soils under several land uses in Kampar Peninsula, Riau Province, Indonesia

One of the main sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions is CO2 from peat decomposition. Land management, especially drainage, can trigger decomposition, causing carbon content depletion in peat soils. In this study, carbon dynamic was evaluated under various land uses of the peatland in Kampar Peninsula, Riau, Indonesia. Secondary data from 2016, supplemented by primary data until 2018 have been analysed to obtain multi-temporal data. The dynamic of land use types was analysed by interpreting multi-temporal imagery and ground check in the field. Results show that from 2016 to 2018, there was a soil carbon content decrease in the lands with intensive management, namely estate corps, Industrial Forest Plantation (IFP) and upland crops ranging from 0.12 to 1.39% per year. On the other hand, there was an increase of average carbon content on unmanaged land, covered by grass and shrub, between 0.24 to 0.75% per year. Below-ground carbon stock in the study area was between 1,926 to 6,644 Mg ha−1, the lowest was happened to be in abandoned bush land, and the highest was in the peat forest-bush area, and the variation was related to the peat depth.

Diversity of termites (Isoptera) on industrial forest plantation of Eucalyptus pellita stands of tropical ecosystem in Riau, Indonesia

Abstract. Prastyaningsih SR, Hardiwinoto S, Musyafa, Koranto CAD. 2020. Diversity of termites (Isoptera) on industrial forest plantation of Eucalyptus pellita stands of tropical ecosystem in Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5498-5505. Eucalyptus pellita is an alternative tree species for pulp and paper of industrial forest plantation. One of the forest plantation’s negative effect is the loss of biodiversity and vulnerable to pest and disease. Termites are one of the pests attacking the forest plantations and play an important role in the ecological process. Need a better understanding of the termite role ecosystem process in E. pellita stands. This research aimed to determine the diversity of termite species found in E. pellita stands at different rotation and ages of stands. Termite diversity sampled by the transect sampling method in the 4th and 5th rotation with four-level ages (1, 2, 3, 4-years-old). The transect area was divided into 24 plots (100 m x 2 m). The termites in the Eucalyptus stand consist of two families (Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae), five subfamilies (Termitinae, Macrotermitinae, Nasutitermitinae, Rhinotermitinae, and Coptotermitinae), and eight species (Discupiditermes nemorosus, Macrotermes gilvus, Termes rostatus, Amitermes dentatus, Microcerotermes sp., Nasutitermes matangensis, Schedorhinotermes medioobscurus, and Coptotermes havilandi). The diversity index (H) in the 4th rotation was 1.95, while in the 5th rotation was 1.63, with a similarity in the Sorensen Index of 87.71%. The existence of termites is dominated by the wood feeder group. The species richness of the termites at the two rotations increased with the increase of the stand age.. The relative abundance composition of termites in the 5th rotation, is higher than the 4th rotation. Termite occurrence was influenced by necromass, tree biomass, humidity, and temperature.

Oil palm plantation inside forest area?

The problem of land-use competition continues despite the availability of cadastral technology such as remote sensing and land use mapping technology including the usage of global or geo-positioning system tool to avoid such competition. This happens mainly in state forest where forestland use permits issued by the government to use the forest for large-scale agriculture i.e., oil palm plantation overlap with other forest use permits. This illegal expansion is known as overshooting or land grabbing. In Dharmasraya District, West Sumatra Province, a private oil palm plantation overshoot 2,000 ha of state forest intended for industrial forest plantation area. This paper raises the following questions; 1) why forest land use permit overlapping, 2) once it identified what solution and negotiation taken by stakeholders; government agencies and private sectors, and 3) what is the land use result. This case study is within a working area of the production Forest Management Unit (KPHP) of Dharmasraya Dharmasraya District, West Sumatra, where industrial plantation area overlaps with oil palm plantation. At the end, the industrial forest plantation area was taken by the oil palm plantation area and make it a legal occupancy. The land use permit overlap happens because of two reasons; first, local government issues oil palm plantation permit while central government issues forest use permit. Second, the oil palm company began their land clearing outside its permitted area and overlap with industrial plantation area. One this discovered; the two companies negotiated and resulted in the sale of forest industrial plantation permits to oil palm Plantation Company; the price is magnificent. But, local people follow forest land grabbing resulting in accelerated deforestation. The study suggests that one map policy is essential, but more importantly, that map and other cadastral technologies must be utilized to monitor land use and to enforce forest protection law.

Conceptualization of Traditional Knowledge for Adoptive and Sustainable Agriculture by the Indigenous Basap Dayak, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

This research was conducted in 2019 in the indigenous Basap Dayak community of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objectives of the study were to explore the traditional knowledge and wises, and to formulate adaptive and productive agriculture under the external pressures to agricultural land. Data were collected through household survey and Focus Group Discussion, and analyzed using descriptive qualitative method. Research findings were that the Basap community has traditional knowledge in practicing Swidden agriculture at every stage of work from land selection to post-harvesting. The traditional knowledge already formulated to use under the environmental changes and external pressure. The traditional knowledge was still effective to practice in maintaining the productivity of land under the external pressure. It is recommended that young generation of the Basap should be informed to the traditional knowledge, and the external parties including coal mining, industrial forest plantation and even District government should recognize and facilitate the Basap community in sustaining their traditional way of life.

DEVELOPMENT OF PINK DISEASE ON VARIOUS AGES OF Acacia crassicarpa CUNN EX. BENTH.

Development of pink disease on the various ages of Acacia crassicarpa Cunn Ex. Benth.. The increase in the value of pulp and paper exports in Indonesia is partly due to the development of industrial forest plantations of acacia on peatlands. Acacia crassicarpa grows well on peatlands with high productivity. However, the development of pink disease is a threat to the growth of A. crassicarpa, both in the nursery and in the field. This study aimed at examining the development of pink disease on the various ages of A. crassicarpa. The study was conducted using census method on plants at aged 4, 24 and 42 months. Variables observed were symptoms, incidence, and severity of disease. Data were analyzed descriptively and regressively to understand the relationship between the incidence and severity of the disease and the age of the plant. The results showed that the symptoms that appearing at the seedling level were similar to those the sapling, poles and tree level. The presence of thin colonies of cobweb-like (cobweb stage), mycelia aggregation from the cobweb stage (pseudonodular stage), and the appearance of pustules and pink incrustation (teleomorph stage) were common symptom. However, disease incidence and severity were moderate at the seedling and mild at the saplings, poles and trees level. The incidence and severity of disease decreased with increasing age.

Partitioning and solving large-scale tactical harvest scheduling problems for industrial plantation forests

Spatially explicit, tactical forest planning is a necessary but challenging task in the management of plantation forests. It involves harvest scheduling and planning for road access and log transportation over time and space. This combinatorial problem can be formulated into the fixed-charge transportation problem (FCTP), in which the sum of fixed and variable costs is minimized while meeting harvest volume requirements and allowing necessary road maintenance and log hauling activities. The problem can be solved using general optimization methods such as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), but the computational efficiency of the MILP-based approach quickly drops as the size and complexity of the problem increases. We developed a new optimization procedure that partitions the large planning problem into smaller subproblems. We applied a hybrid optimization approach using both MILP and heuristic rules to efficiently solve the large FCTP that otherwise may not be solvable using traditional methods. We applied our approach to an industrial plantation forest in Brazil. Our applications demonstrate the performance of the new optimization procedure and the benefit of solving large forest planning problems that integrate harvest scheduling with road access and transportation.

Relationship between Age and Standing Diameter of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell Clone A in Industrial Plantation Forest Sebulu Kutai Kartanegara District, East Kalimantan Province

Forestry development which is oriented towards meeting the raw materials of the forestry industry is one of them with industrial plantations. The types developed are adapted to the needs of the industry and which have high economic value. Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell is one of the fast growing species that is very important for the pulp and paper industry. The advantages of this Eucalyptus as a fast growing plant are short rotation, few disease attacks, many benefits, and high economic value. One of the parameters of vegetative growth is the diameter, which in this case is measured by different stand age classes. So the research aims to determine the effect of age on the distribution of diameters and suspect of relationship patterns. The plant material is derived from clones, namely Clone A which is the result of selection from progeny test which will produce selected clones based on specified criteria and one of them is Clone A which is now a commercial clone since 2012. Propagation through vegetative tissue culture (as mother plant) which is then made shoot cuttings in the stool plant. The study was conducted in HTI PT Surya Hutani Jaya (PT SRH) Sebulu District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province by determining the research plots by purposive sampling with RAK ​​and 3 replications. Furthermore, doing a diameter census (DSD) and numbering of all tree compilers stands in a circular research plot with an area of ​​0.05 ha, circle radius 12.6 m on stands aged 6 months (0.5 years), 2, 4 and 5 years. The results obtained from this study which are based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that stand age has a very significant effect on the distribution of diameters, where the results of the BNT 5% test indicate that among the average diameters per age class (6 months, 2, 4 and 5 years) show significantly different from each other. The linear regression relationship between age and diameter distribution of the average stand formed with the equation formed was: Y = 3.96 + 2.2777X, with values ​​R2 = 0.9730 and r = 0.9864.

The Characteristics of Acacia mangium Stands at Site 23 B, RPH Maribaya, BKPH Parung Panjang, KPH Bogor which is attacked by pests and diseases

RPH Maribaya, BKH Parung Panjang, KPH Bogor is an Industrial Forest Plantation dominated by A. mangium stands. The characteristics of A. mangium stands is done by calculating the frequency and intensity of pest and disease attacks on A. mangium stands. The method used in this research is referring to the Criteria and Score for Plant Pests / Diseases [1]. The research was conducted on 85 sample trees in 7 plots in the Plot 23b of the RPH Maribaya by Simple Random Sampling. The results of this research indicate that the highest attack frequency on A. mangium is in plot 4 is 80%, and the lowest is in plot 7 which is 0%. The highest attack intensity is found in plot 4 that is 50% and the lowest is in plot 7 which is 0%. The percentage of attack frequency ranges from 20% - 80% (low category) with an average percentage of attack frequency of 41%. The percentage of attack intensity ranged from 20% - 50% (mild category) with an average percentage of attack intensity of 23%. The pests found in A. mangium stands are sac caterpillars (Pteroma plagiophleps.), and the larva of white grub (Lepidiota stigma).

An Environmental Impact Assessment of Different Management Regimes in Eucalypt Plantations in Southern China Using Landscape Function Analysis

ABSTRACT There are global concerns regarding the detrimental environmental impacts of industrial forest plantations developed over the past 30 years. To address this concern, the Landscape Function Analysis methodology was used to rapidly assess indices of soil stability, water infiltration, and nutrient cycling within eucalypt plantations at different growth stages and under different management regimes in Guangxi Province, China. Results showed that these plantations under both regimes were approaching an ecologically functional state by the time of harvest. However, within the plantation management that included the burning of post-harvest biomass residues, indices of water infiltration, and nutrient cycling were significantly lower than within the plantation that retained post-harvest residues. Indicators of rain splash protection, perennial vegetation cover, and litter accumulation were all lower in the plantation that practiced residue burning and pre-planting cultivation. Retention of post-harvest residues improves landscape functionality at the time of re-planting. Our results indicate that burning and extensive cultivation prior to re-planting should be minimized.

Manifestation of Sanctions Against Players of Forest and Land Burning in the Aspects of the Law on the Eradication of Corruption Criminal Acts

Forest fires are mostly caused by land preparation activities for various forms of agriculture and forestry business (ranging from small scale such as shifting cultivation to large scale such as the development of Industrial Plantation Forest or HTI as well as oil palm, rubber plantations, etc.) which consequently often exacerbated by extreme climatic conditions such as a long dry season Law enforcement against forest and land burning actors is able to provide a deterrent effect for the perpetrators as well as to compensate for any losses arising from forest and land burning. Correct knowledge through systematic steps This type of research is classified into normative legal research or library research, providing boundaries through applicable laws and regulations in order to minimize all forms of threats and ri risk of pollution and environmental destruction for the preservation of life and ecosystems, an area exposed to extensive haze disasters to exceed national borders certainly requires a concrete effort to end the haze disaster caused by burning land and forests. The strategy to ensnare perpetrators of forest and land burning, both corporations and individuals, the State of Indonesia, ensnaring the law through a criminal law approach actually provides an alternative to uphold justice. Moreover, the impact of forest and land fires is not small. The Corruption Law Approach can be used as a new option to ensnare perpetrators of forest and land burning.

Potensi IUPHHK-HTI Melalui Sistem Wanaternak Dalam Mendukung Swasembada Daging

Isu pangan adalah isu global yang sangat penting dalam mendukung tujuan pembangunan yang berkelanjutan/sustainable development goals(SDGs) pada tujuan kedua yaitu zero hunger. Penelitian ini sangat penting dalam rangka mendukung kegiatan swasembada pangan/daging nasional di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguraikan dan mengkaji potensi dan peluang hutan tanaman industri (IUPHHK-HTI) dalam mendukung program swasembada daging nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif dan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Data penelitian ini diperoleh dari data sekunder yang bersumber dari instansi dan studi pustaka yang terkait dengan topik penelitian ini. Pengolahan data dilakukan setelah data sekunder diperoleh dengan cara mentabulasikannya dan menguraikan sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Bulan Oktober 2019 dengan sifat desk study. Hasil dari studi ini adalah penerapan swasembada daging (sapi) nasional dengan konsep silvopastura sangat potensial untuk diterapkan di areal hutan tanaman industri (IUPHHK-HTI) dari aspek ekonomi (meningkatkan pendapatan/ekonomi masyarakat), aspek luasan (kecenderunganpeningkatan luasan hutan tanaman industri) yang sangat potensial dipadukan dengan ternak (sapi) karena adanya hubungan mutualisme dan aspek pendanaan (potensi pemanfaatan dana CSR) dari perusahaan yang bergerak di IUPHHK-HTI. Sektor kehutanan dalam hal ini IUPHHK-HTI sangat potensial dalam mendukung swasembada pangan/daging dengan konsep silvopastura dan sebaiknya dipertimbangan untuk dikembangkan di IUPHHK-HTI terutama milik pemerintah untuk selanjutnya dikembangkan ke yang lebih luas. Kementerian LHK harus lebih lebih serius lagi dalam mengelola wanaternak dengan melibatkan stakeholderyang terlibat, meningkatkan peran Unit Manajemen IUPHHK-HTI dengan skema kemitraan dengan masyarakat, mendorong kegiatan CSR ke usaha-usaha produktif dan berdampak ganda, dan pemberian insentif bagi pemegang ijin IUPHHK-HTI yang sukses melaksanakan wanaternak atau silvopastura.
 Kata kunci: IUPHHK-HTI, pangan, swasembada, daging, potensi

Chile mega-fire 2017: An analysis of social representation of forest plantation territory

Between January 1 and February 10, 2017, the central southern area of Chile faced several mega-fires events that were considered the second largest of the history, 518,174 ha were affected. The devastating consequences of this fire also include the loss of 12 human lives, as well as an enormous financial cost in the fight against fires. Due to the increase in global mega-fires and the increase in industrial forest plantations during the last decades in southern Chile, it is relevant to analyse how this industry interact with the occurrence of these events and their socio-environmental consequences. We contrasted the content of public and private sector stakeholders discourses with four discursive elements of a spatial nature of interest, Extension and continuity of forestry plantations, native ecosystems damage, affectation of non-forestry land cover and proximity to localities. The results show strong discrepancies for the discourses of mega-fires effects and consequences between the different stakeholders. Two relevant emerging issues were identified, the biodiversity value of native ecosystems affected as a forgotten element in the discourses of environmental-related government agencies and the role played to promote mega-fires by the forestry plantations spatial structure which is seen in the opposite way depending of stakeholder.

Preface

The International Conference on Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (ICNREC) is an annual event to discuss various topics and issues regarding the conservation of natural resources and the environment. This year remarks the second year the ICNREC event was held. The 2nd ICNREC was held on 29 November 2019 at IPB International Convention Center Bogor – West Java – Indonesia, which raised the theme: “Industrial Forest and oil Palm Plantation Fires: Impacts and Valuation of The Environmental Losses”.Organized by, Co-organized by, Sponsored by and Conference Photographs are available in this pdf.

Performance of soybean Grobogan-derived lines under citrus trees shade

Developing soybeans through utilizing land between plantation crops, industrial forest plantations, and horticulture crops (including citrus plants) in agroforestry, agri-horticulture, agro-pastoral, and agro-silvopastoral systems need to be supported by the availability of adaptive varieties to the respective environment. For the reason, research aimed to evaluate the response of Grobogan-derived promising lines planted under the shade of citrus trees were carried out in the first dry season 2018. Citrus trees used in the study was 1.5 to 2.0 years old, located in Sembulung Village, Cluring District (L1) and Kradenan Village, Purwoarjo District (L2) Banyuwangi Regency. Ten promising lines derived from Grobogan variety along with Grobogan as the check variety were used in the study. In each location, the genotypes were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Each genotype was planted in a 12 m2 plot size, 40 cm x 15 cm planting space, 2 plants per hill. Results showed various genotypes responses to the environments as indicated by significant G x E interactions observed on yield and yield componens. Average yield in L2 was 3.25 t ha−1 and higher than that in L1 (2.86 t ha−1). GROB/IAC-453-7 line was consistently produced high yield in the two locations, i.e., 3.40 and 3.58 t ha−1 in L1 and L2, respectively; while GROB/PANDER-428-1 had a significantly larger seed size as indicated by it 100-seeds-weight 24.94 g (L1) and 26.51 g (L2), compared to that of Grobogan, i.e., 20.35 g (L1) and 24.61 g (L2).

Diversity and abundance of insects at industrial plantation forest and natural forest ecosystems in Siak, Riau Province

The objective of research is to find out the differences and similarities of insect diversity, abundance and composition between in industrial plantation forest (HTI) and natural forest (Arboretum) ecosystems. Field research was carried out in the Rasau Kuning area, Perawang Barat Regency, Riau Province, while specimens identification conducted at LIPI Biology Research Center Laboratory in February - March 2019. Line transect sampling technique and fluorescent light traps were used as methods for collecting insects from both two different ecosystems with three replications. The results found five order of insects i.e. Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Hymenoptera which consisting of 35 species in plantation forest ecosystem, and 26 species in natural forest ecosystem where both ecosystems dominated by Lepidoptera. Statistical analysis of research results show that two average insects species diversity index within both plantation forest (HTI) and natural forest (Arboretum) ecosystems is not different (t = 1,419; p0,05). The similarity index found very similar (23,56%) between both ecosystems. Predatory insects which was found in this study is Sycanus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from the order of Lepidoptera.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan perbedaan dan kesamaan keanekaragaman jenis, kelimpahan, dan komposisi jenis serangga antara di ekosistem hutan tanaman industry (HTI) dengan ekosistem hutan alam (Arboretum). Penelitian lapang dilakukan di areal Rasau Kuning, Kabupaten Perawang Barat, Provinsi Riau, sementara identifikasi specimen dilakukan di Laboratorium Pusat Penelitian Biologi LIPI, pada bulan Pebruari - Maret 2019. Metode sampling line transect dan perangkap cahaya berflouresen digunakan untuk menangkap serangga di kedua ekosistem tersebut melalui 3 kali ulangan. Hasil studi menemukan 5 ordo serangga yaitu Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Hymenoptera, dengan masing-masing 25 spesies terdapat di ekosistem hutan tanaman (HTI) dan 26 spesies di ekostem alam (Arboretum), yang mana keduanya didominasi ordo Lepidoptera. Melalui analisis statistik, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kedua ekosistem tidak terlihat adanya perbedaan indeks keanekaragaman jenis (t =1,419; p0,05). Begitu juga dengan indeks kesamaan menunjukan tingkat yang sangat sama (23,56%) antara kedua ekosistem tersebut. Pada kajian ini juga ditemukan spesies serangga predator yaitu Sycanus sp. ((Hemiptera; Reduviidae) dari ordo Lepidoptera.

Bark Characteristics of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. and Acacia mangium Willd. From Industrial Plantation Forest

Increasing the value of bark can be known through the characteristics of the bark such as physical properties, the grade of fiber quality and the chemical composition of the bark. The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of the bark of the acacia plant species (i.e. Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia mangium) of Industrial Plantation Forest. The characteristics of the bark observed includes physical properties, quality grade of fiber and chemical composition. The results of this study showed that the bark density, thickness and water content of A. auriculiformis were 1.18g/cm3, 1.55 mm and 35.27% respectively, while, the bark density, thickness and water content of A. mangium were 0.95 g/cm3, 1.23 mm and 48.21% respectively. The fiber qualities of both plants are classified as grade III. The extractive substance levels of A. auriculiformis and A. mangium were 23.06% and 20.63%, respectively. Based on the analysis with GCMS it can be seen that the main compounds dissolve-hexane from species A. auriculiformis were 2-phenyl phenol 33.6% and palmitic acid 13.5%. In the species A. mangium the main compounds soluble n-hexane were palmitic acid 28.97% and oleic acid 21.43%. The results of the analysis showed that these two bark species could potentially to be adhesives materials, tanning agent, particle boards, and inhibitors at the rate of corrosion of steel.

Mapping Land Use Land Cover Change in the Lower Mekong Basin from 1997 to 2010.

The Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) is biologically diverse, economically important, and home to about 65 million people. The region has undergone extensive environmental changes since the 1990s due to such factors as agricultural expansion and intensification, deforestation, more river damming, increased urbanization, growing human populations, expansion of industrial forest plantations, plus frequent natural disasters from flooding and drought. The Mekong river is also heavily used for human transportation, fishing, drinking water, and irrigation. This paper discusses use of pre-existing LULC maps from 1997 and 2010 to derive a LMB regional LULC change map for 9 classes per date using GIS overlay techniques. The change map was derived to aid SWAT hydrologic modeling applications in the LMB, given the 2010 map is currently used in multiple LMB SWAT models, whereas the 1997 map was previously used. The 2010 LULC map was constructed from Landsat and MODIS satellite data, while the 1997 map was from before the MODIS era and therefore based on available Landsat data. The 1997-2010 LULC change map showed multiple trends. Permanent agriculture had expanded in certain sub-basins into previously forested areas. Some agricultural areas were converted to industrial forest plantations. Extensive forest changes also occurred in some locations, such as areas changed to shifting cultivation or permanent crops. Also, the 1997 map under classified some urban areas, whereas the 2010 LULC map showed improved identification of such areas. LULC map accuracy were assessed for 213 randomly sampled locations. The 1997 and 2010 LULC maps showed high overall agreements with reference data exceeding 87%. The LULC change map yielded a moderately high level of overall agreement (78%) that improved to ~83% once LULC classification scheme specificity was reduced (forests and agriculture were each mapped as singular classes). The change map regionally showed a 4% decrease in agriculture and a 4 % increase in deciduous and evergreen forests combined, though deforestation hot spot areas also were evident. The project yielded LULC map data sets that are now available for aiding additional studies that assess LMB LULC change and the impacts such change may pose to water, agriculture, forestry, and disaster management efforts. More work is needed to map, quantify and assess LULC change since 2010 and to further update the 2010 LULC map currently used in the LMB SWAT models.