Industrial Dye Effluents Research Articles

Sorptive removal of methylene blue from simulated wastewater using biochars derived from pulp and paper sludge

Abstract Biochar (BC) and Fe 2 O 3 –biochar nanocomposite (NC) derived from pulp and paper sludge (PPS) were used to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from synthetic wastewater. Morphology characterization indicated heterogeneous adsorbent surfaces, and textural measurements showed BC and NC possessed pore size in the range 1.7–300 nm. Both these characteristics endowed the adsorbents with good sorption properties for MB. The maximum adsorption capacity of NC (50 mg/g) was higher than of BC (33 mg/g). This was attributed to the hybrid nature of NC where adsorption occurs both on the biochar matrix and Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles. MB adsorption data on BC and NC followed pseudo-second order ( r 2 = 0 . 958 ) and pseudo-first order kinetics ( r 2 = 1 . 000 ) , respectively. Isotherm data for BC and NC followed the Freundlich ( r 2 = 0 . 801 ) and Langmuir ( r 2 = 0 . 948 ) isotherm models, respectively. Despite having lower adsorption capacities compared to other adsorbents reported in literature, the use of BC and NC for wastewater remediation is an ingenious way of reducing environmental and health risks associated with the current disposal of PPS while providing remediation of water contaminated with industrial dye effluents.

Comparative studies of chitosan and its nanoparticles for the adsorption efficiency of various dyes

Chitosan has been considered as a chelating agent with the potential for the adsorption of dyes, metal ions and proteins. This study was aimed to prepare and characterize different fungal chitosan nanoparticles (FCI-1 to FCI-6 NPs) by ionic gelation method and to evaluate its efficacy on the sorption of various commercial dyes. Morphological observations showed that the FCI-1 is nearly spherical in shape with particle size ranging from 2 to 30nm, as determined by electron microscopic studies. Electron micrograph revealed that FCI-1 NPs were stable even after eighteen months of storage at 4°C. Adsorption efficiencies of FCI-1 NPs and FCI-1 were estimated against various dyes such as RBB, MO, DR, NBB and CSB using spectrophotometry. Out of the dyes tested, FCI-1 NPs showed better adsorption efficiency for CSB whereas only RBB followed Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption of remaining dyes may probably be through random adsorption. The results indicated that FCI-1 NPs could be used as efficient sorbents in treating industrial dye effluents.

A study on genotoxicity of textile dyeing industry effluents from Rajshahi, Bangladesh, by the Allium cepa test

ABSTRACTTextile dye effluents are believed to be toxic as they might exert various harmful effects on living organisms including genotoxicity. These effluents are the main source of direct and continuous input of pollutants into the aquatic ecosystems. In this study, dye effluents from a local silk dyeing industry were analysed for their genotoxic potential by the Allium cepa genotoxicity test. The A. cepa test is characterised as a genotoxicity test where the roots of A. cepa are grown in different concentrations of the test material. The macroscopic results clearly showed that the toxicity of the dye effluents prompted A. cepa root growth inhibition, and this effect increased with higher concentrations of the effluents. At the cellular level, no dividing cells were found at higher concentrations such as 60%, 80% and 100% of the effluents. However, at a lower concentration of 20%, dividing cells were identified, although the mitotic index was much lower than that of the control. Microscopic analysis showed that the dye effluents induced chromosomal aberrations at significant levels. Taken together, these results revealed that the textile dyeing industry effluents are toxic to eukaryotic cells and these dyes have genotoxic properties that can potentially lead to cancer development and adverse health conditions.

Monitoring the fate and behavior of TiO2 nanoparticles: Simulated in a WWTP with industrial dye-stuff effluent according to OECD 303A

ABSTRACTThe use of nanoparticles (NPs) in several consumer products has led to them finding their way into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Some of these NPs have photocatalytic properties, thus providing a possible solution to textile industries to photodegrade dyes from their wastewater. Thus, the interaction of NPs with industrial dye effluents is inevitable. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD) guideline for testing of chemical 303A was employed to study the fate and behaviour of TiO2 NPs in industrial dye-stuff effluent. This was due to the unavailability of NPs' fate and behaviour test protocols. The effect of TiO2 NPs on the treatment process was ascertained by measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5). Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to study the fate and behavior of TiO2 NPs. Acclimatization of bacteria to target pollutants was a crucial factor for the treatment efficiency of activated sludge in a simulated wastewater treatment plant (SWTP). The acclimatization of the activated sludge to the synthetic industrial dye-stuff effluent was successfully achieved. Effect of TiO2 NPs on the treatment process efficiency was then investigated. Addition of TiO2 NPs had no effect on the treatment process as chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal remained >80%. Measured total plate count (TPC) affirmed that the addition of TiO2 NPs had no effect on the treatment process. The removal of total nitrogen (TN) was not efficient as the treatment system was required to have an oxic and anoxic stage for efficient TN removal. Results from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the anatase phase of the added TiO2 NPs remained unchanged even after exposure to the treatment plant. Removal of the NPs from the influent was facilitated by biosorption of the NPs on the activated sludge. Nanoparticles received by wastewater treatment plants will therefore reach the environment through sludge waste dumped in landfill. About 90% of TiO2 was retained in the activated sludge, and 10–11% escaped with the treated effluents. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) mapping micrographs together with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence of Ti in the sludge.

Practiced Gram negative bacteria from dyeing industry effluents snub metal toxicity to survive

Isolation and characterization of metal-tolerant bacteria from dyeing industry effluent was the prime drive of the present investigation. Results yielded during screening and isolation, noted the dominance of bacteria verses fungi; in addition, metal tolerance ability of six out of twenty five bacterial isolates were observed. The six selected isolates were gram’s negative, and were identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia UOMGNS116, Pseudomonas sp. UOMGNS216, Pseudomonas stutzeri UOMGNS316, Pseudomonas stutzeri UOMGNS416, Citrobacter freundii UOMGNS516 and Achromobacter sp. UOMGNS616 by 16s rDNA analysis. This investigation also evidenced the varied resistance capabilities by Achromobacter sp. UOMGNS616 and Citrobacter freundii UOMGNS516 against chromium and lead by overproduction of external polysaccharides especially against lead.

Removal of methylene blue dye using Citrus sinensis

The effluent from textile is an important source of dye pollution. Methylene blue (MB) is a basic aniline dye. At room temperature, it appears as a solid, odourless, dark green powder that yields a blue solution when dissolved in water. The dyeing industry effluents contain high Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand value. The need for using cheap and eco-friendly adsorbent for removal of MB dye from an aqueous solution is of paramount importance. The present work aims to investigate the adsorptive characteristics of agricultural waste (Citrus sinensis) for effective removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to observe the effect of various experimental parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration of MB, and the optimum conditions for these parameters were evaluated. More than 96% removal of dye was attained for all dye adsorbent systems under optimum conditions. The outcomes indicated that C. sinensis can be used as a good low-cost alternative for treatment of effluents containing MB in water.

Continuous fixed-bed adsorption of Congo red dye by dual adsorbent (Neurospora crassa dead fungal biomass and wheat bran): experimental and theoretical breakthrough curves, immobilization and reusability studies

A continuous study in a fixed-bed adsorption column was carried out by using dead fungal biomass of Neurospora crassa with wheat bran as a dual adsorbent for the removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. Adsorption experiments were conducted at 303 K and at pH 6. The effect of operating parameters such as bed height (2–4 cm), flow rate (1–5 mL min–1), and influent dye concentrations (10–50 mg L–1) on the breakthrough characteristics of the CR adsorption system were determined using free dual adsorbent. Data confirmed that the total amount of adsorbed dye decreased with increasing flow rate and increased with increasing bed height and inlet adsorbate concentration. The highest column adsorption capacity of 5.71 mg g–1 was obtained using 50 mg L–1 inlet adsorbate concentration, 2 cm bed height, and 1 mL min–1 flow rate. The dual adsorbent was immobilized in various polymeric matrices such as calcium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, polysulfone and sodium silicate. Batch experiments were conducted to select a suitable matrix for immobilization of the dual adsorbent. The maximum percentage of CR adsorption (84.72%) occurred using the polymeric matrix sodium silicate. Desorption studies were conducted in batch mode to desorb the CR dye from free and immobilized dual adsorbents using the desorbing agent methanol. Reusability studies of free and immobilized dual adsorbents for the adsorption of CR dye were carried out in three cycles in continuous mode. The equilibrium dye uptake and percentage adsorption of the regenerated free and immobilized dual adsorbents were decreased significantly after the first cycle. The percentage adsorption and equilibrium dye uptake using immobilized dual adsorbent in all three runs were lower than when free dual adsorbent was used. The percentages of dye adsorption were 57.75% and 41.70%; equilibrium dye uptakes were 0.696 mg g–1 and 0.35 mg g–1 in the third run of operation with free and immobilized dual adsorbent, respectively. Various mathematical models such as Adams-Bohart, bed depth service time (BDST), Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models were applied to column experimental data to predict the breakthrough curve and to evaluate the column capacity and kinetic constants of the models. The results fitted well to the experimental values in Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models with coefficients of correlation R2 ≥ 0.967 at different operating conditions. The adsorption of solute from textile industrial CR dye effluent was carried out in column studies separately, using free and immobilized dual adsorbents. The percentages of solute adsorption were 82.18% and 67.34%; equilibrium solute uptakes were 10.79 mg g–1 and 8.26 mg g–1 with free and immobilized dual adsorbent, respectively. We concluded that the dead fungal biomass of Neurospora crassa with wheat bran were shown to be suitable dual adsorbent for adsorption of CR using fixed-bed adsorption column and it can be used effectively in wastewater treatment.

Comparative studies on adsorption of dyeing industry effluents by activated carbon and polymer coated sawdust prepared from the fruit of Cordia sebestena

Comparative studies on adsorption of dyeing industry effluents by activated carbon and polymer coated sawdust prepared from the fruit of Cordia sebestena

An efficient pilot scale solar treatment method for dye industry effluent using nano-ZnO

Fabrication of photocatalysts and photoreactors for treatment of industrial effluents has become vital to harness solar energy for environmental cleanup. Treatment of dye industry effluent by heterogeneous photocatalysis with prepared nano ZnO in falling film photoreactor under natural solar light has been investigated. Different weight proportions of slurry comprising fevicol and homemade ZnO were prepared and the fevicol- ZnO (F-Z)film on acrylic sheet was obtained by brush coating. Coating of ZnO with 10wt% fevicol was found to be more adherent and efficient for dye degradation. This F-Z catalyst in the falling film photoreactor was tested for the treatment of dye effluent. F-Z catalyst prepared from nano-ZnO is more efficient than the catalysts made by commercial ZnO and TiO2-P25. The effects of operational parameters such as the amount of F-Z, effluent concentration, and initial pH on treatment process by F-Z coating as well as by suspended nano-ZnO slurry have been analyzed. Nano-ZnO is advantageous as its maximum efficiency occurs at neutral pH of 7. This pilot scale solar photocatalytic process can be widely applied at industrial scale.

A simple strategy for extracellular production of CotA laccase in Escherichia coli and decolorization of simulated textile effluent by recombinant laccase.

Laccases are green oxidases with a number of potential industrial applications. In this study, recombinant Bacillus subtilis CotA laccase was secreted by Escherichia coli via both the α-hemolysin secretion system and the YebF secretion system after microaerobic induction. Meanwhile, we discovered a much simpler approach for extracellular production of recombinant CotA laccase from E. coli, involving alternation of induction conditions to release recombinant CotA following intracellular expression. By optimizing the induction parameters, the extracellular yield of recombinant CotA laccase was improved from 157.4 to 2401.3U/L after 24h ofinduction. This strategy could be suitable for large-scale production of CotA laccase for industrial use. Recombinant CotA laccase was purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatography in a single step and showed similar biochemical properties to wild-type laccase. Purified as well as crude recombinant CotA laccase efficiently decolorized seven structurally different dyes. The decolorization capability of recombinant CotA laccase under harsh conditions was investigated by incubation of the enzyme with a simulated textile effluent (STE) with pH 11.6, 3.5% salinity and peak absorbance of 10.42. Recombinant CotA laccase efficiently decolorized 77.0% of STE after 48h reaction, demonstrating the potential of this enzyme for industrial dye effluent treatment.

Novel Biodegradable Flocculating Agents Based on Grafted Starch Family for the Industrial Effluent Treatment

Grafting of acrylamide (AM), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and a mixture of N,N-dimethylacrylamide and acrylic acid (AA) onto starch family namely Starch (St), amylopectin (AP) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) were carried out by free radical polymerization technique in water medium. The so prepared graft copolymers were characterized by different characterization techniques. The flocculation characteristics of all the graft copolymers were performed in an industrial textile dye effluent, a paper mill waste water and municipal sewage waste water. Their flocculation performances were also evaluated in 0.25 wt% iron ore slime, 1.0 wt% kaolin clay, 1.0 wt% coal and 1.0 wt% silica suspensions separately. A comparative study was also made among the three graft copolymers in each series (St, AP and HES) in all the suspensions along with the real waste water. The flocculation characteristics of the best performing graft copolymer was also compared with some commercial flocculants like magnafloc 1011, telfloc 2230 and percol 181 in all the synthetic suspensions, industrial effluents and municipal sewage waste water. In coal, iron ore slime and silica suspensions and in municipal sewage waste water polysaccharide-g-PDMA showed best results but in kaolin clay suspension, in paper mill effluent and in textile dye effluent polysaccharide-g-(PDMA-co-AA) showed best performance. Among all the graft copolymers, graft copolymer based on HES showed best flocculation performance when compared to other graft copolymers as well as to some commercially available flocculants.

Decolourization and COD reduction of textile wastewater by ozonation in combination with biological treatment

In this study, the characteristics of colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of azo dye by ozonation and biological treatment were evaluated for applying in industrial azo dye effluent treatment. Reactive Red 120 has been selected from among azo dyes due to its high solubility in an aquatic environment. The experimentation was arranged in two stages: during the first, only ozonation was performed, while, during the second stage, ozonation was integrated with biological treatment of completely mixed activated sludge (CMAS). COD removal was contributed simultaneously by the ozonation and biological treatment mechanism at lower ozone doses. However, it was significantly the result of direct oxidation at higher ozone doses. Ozonation of dyes usually leads to small organic molecular fragments that lead to a residual COD. The biological treatment is more efficient at mineralizing the by-products of the ozonation, but less efficient at colour reduction than the ozonation process itself. Thus, COD resulting from these small newly formed molecules can be further degraded by biological treatment. Therefore, ozonation should be applied at a medium ozone dose as a pre-treatment for a combined ozonation– biological treatment for azo dye removal.

Influence of An Industrial Effluent on A Chikoko Soil

is a local name given to a very soft marine clay found in the fresh and salt water swamps of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The influence of an industrial textile dye effluent on a Chikoko soil, is the subject of this study. The textile dye waste-chikoko soil was tested for index and engineering properties after curing. The Chikoko soil has low undrained strength, fairly high Atterberg limits and natural water contents. In the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, there is moderate increase in the compressive strength when stabilized with the textile dye waste. However, the improvement is not satisfactory as they are not up to the 1710kN/mm 2 UCS value for 7days cured specimens recommended by road note 31 (TRRL 1977) for base material. It is therefore concluded that, although the colour of the textile dye waste has no significant effect on the soil properties, the textile dye has soil stabilization potential even though the road note 31 specification was not met.

Kinetics of Removal of Chromium From Wastewater Using Chitosan-Based Binary Polymer Blends

Chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to form a blend in the ratio 1:1. The synthesized blend was characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA/DTA, and DSC to confirm grafting and crosslinking reactions, and scanning electron microscopy to understand the surface morphology. The prepared blend was employed for the removal of metals from dyeing industry effluent. The optimum conditions arrived at for the removal of chromium from dyeing industrial effluent are as follows: pH 5, contact time 4 h, adsorbate dosage is 3 g/L. Kinetic studies and adsorption studies were also carried out to evaluate the adsorption parameters.

Spectral Studies of UV and Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of AZO Dye and Textile Dye Effluents Using Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles.

The photocatalytic degradation of the chemical dye AZO and dye effluents in different time duration has been investigated using biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles. Dye industry effluents and AZO dye undergo degradation to form harmless intermediate and colourless products following irradiation by UV and solar light in the presence of green synthesized silver nanoparticles. The degree of degradation was tested under the experimental conditions such as PH, temperature, and absorbance of the dye in UV and solar light was measured. The degradation was higher in the UV light source than in the solar light source. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles in the UV light source were found to expedite the dye degradation process.

Dual Process of Bio-Phytoremediation of Arsenic from Contaminated Industrial Samples: An Alternative to Traditional Methods

Arsenic (As) is highly toxic, metalloid present in environment due to natural and anthropogenic sources. Arsenic III is highly toxic than Arsenic V. Arsenic removal by biological means is an upcoming and eco-friendly technique, where microorganisms have the ability to detoxify heavy metals from the environment. In the present work, Arsenic was detected from industrial effluents, and observed to be significantly higher than WHO limits where Dye industrial effluent showed highest Arsenic concentration of 249 ppm. Arsenic bioremediating bacteria were isolated from these effluents and identified as Klebsiella pneumonae Isolate-II, Lysinibacillus fusiformis Isolate I and III and Bacillus subtilis Isolate-IV. The cultures were subjected to bioremediation and highest removal was found to be 80% by isolate III. The effluents were also subjected to biosorption and phytoremediation. Highest biosorption rate was found to be 47.2% by isolate II within 48 hours of incubation. Consortium of Klebsiella pneumonae+Pseudomonas putida showed 92.8% degradation and Lysinibacillus fusiformis+Bacillus subtilis showed 94% degradation within 4 days. This work will help us in careful handling of issues like Arsenic pollution, over exploitation of natural resources and sustainable development.

Uptake of manganese, iron, copper, zinc and chromium by Amaranthus cruentus L. irrigated with untreated dye industrial effluent in low land field

This study evaluated impact of untreated dye effluent on heavy metal uptake by Amaranthus cruentus L. under field condition. Amaranths grown for two consecutive dry seasons were irrigated with dye effluent concentrations of 0 (control) 10, 20, 30 and 40%. Effluent concentrations were analyzed for physico-chemical and heavy metal properties. The result showed that heavy metals taken up and accumulated in amaranths tissues increased significantly (p≤0.05) with dye effluent concentration. Heavy metals accumulated more in edible shoots than roots except chromium. Bioaccumulations of heavy metals in 2012 were in several folds higher than in 2011 dry season. In the second season, regardless of effluent sources, dye concentration of 20% gave the highest accumulations of Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) in the edible shoots. The highest accumulations of heavy metals were higher than 0.3mgkg−1 allowable limits in vegetables by Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization/Federal Environmental Protection Agency. Irrigation of vegetable with untreated dye effluent should be discouraged due to potential health risks on human and general contamination of the environment.

Modified synthesis of nanoscale zero-valent iron and its ultrasound-assisted reactivity study on a reactive dye and textile industry effluents

Synthesized nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles were applied for the degradation of a reactive dye Remazol Black B 133 and textile effluent. XRD and HR-TEM analysis of the synthesized particles showed body centered cubic crystal packing. The aggregates were spherical in shape and the size of the particles ranged from 5 to 15 nm. The reactive dye solution was substantially degraded by NZVI particles using ultrasonic irradiation under various experimental conditions created by varying NZVI dosages (0.15–0.30 g/L), initial dye concentration (25–200 mg/L), and pH (2–13). Experimental results suggest that NZVI particles work best within the pH range of 4–10. A unit gram of NZVI was found to degrade a maximum of 749.2 mg of RB B 133 dye and more than 80% of the dye was removed within 15 min of reaction time. During the degradation process, an oxidation–reduction potential change from 196 to −577 mV was detected, indicating reductive condition is necessary for effective dye removal. FT-IR analysis of the end products of the degradation process indicated the presence of an amino (–NH2) group resulting from the breakdown of the azo (–N=N–) group. Results suggest that the degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to dye concentration. The effluents of two textile industries were collected, characterized, and treated with NZVI particles, which led to the significant fall below the standard scale of American Dye Manufacturing Institute (ADMI). This lowering of ADMI value indicates that the overall color removal efficiency is irrespective of any specific dye present in the effluent.

Phytotoxic Effect of Dyeing Industry Effluent on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Lady?s Finger

An investigation was made to study the degree of toxicity of dyeing industry effluent on seed germination and early growth of Lady’s finger. Physico-chemical parameters of dyeing industry such as pH, Electrical Conductivitu, Total Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Total hardness, Chloride, Sulphate, Dissolved oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium were analyzed of which electrical conductivity, total solids, total dissolved solids, sulphate, chemical oxygen demand were relatively high. Germination experiments were carried out in sterilized petri dishes containing 25, 50, 75 and 100% concentrations of untreated dyeing industry effluent. The germination percentage, growth parameters like plumule and radicle length, relative toxicity, percentage of phytotoxicity and tolerance index on the seed germination in response to dyeing effluent at various concentrations were also calculated. There was a gradual decrease in the percentage of seed germination and seedling growth with higher concentration of effluent. Relative toxicity and percentage of phytotoxicity was maximum at 100%. Growth parameter such as plumule and radicle length and tolerance index of seedlings was minimum at 100% and maximum at 25% of effluent concentration.

Textile Dye Removal from Wastewater Effluents Using Chitosan-ZnO Nanocomposite

Textile dyeing industry effluents require advanced treatment technologies such as adsorption for the removal of dyestuffs. In this Study Chitosan Zinc Oxide Nano composite was used as an adsorbent for removal of sample that contains two reactive dyes: Reactive Black HN and Reactive Magenta HB from textile dying industry effluent. The color removal performance of Chitosan Zinc oxide Nanocomposite has been investigated using parameters such as temperature, composite loading, time of contact and turbidity. It was found that composite exhibits dye removal efficiency that is about 95-99%. Batch adsorption studies of color removal from effluents of Textile dyeing industry were carried out using Chitosan-zinc oxide Nano particles composite. Results showed that color adsorption increases with the increase of the dosage of composite. In this study, optimum dosage was found for the removal of dye from Textile effluents. It was found that using 2 gm of Composite per liter of effluent at ambient temperature (50°C) and 60 minutes time of contact, it may be possible to remove 99% of the original color of the effluent.