Export-oriented Research Articles

Shielding competitiveness: Germany’s wage policy during the inflation shock years in comparative perspective

We analyse wage developments in Germany during the inflation shock years of 2021–2023 from three perspectives: cost of living, supply-side cost pressure, and relational. With an export-led growth model, Germany is dependent on a favourable real effective exchange rate. Because of its above-average exposure to the energy crisis and low unemployment, Germany was particularly vulnerable to strong wage demands, putting at risk its cost competitiveness. In response to the inflation crisis, moderate collective bargaining outcomes have resulted from widespread use of one-off payments, longer duration of collective agreements, and ‘zero-month’ clauses, which have delayed wage increases. As in all other eurozone countries, employees have suffered real wage losses, but nominal wage increases at the lower end of the labour market fared better than average. Major competitiveness shifts have occurred in the eurozone, particularly to the detriment of Eastern European countries and the Baltics, but not Germany.

Woodworking industry in Russia: analysis of the industry structure and development prospects

The state of the woodworking industry sectoral structure in Russia has been considered. The main sources for the present study were regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, statistical data of the Federal Forestry Agency, Federal State Statistics Service, international analytical reviews, and scientific articles. Statistical methods of comparison and analytical processing of information were used as research methods. The purpose of the study is to analyze the industry structure, as well as to identify development prospects. The number of firms in the industry and production of the main types of woodworking products in dynamics have been analyzed. The export of goods from various branches of the wood industry in the country and the index of physical volume of investment in fixed capital in the industry under consideration have been studied. The issue of waste utilization in wood processing industries due to low utilization of waste wood has been separately highlighted, and the importance of reasonable use of forest resources has been emphasized. The author concludes that, in general, the real contribution of the woodworking industry to the country’s economic development is still lagging behind the potential, but the main prospects for overcoming this condition have been highlighted, such as exports development, transportation costs reduction, state support strengthening in the industry, and improvement of waste disposal in woodworking industries.

Trends and Drivers of Avocado Production in Ethiopia: A Review

Global avocado production has seen a significant increase over the past few decades. The area harvested and production quantities have grown substantially, reflecting the rising demand for avocados worldwide. In Ethiopia, avocado production has been experiencing significant growth and the Ethiopian government, in collaboration with international organizations has been working intensively for avocado crop development in the country. These efforts have led to an increase in both the area under cultivation, production and productivity. The data from Food and Agricultural Organization indicated that the area under avocado cultivation in Ethiopia was 9,754 ha in 2000 and through up and downward fluctuations, substantial jump were seen in 2020 hitting 30,588 ha. For about more than a decade from 2000-2013, the volume of avocado production reveals a steady increase and the most significant growth were observed from 2016-2020, with production rising to 81,431.76 metric tons in 2017 and reaching 245,335.63 metric tons in 2020. The productivity of avocado in Ethiopia has experienced notable fluctuations in the last two decades. Even though there was a slight decline in subsequent years, the current productivity 5.8tons per hectare remained relatively high compared to the early 2010s. Favorable agro-ecological conditions, growing domestic demand, and government initiatives to promote and produce, high-yield, disease-resistant varieties, nutritional value, development of export markets, establishment of different processing factories in different parts of Ethiopia, government initiative and international support are factors responsible for expansion and development of avocado crop in Ethiopia. However, challenges such as limited access to quality seeds and planting materials, insufficient irrigation systems, very weak market chains, climate change, root rot and pests, low agronomic practices, lack of market and price information, perishability nature of the crop, lack of proper storage, weak access to transportation and extension services still need to be addressed. Addressing the issues, the future of avocado production and productivity in Ethiopia look promising and positive trends, with the potential to contribute significantly to the food security and economic development.

Exploring the Role of Knowledge Sharing in Enhancing Innovative Work Behavior in Small Medium-sized Industries

This study investigates the impact of transformational leadership on innovative work behavior, with a focus on the mediating role of knowledge sharing. Data were collected through a questionnaire administered to 126 respondents from small and medium-sized export industries in Bali. The data were analyzed using SmartPLS 3.2.9. The findings indicate that transformational leadership has a significant effect on innovative work behavior. Furthermore, knowledge sharing serves as a mediator between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. The study acknowledges limitations, such as potential bias from self-assessment methods. The implications suggest that leaders in small and medium-sized industries should gain a deeper understanding of the relationships between these variables and the mediating mechanisms involved. This information can be valuable for enhancing leadership performance and fostering innovative work behavior in these industries. Theoretically, this study contributes to the understanding of how leadership styles can enhance organizational behavior, particularly in promoting innovative work behavior.

Development of Food Products Export from the Regions of the Far Eastern Federal District as Part of the Implementation of the Principles of Food Security

The article presents the rationale for solving certain issues of developing food exports from the Far Eastern Federal District regions in the context of ensuring food security in Russia. Based on the analysis of current scientifi c, methodological and analytical literature, as well as statistical and regulatory information, the paper examines the concepts of agricultural exports and food security in relation to the development of agriculture and rural areas in the Far East. The article outlines the need to change the entire range of indicators of self-sufficiency in agricultural products to solve food security problems in Russia at the systemic level. It is noted that import ahead and self-sufficiency of the Far Eastern Federal District regions in basic food products are of significant importance. The paper also substantiates the proposal to take into account as an indicator of the population’s need for food products, based on the standard diet based on the necessary human consumption of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and drinking water based on the principles of regular, suffi cient and balanced nutrition. The paper analyzes measures to support the agro-industrial complex and agricultural exports in terms of developing preferential regimes in the Far Eastern Federal District, in particular, creating international territories of advanced development (TOR). The article presents a number of recommendations for the transformation of the food security system in relation to the development of export sectors of the agroindustrial complex and food industry in the Far Eastern Federal District. In particular, the ideological principles of the existence and development of international priority development areas in the Far Eastern Federal District are substantiated, based on the priority of supporting enterprises of the agro-industrial complex and food industry that use technologies for deep processing of raw materials and production of high-processed food products for export to friendly countries of the world.

Data Processing of Used Car Export Service Flow Based on Zookeeper + Kafka

The used car export industry has shown a trend of rapid growth in recent years. The export of used cars involves data pertaining to vehicle information, market demand, logistics, customs, and numerous other aspects. These data are constantly generated in the form of streams, posing challenges to the data processing capabilities of service platforms. Traditional data processing methods struggle to meet the requirements of real-time and large-scale data processing, thus necessitating an efficient streaming data processing architecture. Based on this, this paper proposes a streaming data processing scheme for a used car export service platform utilizing Zookeeper and Kafka. It describes the architecture design and data processing flow, analyzes the advantages of the scheme in terms of reliability, scalability, and real-time performance, and demonstrates its effectiveness through experiments and case studies.

Wood-based Solid Biofuel in Malaysia: Export Status and Policy Review

The widespread use of fossil fuel has led to severe environmental consequences, such as climate change and pollution. As a remedial response, the global energy landscape has decidedly shifted from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, such as solar energy and biofuel for bioenergy. As a country rich in resources, Malaysia has had a golden opportunity to dwell on the production of the second-generation biofuel, also known as the wood-based solid biofuel (WBSB). This review paper intends to provide an overview of Malaysia's WBSB production and export industry, focusing on the current export status for the products and the policy frameworks that support the industry in Malaysia. The export status of five WBSB products (wood pellet, briquettes, charcoal, fuelwood, and wood chips or particles) are appraised based on its export status and global ranking. In addition, related biomass or biofuel policy and the effect it has on the progression of the biofuel industry were analyzed and consolidated. The findings show that the biofuel industry in Malaysia, specifically those concerning WBSB is average at best compared to its neighbors in Southeast Asia, Vietnam and Indonesia in the export of wood pellets and charcoal, respectively. However, in recent years, Malaysia has become increasingly competitive in the export of pellets and chips, which are becoming one of the top 10 global exporters. Furthermore, government policies and initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable forestry practices and stimulating the bioenergy sector have facilitated the growth of the biofuel industry, such as the Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS) IV of the National Biomass Action Plan. In general, this review outlines the current export state of WBSB products, while highlighting the key policies that govern biomass and biofuel production to identify areas for potential improvement to enhance competitiveness and sustainability in Malaysia's biofuel industry.

Educational Responses to Local and Migration Destination Shocks: Evidence from China

Abstract Over the last 20 years, China has experienced substantial positive shocks to export-oriented industries—especially following its accession to the World Trade Organization—and these shocks have had major implications for human capital investment. One primary channel through which export expansion can shape choices about human capital accumulation is positive labor-demand shocks, and these shocks can be observed both at potential within-country migration destinations and in the locality of birth. Exploiting cross-county variation in the reduction in export tariff uncertainty post-WTO, both locally and at plausible migration destinations, this analysis finds that youth in China reaching matriculation age post-accession in counties experiencing a larger export shock (either locally or at those destinations) show a lower probability of enrolling in high school. This pattern is observed in a sample including both youth who ultimately migrate and youth who do not migrate. For urban youth, the effects of local shocks are larger than the effects of destination shocks, but the opposite pattern is observed for rural youth.

Distributive cycles in the export-led growth model: On the macroeconomics of a pro-labor shift in Central and Eastern Europe

Abstract This article aims to reassess a stylized fact, increasingly well-established in the Comparative Political Economy scholarship, that Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) economies exhibit characteristics of the so-called export-led growth (ELG) model. We can confirm the ‘ELG in CEE’ hypothesis by developing and testing a Goodwinian distributive cycles’ macroeconomic model focused on the productivity–employment–wage share nexus. Moreover, our approach allows us to shed light on the apparent contradiction between ELG characteristics and the dynamic wage and employment growth experienced in the region after the global financial crisis (GFC) by exploring the possibility of a productivity-induced shift within the ELG model. We conclude that CEE countries experienced technical upgrading, which allows them to maintain export competitiveness despite a visible pro-labor shift in the income distribution.

Influential Factors of Indonesian Cocoa Export: Evidence from FMOLS and DOLS Approaches

The study investigated the determinants of cocoa exports using both FMOLS and DOLS approaches. The time series data were obtained from FAOSTAT and ICCO websites from the year 1990 to 2022. ADF and PP stationary unit roots were conducted to examine the stationarity of the variables while Johansen cointegration was used to verify the cointegrating among the variables. The outcome of the Johansen cointegration analysis suggests the existence of a cointegration relationship among the eight variables, indicating the presence of long-run relationships among the variables. The estimated results revealed that cocoa productivity, domestic cocoa production, domestic cocoa supply, exchange rates, and world cocoa prices affect Indonesian cocoa exports. Based on the estimated results and discussion, the study draws a conclusion that cocoa productivity, domestic cocoa production, exchange rates, and world cocoa prices positively and statistically significantly influenced cocoa exports while domestic cocoa supply negatively affected Indonesian cocoa exports. The study recommends that the government of Indonesia should stabilize the fluctuating exchange rates and encourage cocoa production via higher productivity by practicing farm rehabilitation practices to increase productivity and cocoa beans for exports. Moreover, the supply of cocoa beans should also be increased by increasing domestic producer prices. These key determinants are crucial for policymakers and industry stakeholders to understand and address to enhance the competitiveness and growth of the cocoa export industry in Indonesia.

Analysis of the high-quality development path of China's tea export.

As globalization and economic development accelerate, Chinese tea has emerged as an essential export commodity in the international market. China boasts abundant tea resources, which have significantly promoted economic growth through tea exports. This study analyses the relevant literature and the prevailing state of China's tea export trade. Using statistical data on tea exports and empirical research methodologies, this investigation examines the key determinants influencing the high-quality development of China's tea export sector. The research integrates relevant frontier theories from management science and engineering to propose tailored recommendations. The study reveals that while the industry has demonstrated robust economic growth, it is confronted with challenges such as the need for enhanced brand visibility and adherence to international quality benchmarks. The research findings highlight the positive influence of the "Belt and Road" initiative on the tea export trade, which advocates for strategic international collaboration. This study concludes with policy recommendations that underscore the importance of bolstering the international dissemination of Chinese tea culture, standardizing export practices, and fostering global cooperation to augment the industry's high-quality development trajectory. The findings aim to enhance the export capabilities of Chinese tea and foster the robust growth of the tea export industry.

Markets of agro-industrial complex products in conditions of geoeconomic fragmentation of the international trade

For decades, international trade has contributed to the reduction of global poverty and the income gap between countries, and the development of intercountry exchange of agricultural products has largely ensured the solution of problems of poverty and food security. At the same time, at the present stage, a high degree of dependence of many developing countries on food imports has occured, while its global exporters have faced a number of restrictions on the supply of their agricultural products. This article analyses the impact of geoeconomic fragmentation of the international trade on the development of exports and imports of products of the agro-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as AIC). In particular, the problems of competition in the world agro-food markets are discussed in a new context, since the growing problems of monopolisation in certain segments of the AIC disrupt the stability of agricultural markets. Exclusive attention is paid to the key aspects of the application of non-tariff measures in regulating trade of the agricultural products, which, in addition to the protective role, can have a distorting effect on world prices. Our analysis places particular emphasis on the hidden costs of global agri-food systems, which necessitate their rapid modernisation to ensure sustainability in the development of the agricultural markets and to address global food security issues.

Russian exports amid geopolitical instability: The case of physical and transitional climate risks

The paper examines the impact of physical and transitional climate risks, which to some extend shape the geopolitical situation in the world, on Russian exports. The gravity model of international trade was employed to model the existing relationship. Estimation of the gravity equation by means of the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method using data on Russian export flows to 72 countries over the period 2010—2021 revealed that climate change and the ambitions of trading partner states towards low-carbon development determine the dynamics of Russian exports. In particular, national physical climate risks have a detrimental impact on Russia’s exports due to the destruction of infrastructure, loss of capital, reduced quality and availability of natural resources, and increased social tensions. Extreme climatic events and climate change measures in trading partner countries spur the development of Russian exports. Namely, physical climate risks of importing countries may increase the demand for key Russian goods for economic recovery purposes. Changes during the transition to a low-carbon economy in trading partner countries also generate opportunities for Russian export growth due to the country’s role as a major supplier of energy and mineral products, as well as technologies for the alternative energy production and electrification of transport

The Impact of Institutional Orientation on Export Performance: Mediating Role of Firm Innovativeness

ABSTRACTIn international marketing research, innovativeness is usually considered as an important element for firms that adopt an export orientation and that wonder about their success in foreign markets. It might help exporters to better ensure their international orientations. This study aims to test the relationship between institutional orientation, innovativeness, and export performance. It also aims to test the mediating effect of innovativeness in the relationship between institutional orientation and export performance. For this reason, a questionnaire was administered to 260 exporting companies. Results show that institutional orientation has an effect on export performance, especially through its dimension “conformity.” They also show that innovativeness can mediate the link between institutional orientation and export performance.

How do exchange rates affect environmental quality?

AbstractExchange rates are integral to explaining the environmental consequences of globalization because they govern the prices of imported inputs and the price competitiveness of exports and, consequently, firms' input use decisions, production levels and emissions. We study how exchange rates, foreign input sourcing and export orientation determine environmental outcomes across countries and industries in both theoretical and empirical contexts. For industries that rely intensively on imported intermediate inputs, a stronger domestic currency leads to higher emission intensities (emissions per unit of output), while the reverse holds for industries that export intensively. Our results thus show that exchange rates have implications for the environment that have heretofore remained unexplored.

Macroeconomics Factors Affecting Net Exports of Oil Palm Industry in Malaysia

This quantitative study investigates the impact of oil palm production, oil palm pricing, inflation, and GDP growth rate on the net exports of Malaysia's oil palm industry. This research is aimed at analyzing how the net export of oil palm relates to certain macroeconomic variables. This study has employed multiple regression analysis through Ordinary Least Squares for 26 years of time series data from 1996 to 2020 in Malaysia. The findings from this study improve our understanding of the major factors contributing to net exports in the oil palm industry. Palm oil production, price, as well as GDP growth, drive net export of palm oil in Malaysia found during this research. An increase in production leads to the reduced amount of palm oil exported, all other things remaining constant. Conversely, inflation and GDP growth are major drivers behind the increased net export of palm oil.

Industry Trade Exposure and the Quality of Employment in India’s Manufacturing Sector

Globalization, trade and labour institutions have implications on the labour market affecting the regular nature of jobs and increasing dependence on contract labour. Using worker-level data for India’s manufacturing sector, this paper evaluates the influence of outward orientation of the worker’s industry on the informal nature of employment. We find that higher import penetration and export orientation of the manufacturing industries of workers promote employment of regular nature. However, the regular jobs come tied up with lack of job contracts in industries facing higher import competition. Export-oriented industries increase the chances of regular jobs with a written job contract.

Dynamic interactions among exchange rate, natural gas demand, production in manufacturing and battery industry export – evidence from Hungary

In the context of the current global economic transformation, the rapid rise of the electric vehicle industry has made the battery industry a new focus of competition among countries. Despite its relatively small economic and demographic size, Hungary has garnered significant academic interest by emerging as the world’s third-largest battery producer in 2021. The study employed a dynamic vector autoregressive (VAR) model to determine that fluctuations in the Hungarian exchange rate have a notable immediate influ-ence on exports in the battery business，which suggests that changes in exc-hange rates directly affect international competitiveness. The battery sector is experiencing a progressive increase in the influence of fluctuations in na-tural gas demand, particularly in terms of their impact on production costs and supply chains. The battery industry has had substantial advancements in technological innovation and production efficiency as a direct result of the expansion in manufacturing production. And Hungary’s total industrial deve-lopment is significantly influenced by the long-term effects of export expan-sion in the battery industry. JEL Codes: L62, E44, O14, C22

ESG and firm performance: The effects of foreigners on board and export orientation

AbstractThis study investigates whether environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures enhance industry‐adjusted firm performance and whether the presence of foreigners on board and export orientation affect this relationship. The Taiwan dataset from 2013 to 2020 indicates that ESG practices positively affect accounting‐ and market‐based performance (i.e., adjusted Tobin's Q and adjusted MTB ratio). However, ESG has no significant relationship with purely market‐based performance (i.e., adjusted Jensen Alpha and adjusted FF3). The results illustrate a significant joint effect of ESG with foreigners on board and export experience on accounting and market‐based performance. The findings provide deeper insight into the complex relationship between sustainability practices, ownership structures, and international businesses. Our findings remain consistent when using alternative estimation methods to account for endogeneity and selection bias.

Influential Mechanism Research of Environmental Control on Chinese Textile Export Trade

This study constructs a regression model of textile industry export trade. The panel data of nine importing countries or regions from 2006 to 2022 are used to verify whether environmental control has short-term cost effects and long-term technical effects on Chinese textile industry export trade. First of all, the panel data from 2006 to 2022 are empirically analyzed for the short-term effects. The results show that the cost effect of environmental control makes environmental control inhibit the export of textile industry in the short term. Then, the same panel data is used to empirically analyze the impact of environmental governance input on textile export trade, that is, the long-term effects. The result shows that the technical effect of environmental control is greater than the cost effect in the long run. It means environmental control has a role in promoting the export of textile industry. Finally, combining the influence factors of textile export trade, two suggestions are put forward from the enterprise level. This study constructs a regression model of textile industry export trade. The panel data of nine importing countries or regions from 2006 to 2022 are used to verify whether environmental control has short-term cost effects and long-term technical effects on Chinese textile industry export trade. First of all, the panel data from 2006 to 2022 are empirically analyzed for the short-term effects. The results show that the cost effect of environmental control makes environmental control inhibit the export of textile industry in the short term. Then, the same panel data is used to empirically analyze the impact of environmental governance input on textile export trade, that is, the long-term effects. The result shows that the technical effect of environmental control is greater than the cost effect in the long run. It means environmental control has a role in promoting the export of textile industry. Finally, combining the influence factors of textile export trade, two suggestions are put forward from the enterprise level.