Treatment Of Industrial Effluents Research Articles

Enhancement of adjusted solar still integrated with renewable energy: An experimental approach to recycling industrial wastewater

In desert locations, particularly in Africa, limited freshwater resources have led to the use of low-quality water in industry and agriculture. These have the potential to harm the environment as well as the water quality used by people and industry.The condensation of industrial wastewater discharged and stored in an evaporation pond is simulated in this research using a comprehensive consistent framework.In this study, the solar still is used in conjunction with the treatment of industrial effluent that is discharged into evaporation ponds. This method is intended for simple systems in remote locations where saline wastewater and renewable electricity resources are available.Desalination is thus unquestionably one of the most efficient strategies for meeting the needs of industry and agriculture. By utilizing the lower transpiration of salt wastewater greenhouses or solar stills.Desalination, which makes use of the occurrence of water vapor condensation in the air while also incorporating the solar still effect and the utilization of salt wastewater appears to be a good fit for wastewater recycling and reuse.The fundamental goal of this study is to look at the production of fresh water in the solar still utilizing renewable energy in the desalination of industrial wastewater. This system necessitates a careful examination of solar still and solar collectors’ design.

WATER REUSE IN FERTIRRIGATION OF TREATED EFFLUENT, AIMING SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE REFRIGERATOR’S AREA OF INFLUENCE

The present work aimed to implement the reuse of water after the treatment of industrial effluents from a slaughterhouse and slaughterhouse, through the projection of reuse fronts, aiming at socio-environmental sustainability in the area of influence of the activity, with the following steps being carried out : preparation of a plan for the implementation of post-treatment effluent reuse points; installation of infrastructure for the redistribution of treated effluent on reuse fronts; laboratory analysis of effluents before, during and after treatment; application of internal audit and elaboration/provision of Environmental Report. The gravity drip irrigation proposal is presented in the infrastructural, georeferential map, and meteorological factors, in the direct and indirect influences of the industrial plant, and the water balance of general liquid effluents was a requirement for reuse action on the property, resulting in fertirrigation, and Applied the type of irrigation as a viable installation model, minimal labor, low cost, and useful in rural and urban areas, adapting to a flat or sloping profile, taking advantage of gravity for distribution. The equalization of the effluent after treatment proposes the quality of the product, raising awareness about the proper destination of said effluents, being important on fronts that do not require drinking water, avoiding waste, having a vision of socio-environmental sustainability, and through controls and monitoring the indicators meet compliance with the standards of relevant laws and regulations.

Life cycle assessment of sequential microbial-based anaerobic-aerobic reactor technology developed onsite for treating textile effluent

Although biological treatment of textile effluent is a preferred option for industries avoiding toxic chemical sludge production and disposal, requirement of several extra pre-treatment units like neutralization, cooling systems or additives, results in higher operational cost. In the present study, a pilot scale sequential microbial-based anaerobic-aerobic reactor technology (SMAART) was developed and operated for the treatment of real textile effluent in the industrial premises in continuous mode for 180 d. The results showed an average ∼95% decolourization along with ∼92% reduction in the chemical oxygen demand establishing the resilience against fluctuations in the inlet parameters and climate conditions. Moreover, the pH of treated effluent was also reduced from alkaline range (∼11.05) to neutral range (∼7.76) along with turbidity reduction from ∼44.16 NTU to ∼0.14 NTU. A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of SMAART with the conventional activated sludge process (ASP) showed that ASP caused 41.5% more negative impacts on environment than SMAART. Besides, ASP had 46.15% more negative impact on human health, followed by 42.85% more negative impact on ecosystem quality as compared to SMAART. This was attributed to less electricity consumption, absence of pre-treatment units (cooling and neutralization) and less volume of sludge generation (∼50%) while using SMAART. Hence, integration of SMAART within the industrial effluent treatment plant is recommended to achieve a minimum waste discharge system in pursuit of sustainability.

Synergy of cold plasma and sulfate radicals in the treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater; mechanistic study of the degradation mechanism using DFT

Organic dyes including azo and xanthene dyes are used widely, and ultimately discharged into wastewaters. Owing to the drawbacks of conventional water treatment, different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been combined with nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) as sustainable alternatives for reclaiming dye-polluted wastewater. Herein, the synergy of NTAPP and sulfate radicals were utilized for treating real colored wastewater. Individual and combined systems of NTAPP and UV-C activated sulfate and hydroxyl radicals were evaluated based on their removal efficiencies for two model dyes: Rhodamine B (Rh.B) and Congo red (CR). The combined system of NTAPP and UV-C activated persulfate (PSUVP) was the most efficient with >80 % degradation of both dyes in 10 min and showed synergy factors of 2.55 and 5.71 for Rh.B and CR degradation, respectively. Moreover, PSUVP was highly efficient in TOC removal from Rh.B (90 %) and CR (67 %) solutions. The determining oxidants in Rh.B and CR degradation were the singlet oxygen and sulfate radical, respectively. The DFT analysis revealed that higher number of acidic hydrogens were available in CR compared to Rh.B and this might be one reason for observing the influential role of SO4∙- in CR degradation. Although the background constituents had negligible effects on Rh.B degradation, the degradation efficiency of the PSUVP system decreased by 30 % in real wastewater containing 50 ppm CR. The treatment of real colored wastewater using PSUVP resulted in 94 % TOC removal. Despite the toxicity of the PSUVP (toxicity unit ≥1), which can be mitigated by diluting the treated wastewater before discharge, this system exhibited high efficiency in decolorization and degradation of organic components. Thus, the proposed system has promising potential for the treatment of industrial effluents with high TOC.

Effect of the association of coagulation/flocculation, hydrodynamic cavitation, ozonation and activated carbon in landfill leachate treatment system

Mature landfill wastewater is a complex effluent due to its low biodegradability and high organic matter content. Currently, mature leachate is treated on-site or transported to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Many WWTPs do not have the capacity to receive mature leachate due to its high organic load leading to an increase in the cost of transportation to treatment plants more adapted to this type of wastewater and the possibility of environmental impacts. Many techniques are used in the treatment of mature leachates, such as coagulation/flocculation, biological reactors, membranes, and advanced oxidative processes. However, the isolated application of these techniques does not achieve efficiency to meet environmental standards. In this regard, this work developed a compact system that combines coagulation and flocculation (1st Stage), hydrodynamic cavitation and ozonation (2nd Stage), and activated carbon polishing (3rd Stage) for the treatment of mature landfill leachate. The synergetic combination of physicochemical and advanced oxidative processes showed a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of over 90% in less than three hours of treatment using the bioflocculant PGα21Ca. Also, the almost absolute removal of apparent color and turbidity was achieved. The remaining CODs of the treated mature leachate were lower when compared to typical domestic sewage of large capitals (COD ~ 600 mg L−1), which allows the interconnection of the sanitary landfill to the urban sewage collection network after treatment in this proposed system. The results obtained with the compact system can help in the design of landfill leachate treatment plants, as well as in the treatment of urban and industrial effluents which contains different compounds of emerging concern and persistence in the environment.

Chemical evaluation of pyrolysis oils from domestic and industrial effluent treatment station sludges with perspective to produce value-added products

The use of renewable sources for energy has increased due to the high demand of modern society and the environmental impacts caused by the use of fossil fuels. Environmentally friendly renewable energy production may involve thermal processes, including the application of biomass. We provide a comprehensive chemical characterization of sludges from domestic and industrial effluent treatment stations, as well as the bio-oils produced by fast pyrolysis. A comparative study of the sludges and the corresponding pyrolysis oils was performed, with characterization of the raw materials using thermogravimetric analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The bio-oils were characterized using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry that identified compounds classified according to their chemical class, mainly related to nitrogenous (62.2%) and ester (18.9%) for domestic sludge bio-oil, and nitrogenous (61.0%) and ester (27.6%) for industrial sludge bio-oil. The Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry revealed a broad distribution of classes with oxygen and/or sulfur (N2O2S, O2, and S2 classes). Nitrogenous compounds (N, N2, N3, and NxOxclasses) were also found to be abundant in both bio-oils, due to the origins of the sludges (with the presence of proteins), making these bio-oils unsuitable for use as renewable fuels, since NOxgases could be released during combustion processes. The presence of functionalized alkyl chains indicated the potential of the bio-oils as sources of high added-value compounds that could be obtained by recovery processes and used for the manufacture of fertilizers, surfactants, and nitrogen solvents.

Lightweight carbon foam obtained from post-use polyethylene terephthalate bottles, properties, and potential applications.

The excessive consumption of plastic packaging, especially those produced with polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and the fact that most of them are destined for garbage have made such packaging a worrying environmental liability. Their inadequate disposal promotes the pollution of soils, watercourses, and oceans, and even the presence of component materials of these packages in the human body, in the form of microplastics, has been observed. As research in the area advances, greater concerns arise, as more problems arising from the excessive use and disposal of plastics are identified. Looking for an alternative for the destination of this material, a technology was developed for the production of materials with characteristics similar to 3D graphene. This carbon material has qualities and versatility that allow its wide use in several applications and is produced using PET as a carbon precursor. This work presents this production technology with possible variables, the characterization of the produced materials, and their potential applications. For the electronics area, such as supercapacitors, improvement points needed for validation were observed. For application as an adsorbent and use in the treatment of industrial effluents when using sand covered by carbon material, the results demonstrated efficiency. The material proved to be a potential destination for PET, as an alternative to reduce this environmental liability.

Electromagnetic field-enhanced novel tubular electrocoagulation cell for effective and low-cost color removal of beet sugar industry wastewater

The treatment of real beet sugar mill effluent by a modified electrocoagulation process is proposed. An innovative design of an electromagnetic field-enhanced electrochemical cell consisting of a tubular screen roll anode and two cathodes (an inner and outer cathode) has been used. Different parameters have been investigated including current density, effluent concentration, NaCl concentration, rpm, number of screen layers per anode, and the effect of addition and direction of an electromagnetic field. The results showed that, under the optimum conditions, current density of 3.13 A/m2, two screens per anode, NaCl concentration of 12 g/l, and rotation speed of 120 rpm, the percentage of color removal was 85.5% and the electrical energy consumption was 3.595 kWh/m3. However, the presence of an electromagnetic field distinctly enhanced the energy consumption and the color removal percentage. Numerically, applying the magnetic field resulted in performing a color removal efficiency of 97.7% using a power consumption of 2.569 KWh/m3 which is considered a distinct achievement in industrial wastewater treatment process. The strong enhancement in color removal using a low power consumption significantly reduced the required treatment cost; the estimated treatment cost was 0.00017 $/h.m2. This design has proven to be a promising one for the continuous treatment of beet sugar industrial effluents and to be a competitor to the currently available techniques.

Hydrogel Applicability for the Industrial Effluent Treatment: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis.

In recent decades, hydrogels, as adsorption materials, have received important attention due to their characteristics and properties, such as mechanical strength, biocompatibility, biodegradability, swellability, and stimuli sensitivity. In the actual framework of sustainable development, it has been imperative to develop practical studies of hydrogels in the treatment of actual industrial effluents. Accordingly, the current work has, as its objective, to make evident hydrogels' applicability in the treatment of actual industrial effluents. For this purpose, a bibliometric analysis and systematic review based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) method were conducted. The relevant articles were selected from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Some important findings were that: (1) China is the leading country when it comes to hydrogel application in actual industrial effluents, (2) the motor studies are focalized on the treatment of wastewater by hydrogels, (3) the fixed-bed columns are suitable unit equipment for the treatment of industrial effluents of using hydrogels, and (4) the hydrogels show excellent adsorption capacities of ion and dye contaminants present in industrial effluents. In summary, since the implementation of sustainable development in 2015, the progress of practical hydrogel applications in the treatment of industrial effluent has been receiving more attention, and the selected studies demonstrate the implementation viability of these materials.

Comprehensive treatment of aroma chemicals industrial effluent with substantial COD content by a novel PVP/polyamide composite hydrophilized RO membrane

A hydrophilized polyvinyl pyrrolidone/polyamide composite high rejection reverse osmosis (HPA-HR RO) membrane was used for the treatment of aroma chemicals containing effluent coming as multiple effect evaporators (MEE) condensate at UK Aromatics Pvt. Ltd., Boisar, Maharashtra. The unique membrane has an active composite layer of polyamide prepared by interfacial polymerization of high diamine (3%) and acid chloride (0.2%) monomer concentrations, which is further coated with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to enhance hydrophilicity and chemical inertness. The plant provides removal of total dissolved solids (TDS) from 2500 to 3500 ppm in the feed to a value of 50–100 ppm in the permeate water indicating a rejection of more than 95% of the dissolved solids, with a high water recovery of 80% in permeate. Similarly, complete rejection of color was observed from dark brown to colorless (transparent), whereas the COD content was brought down from 3000 to 5000 mg/L in the MEE condensate to around 1000 mg/L indicating removal of 60 % to 80% depending upon the pressure applied to overcome the high osmotic pressure of the effluent. Physicochemical interactions between the PVP and polyamide skin layers of the composite membrane make the separating barrier durable and highly hydrophilic. Water would have greater sorption due to high affinity with the membrane and higher diffusion coefficient from its smaller size, while the less polar esters that constitute most of the COD would have low interaction and their larger molecular sizes make them less diffusive. The recovered permeate water has been reused in various internal industrial applications like cooling towers, cleaning, etc. at UK Aromatics.

Evaluation of Residual Yeast from Brewery Industry for Inactive Biosorption of Selenium from Industrial Wastewater: a Case Study.

In this study, the second-life application of Saccharomyces cerevisiae obtained from brewery wastewater was evaluated in the biosorption of Se(IV) (Na2SeO3) sorbate in residue generated from a fine chemical industry. Biosorption experiments were carried out with different Se(IV) concentrations (A = 7.5 to 30.0 mg L-1 dissolved in deionized water or industrial effluent) and different biosorbent concentrations (B = 2.0 to 52.5 g L-1, dry mass). Inactive microbial biomass was evaluated in a wet and dehydrated state. The highest selenium removal efficiency (biosorption efficiency-R = 97.5%) was achieved with the same concentrations of sorbate in deionized water, using 24.0 g L-1 of wet cells. In contrast, the industrial effluent treatment showed lower biosorption efficiency (R = 83.3%) due to a large amount of other salts in the medium, mainly sulphur. Overall, the use of smaller amounts of biosorbent had a biosorption capacity of approximately five times greater than when 24.0 g L-1 in industrial effluent treatment was used. However, as reducing the concentration of the contaminant contained in the wastewater is the primary goal of this study, a more significant amount of biosorbent is recommended.

Acid-tolerant bacteria and prospects in industrial and environmental applications

Acid-tolerant bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Acidobacterium capsulatum, Escherichia coli, and Propionibacterium acidipropionici have developed several survival mechanisms to sustain themselves in various acid stress conditions. Some bacteria survive by minor changes in the environmental pH. In contrast, few others adapt different acid tolerance mechanisms, including amino acid decarboxylase acid resistance systems, mainly glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GDAR) and arginine-dependent acid resistance (ADAR) systems. The cellular mechanisms of acid tolerance include cell membrane alteration in Acidithiobacillus thioxidans, proton elimination by F1-F0-ATPase in Streptococcus pyogenes, biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, cytoplasmic urease activity in Streptococcus mutans, synthesis of the protective cloud of ammonia, and protection or repair of macromolecules in Bacillus caldontenax. Apart from cellular mechanisms, there are several acid-tolerant genes such as gadA, gadB, adiA, adiC, cadA, cadB, cadC, speF, and potE that help the bacteria to tolerate the acidic environment. This acid tolerance behavior provides new and broad prospects for different industrial applications and the bioremediation of environmental pollutants. The development of engineered strains with acid-tolerant genes may improve the efficiency of the transgenic bacteria in the treatment of acidic industrial effluents. KEY POINTS: • Bacteria tolerate the acidic stress by methylating unsaturated phospholipid tail • The activity of decarboxylase systems for acid tolerance depends on pH • Genetic manipulation of acid-tolerant genes improves acid tolerance by the bacteria.

Impact of industrial effluent on morphological characteristics of maize fodder

Industrial effluent (IE) is a serious threat to human, plant and aquatic lives. This study was carried out to assess the impact of IE on morphological characteristics of maize fodder at different stages of growth. The pot experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design using five treatments with eight replications at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur and IE was collected from the discharge points of the nearest garments located at BSMRAU. The treatments were T1, 100% FW (fresh water); T2, 75% FW + 25% IE; T3, 50% FW + 50% IE; T4, 25% FW + 75% IE; T5, 100% IE. The results indicated that IE decreased plant height and plant dry weight for all stages. Leaves number was reduced at the maturity stage in the IE treatments. No influence was observed on leaf length by IE. Higher concentrations of IE also influenced smaller leaf width at the vegetative stage. Root length was reduced for the application of IE at the maturity and vegetative stage. Root dry weight was higher for T1 and T3 at the flowering stage and T3 at the maturity stage. Hence, it may be concluded that IE had negative effect on the morphological characteristics of maize fodder. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 52 (1): 38-44, March 2023

Yeast industry wastewater treatment with microbial fuel cells: Effect of electrode materials and reactor configurations

Simultaneous pollutant removal and electricity production using microbial fuel cells is a promising environmental sustainable technology that contributes to the circular economy. Numerous studies have been conducted previously using exogenously adding easily degradable sugars for electricity generation in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). However, in real-world applications involving wastewater, the performance of the process varies according on the source, the microorganisms presented and the electrodes employed. The simultaneous treatment of baker's yeast industrial effluents and electricity generation is investigated in various MFCs using titanium and graphite electrodes. Reduced chemical oxygen demand (COD) is reported to be between 73% and 92% depending on the MFC configuration and electrodes employed. The two-chamber MFC with titanium electrodes and inoculum sludge from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASB) perform better, reaching 51.02 mW/m2 and 12.74 μA/cm2 power and current densities, respectively.

Evaluation of NiO supported on waste sludge for the degradation of 2- chlorophenol

Due to the harmful consequences for the environment and human health, chlorophenol is regarded as a hazardous pollutant. This study aims to utilize waste sludge material loaded with NiO (NiO/sludge) as a cost-effective adsorbent for the treatment of 2-Chlorophenol (2-CP). The properties of the NiO/sludge were determined by FTIR and XRD analysis. In a batch study of 2-CP degradation, the effectiveness of NiO/sludge was assessed under a variety of conditions, including pH solution (2–8), temperature (28–50 °C), 2-CP initial concentration (20–80 mg/L), and NiO/sludge dosage (10–40 mg/100 mL). The maximum 2-CP degradation of 98% was reached at 50℃, pH 4, 50 mg/L 2-CP, and 0.3 g of NiO/sludge within 3 h of the reaction process. Under the appropriate circumstances, the optimal cation is exchanged among 2-CP molecules and the surface-active NiO/sludge adsorbent sites. This discovery observed that abundant waste sludge from conventional wastewater treatment plants can be further investigated and used as potential natural adsorbent material for the treatment of industrial effluents.

A Hydrazine‐Nitrate Flow Battery Catalyzed by a Bimetallic RuCo Precatalyst for Wastewater Purification along with Simultaneous Generation of Ammonia and Electricity

AbstractThe traditional technologies for industrial and agricultural effluent treatment are often energy‐intensive. Herein, we suggest an electrochemical redox strategy for spontaneous and simultaneous decontamination of wastewater and generation of both fuels and electricity at low cost. Using hydrazine and nitrate effluents as a demonstration, we propose a hydrazine‐nitrate flow battery (HNFB) that can efficiently purify the wastewater and meanwhile generate both ammonia fuel and electricity with the assistance of our developed bimetallic RuCo precatalyst. Specifically, the battery delivers a peak power density of 12 mW cm−2 and continuously operates for 20 h with an ammonia yield rate of ca. 0.38 mmol h−1 cm−2 under 100 mA cm−2. The generated electricity can further drive a hydrazine electrolyzer to produce hydrogen fuel. Our work provides an alternative pathway to purify wastewater and generate high value‐added fuels at low cost.

A Hydrazine-Nitrate Flow Battery Catalyzed by a Bimetallic RuCo Precatalyst for Wastewater Purification along with Simultaneous Generation of Ammonia and Electricity.

The traditional technologies for industrial and agricultural effluent treatment are often energy-intensive. Herein, we suggest an electrochemical redox strategy for spontaneous and simultaneous decontamination of wastewater and generation of both fuels and electricity at low cost. Using hydrazine and nitrate effluents as a demonstration, we propose a hydrazine-nitrate flow battery (HNFB) that can efficiently purify the wastewater and meanwhile generate both ammonia fuel and electricity with the assistance of our developed bimetallic RuCo precatalyst. Specifically, the battery delivers a peak power density of 12 mW cm-2 and continuously operates for 20 h with an ammonia yield rate of ca. 0.38 mmol h-1 cm-2 under 100 mA cm-2 . The generated electricity can further drive a hydrazine electrolyzer to produce hydrogen fuel. Our work provides an alternative pathway to purify wastewater and generate high value-added fuels at low cost.

Efficiency of chemically modified activated carbon derived from banana peel for removal of Pb2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous Solution

Natural and anthropogenic activities generally result to large production of heavy metals. These heavy metals produced are indiscriminately discharged into rivers and other water bodies. Wastewater treatment of industrial effluents become very necessary due to toxic effect of heavy metal pollutants and its indirect effect pose to human health. Banana peel, an agricultural waste biomass can be used to produce bio-sorbent for adsorption of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. This study focused on the production of chemically modified activated carbon using various concentrations of phosphoric acid for removal of lead and zinc metals from aqueous solution. Activated carbon was produced from waste banana peel through thermal pretreatment at temperature of 450℃ preceding chemical modification with different concentrations of phosphoric acid of 0.5 M, 1.0 M and 1.5 M. The three different concentrations of the phosphoric acids represent sample X, Y and Z respectively. To study the adsorption efficiency of chemically modified activated carbon using different concentrations of phosphoric acid, batch experiments were conducted on chemically modified samples to assess the adsorption of lead (II) and zinc metals from aqueous solution. The three adsorbents were interacted with varying parameters such as effect of initial concentration of lead and zinc metal of concentration of 10 mg/L and 2 mg/L respectively. Based on batch experiments conducted, results indicated that adsorbent dose, pH, initial concentration as well as contact time are important factors influencing lead (II) and Zinc metals adsorption from aqueous solutions. Percentage adsorption of lead (II) and zinc metals was above 80 % for all three chemically modified adsorbents investigated. The adsorption capacities of the adsorbents under study showed high adsorption capacity for both zinc and lead metals. This implies that sample X, Y and Z are good adsorbents for adsorption of both zinc and lead metals in an aqueous solution.

Photo-Fenton system Fe3O4/NiCu2S4 QDs towards bromoxynil and cefixime degradation: A realistic approach

The contamination of natural water bodies with toxic pollutants are alarmingly increasing in recent decades. The development of advanced wastewater treatment techniques and their utilization is sought for the effective removal of pollutants especially pharmaceutical and pesticide compounds (PPCs). The present study focused on the green synthesis of a novel heterojunction NiCu2S4 QDs@Fe3O4 nanocomposite (NCs) using Dunica erecta plant extract for the photo-Fenton catalytic degradation of bromoxynil (BRX) and cefixime (CEF). The morphological, structural, and physiochemical properties of the fabricated nanomaterial were analysed via SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV–Vis DRS, BET, PL, EIS, and ESR spectroscopy techniques. The NiCu2S4 QDs@30% Fe3O4 showed 97.5 and 81% degradation of BRX and CEF within 200 and 180 min of visible light irradiation, respectively. The excellent photocatalytic efficiency of NCs was attributed to high visible light harvesting ability, efficient charge carriers’ separation, and migration across the heterostructure interface. Various initial parameters including nanomaterial dosage, pollutant concentration, pH, and ions were optimized. A possible photodegradation pathway was predicted based on the intermediates identified from GC-MS/MS analysis, and their non-toxic nature on daphnia, green algae, and fishes was determined by the ECOSAR program. The fabricated NiCu2S4 QDs@Fe3O4 NCs have shown excellent reusability efficiency of 98.7%. The reusability and structural stability were confirmed by six-cycle experiments, XRD, and XPS analysis. In addition, the photocatalyst exhibited 99% of degradation of industrial effluent. The prepared NiCu2S4 QDs@Fe3O4 NCs with superior photocatalytic performance can be used as a promising photocatalyst for the treatment of industrial effluents.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of orientationally grown CQD/TiO2 thin film on FTO substrate

We have studied the enhanced light harvesting capacity and reduced recombination rate of TiO2 thin film by composite with Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs). The CQD/TiO2 film was synthesized using facile, and low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis approach using CQD derived from sugarcane juice and ethanol. The prepared TiO2 and CQD/TiO2 composite thin films were characterized for structural, functional, optical, morphological and elemental compositions analysis using, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman Spectroscopy, UV–Vis Spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The optical band gap of CQD/TiO2 was calculated to be 2.87 eV fall under the visible region favorable for photocatalytic activity under sunlight. The Methylene Blue (MB) dye degradation studies of TiO2 and CQD/TiO2 thin films were carried out under the noon sunlight radiation which showed 78% and 82.6% degradation with good reusability. Therefore, this CQD/TiO2 composite thin film can be a promising candidate for industrial dye effluent treatment.