Competitive Advantage In Industry Research Articles

The Role Of Business Analytics Adoption In Fostering Value Creation To Achieve Competitive Advantage In Industry 4.0

In the era of Industry 4.0, where disruption and uncertainty reign, the strategic adoption of business analytics emerges as a vital force in driving competitive advantage through value creation. This study investigates the pivotal role of business analytics adoption in fostering value creation to achieve a sustainable edge in Industry 4.0. By analyzing data from 237 E-commerce firms operating in fiercely competitive markets, the research explores the strategic imperatives for maximizing the utilization of data and information assets. It highlights the importance of integrating business analytics into organizational processes and fostering collaboration and dynamic capability to optimize decision-making and spur innovation. The findings underscore the necessity for firms to develop competencies in leveraging data-driven insights for competitive advantage. Moreover, this study contributes to bridging gaps in both Resource-Based Theory and dynamic capability literature, offering insights into practical actions for navigating the complexities of Industry 4.0. Ultimately, the research provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and implementing business analytics adoption as a strategic imperative for organizational success in the digital era, with implications for enhancing competitive advantage and driving sustained growth.

The Role of Digital Transformation and Entrepreneurial Orientation in Achieving Competitive Advantage in Industry 4.0

In the realm of transitioning economies and the advent of Industry 4.0, digital transformation has emerged as a paramount subject. Nonetheless, there remains a scarcity of studies offering a comprehensive elucidation of the interplay between Digital Transformation (DT) and Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) in the context of Organizational Change (OC). Digital transformation entails the integration of digital technology across all facets of business operations, fundamentally altering how enterprises function and deliver value to clientele. This paper explores these dynamics by addressing three fundamental inquiries: Firstly, how do digital transformation and entrepreneurial orientation correlate with the Organizational Change (OC) process? Secondly, why are digital transformation and entrepreneurial orientation deemed pivotal? Lastly, how do digital transformation and entrepreneurial orientation impact Organizational Change, and do they influence innovation behaviour and competitive advantage? This paper aims to enrich the discourse and foster an understanding of the critical roles played by digital transformation and entrepreneurial orientation in attaining competitive advantage through the Organizational Change (OC) process and fostering innovation behaviour at PT Pegadaian. To bridge the existing gap in the literature, this study posits digital transformation and entrepreneurial orientation as antecedents of the Organizational Change (OC) process, thereby fostering innovation behaviour and competitive advantage. The research adopts a case study approach rooted in qualitative analysis.

Presenting a Paradigmatic Model of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Economic Growth in Business Units (Case Study: Home Appliance Manufacturers)

Objective: The current research aims to present a paradigmatic model of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship towards sustainable economic growth in business units (Case study: Home appliance manufacturers). This study is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Method: The research method is qualitative. The population of this study includes academic experts and executive managers in the home appliance industry, calculated as 11 individuals through snowball sampling and theoretical saturation point. The data collection tool is semi-structured interviews. The analysis of this part is conducted using grounded theory. Findings: The qualitative research results propose the desired paradigmatic model, emphasizing the response to the main research question in the form of six main categories and subcategories. Conclusion: Causal factors including organizational entrepreneurship, development of products based on industry standards and competitive advantage. Contextual factors include government support, developmental infrastructures, and financial support for standardization in entrepreneurship. Intervening factors include the product quality condition for competitiveness, sustainability categories, and attention to labor. Strategies include reforming laws, developing science and technology parks, and accelerating capital turnover. Outcomes include commercial and economic liberalization, development of the innovation and technology ecosystem, and increased productivity. The core category includes technology, ideation, employment generation, and international competition.

Optimizing Automated Manufacturing Processes Using a Hybrid BRKGA Algorithm: A Case Study on Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling

In the modern era, industrial automation ofers significant competitive advantages. Replacing human labor with robots allows processes to be carried out much faster and more efficiently, with lower waste rates and the possibility of scheduling production 24/7. However, this also presents new challenges and opportunities in optimizing these automated processes. This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm BRKGA (Biased Random Key Genetic Algorithm) to optimize fexible job shop scheduling (FJSSP) problems in automated manufacturing systems. The algorithm is applied to a real-world case study in the Cinvestav Intelligent Manufacturing Laboratory, seeking to optimize the production of a four-piece product. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms previous results in terms of both, solution quality and computational efficiency.

Internal auditors’ artificial intelligence capabilities and sustainable competitive advantage

The aim of this research is to provide empirical evidence regarding the influence of internal auditor capabilities in artificial intelligence on sustainable competitive advantage in large companies in Indonesia. By using Porter’s (1985) competitive advantage model and the resource-based view of the firm, this research uses the basic assumption of thinking that a company can only achieve sustainable high performance if the company has “superior resources” and also has “capabilities” that can drive the company to improve its performance. This research finds empirical evidence that internal auditors’ ability to work with artificial intelligence can increase sustainable industrial competitive advantage. This finding also succeeded in confirming the theory of competitive advantage introduced by Porter (1985) which explains that a company’s human resource capabilities can improve the company’s performance higher than other companies in the same industry or market. This research contributes that as an assurance of corporate governance, accountants must improve their ability to work using artificial intelligence to improve their functions beyond just preparing financial reports.

MINDFUL UX DESIGN IN INDUSTRY 4.0: MITIGATING ADDICTION AND ENHANCING USER WELL-BEING INSOCIAL MEDIA AND AI ENVIRONMENTS

The rapid advancements in technology under Industry 4.0 bring forth both opportunities and challenges, particularly in User Experience (UX) design in social media and Artificial Intelligence (AI) environments. This research paper explores these dichotomies, focusing primarily on the role of UX design in mitigating addiction and enhancing user well-being. In this paper, authors begin by exploring the historical evolution of UX design and its increasing importance in the context of technological progression. We then discuss the psychological impacts of UX design on users, drawing a parallel between addictive characteristics of social media platforms and AI-based systems, and the deterioration of user well-being. Recognizing the gravity of the situation, we delve into the concept of 'Responsible UX Design,' a design philosophy that focuses on developing interfaces and systems that foster positive user behaviour while minimizing the risk of digital addiction. Authors present a comprehensive analysis of current strategies, practices, and policies related to responsible UX design in Industry 4.0 and discuss how these could be evolved for future. Drawing on a wide range of case studies, user interviews, and psychological research, the paper provides actionable recommendations for businesses, policymakers, and UX designers. These recommendations promote responsible design practices, discourage addictive design patterns, and encourage user-centric design approaches that improve digital well-being. Additionally, this paper provides a critical review of the challenges and potential ethical considerations in implementing responsible UX design. It introduces the concept of 'Digital Ethics,' which requires organizations and designers to uphold user well-being as a primary consideration during the design process. In conclusion, this research emphasizes the need for a paradigm shift towards responsible UX design, both as a moral obligation and as a competitive advantage in Industries 4.0. It advocates for an approach that balances user engagement with user well-being, and ensures that technological innovations enhance, rather than compromise, human lives. Unprecedented technical developments, including the fusion of social media platforms and artificial intelligence (AI), have been made possible by industry 4.0. User experience (UX) design now faces ethical and societal repercussions as a result of these developments. This paper provides a thorough examination of responsible UX design in Industry 4.0, with a particular emphasis on the growing usage of social media and AI tools. The research emphasizes the significance of ethical issues while examining recent information, trends, and best practices in UX design. Unprecedented technical developments, including the fusion of social media platforms and artificial intelligence (AI), have been made possible by industry 4.0. User experience (UX) design now faces ethical and societal repercussions as a result of these developments. This article provides a thorough examination of responsible UX design in Industry 4.0, with a particular emphasis on the growing usage of social media and AI tools. The research emphasizes the significance of ethical issues while examining recent information, trends, and best practices in UX design.

Dynamics in the automotive industry in Germany, Brazil and India – changes triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic

This article compares modes of response to the COVID-19 pandemic in three national automotive sectors. Our analyses of the automotive sector in Germany clearly demonstrate that trade unions were included and their interests considered at the national, industrial, and company level, and in the negotiations on how EU funds were to be used for technological upgrading. In Brazil and India, on the other hand, large parts of the risks were shifted onto the workforce, thereby further weakening their negotiating positions and without making any progress in catching up with the Global North. Thus, we argue that industrial relations, power and competitive advantages, state assets, and policies at the national level remain the key resource for crisis responses.

Do critical minerals supply risks affect the competitive advantage of solar PV industry? – A comparative study of chromium and gallium between China, the United States and India

As the demand for critical minerals required for solar photovoltaics (PV) technology continues to expand, there has been an increasing concern about supply risks of critical minerals, especially for large solar PV equipment manufacturers. Although supply risk has become a prominent issue, few studies were conducted on the supply risks of critical minerals from the perspective of multi-nations and the internal correlation between supply risks and economic variables. To this end, this study conducted a comparative analysis of the supply risks of chromium and gallium between China, the United States (US) and India from 2008 to 2020 and analyzed the impact of supply risks on the competitive advantage of solar PV industry by econometric models. The results indicate that: (1) For chromium, the fluctuation trends of their supply risks in China and the US are similarly stable (high risk), which are mainly affected by resource security risk and geopolitical risk, while India's supply risk fluctuates greatly with a relatively low supply risk. (2) For gallium, the supply risk of China is lower than that of the US and India, and there are obvious differences in supply risks in the three countries. (3) Resource security risk and geopolitical risk of chromium and resource security risk of gallium all have significant negative impacts on the industrial competitive advantage, and this impact varies greatly among countries.

Guidelines for Competitive Advantage of Thai Software Industry

This research aims to study the guidelines for competitive advantage in the Thai software industry. For qualitative research, in-depth interviews were conducted with nine experts to create the tools used in the estimation research. A group discussion with 11 experts was conducted to obtain a consensus on the model of this research. Quantitative data were collected from a survey of 500 enterprises in the Thai software industry using descriptive, reference, and multiple statistics. The research provides guidelines for the Thai software industry's competitive advantage, comprising four elements. The essential items of each element are as follows:1) Marketing Strategies ( = 4.25) maintain customer confidentiality without disclosing or using data for any other benefit. 2) Business Sustainability ( = 4.24) builds trust and credibility in partner collaboration. 3) Internal Process ( = 4.23) analyzes current work processes to improve efficiency continuously. 4) The Business Alliance ( = 4.23) conducts business with integrity, transparency, and accountability. In addition, the hypothesis test showed that the difference in enterprise size revealed overall elements that were significantly different at the level of 0.05. The analysis of the developed structural equation model showed that it followed the empirical data and passed the evaluation criteria with chi-square probability level, relative chi-square, the goodness of fit index, and root mean square error of approximation of 0.262, 1.031, 0.928, and 0.008, respectively.

A Real-Time Deep Machine Learning Approach for Sudden Tool Failure Prediction and Prevention in Machining Processes.

Tool Condition Monitoring systems are essential to achieve the desired industrial competitive advantage in terms of reducing costs, increasing productivity, improving quality, and preventing machined part damage. A sudden tool failure is analytically unpredictable due to the high dynamics of the machining process in the industrial environment. Therefore, a system for detecting and preventing sudden tool failures was developed for real-time implementation. A discrete wavelet transform lifting scheme (DWT) was developed to extract a time-frequency representation of the AErms signals. A long short-term memory (LSTM) autoencoder was developed to compress and reconstruct the DWT features. The variations between the reconstructed and the original DWT representations due to the induced acoustic emissions (AE) waves during unstable crack propagation were used as a prefailure indicator. Based on the statistics of the LSTM autoencoder training process, a threshold was defined to detect tool prefailure regardless of the cutting conditions. Experimental validation results demonstrated the ability of the developed approach to accurately predict sudden tool failures before they occur and allow enough time to take corrective action to protect the machined part. The developed approach overcomes the limitations of the prefailure detection approach available in the literature in terms of defining a threshold function and sensitivity to chip adhesion-separation phenomenon during the machining of hard-to-cut materials.

The Industrial Internet of Things: A Competitive Advantage in the Era of Smart Manufacturing

At present, the Chinese manufacturing industry's competitive advantage is facing multiple challenges. China's “hexagon diagram” industrial policy, which has promoted the competitive advantage of Chinese companies in the era of globalization, encompasses these six strategies: enhancing factor supply, building infrastructure, improving institutional environments, enlarging market size, promoting industrial clustering, and encouraging competition. The hexagon model of industrial policy has gained China entry into many industries and increased their competitive advantage by lowering production cost and creating full-scope value chains. Lately, this competitive advantage is facing significant challenges from globalization reversal, trade wars, and the technological revolution. Relative to anti-globalization and trade wars, however, the most profound challenge facing China's manufacturing industry is the rise of the Industrial Internet of Things and smart manufacturing. China needs to upgrade its hexagon diagram industrial policy to keep up with new developments in the Industrial Internet of Things in today's era of smart manufacturing.

The post pandemic air transport competitive advantages: new normal challenges of strategic human resource management (the case study of Bangkok Airways)

The epidemic clearly proven that every industry of the economy should never undervalue external environment. Every business needs to be flexible and adaptable without losing sight of their primary objective of profitability. Whereas, internal organizational management needs to be strategically focused. In consequent, an effective management of human resources is essential to enhancing business operations. The air transport industry is particularly sensitive to environmental fluctuations. Therefore, this study emphasizes strategic human resource management to strengthen Thailand's aviation industry's competitive advantage characteristics in the modern period of the new normal culture. The data were collected by using a number of sample questionnaires, which collected from a ground staff employee of Bangkok Airways. In order to evaluate Bangkok Airways' level of human resource management and level of competitive advantage, the sample group of employees was divided into two groups. There are 585 persons in total between the first group of 310 employees as officer level and the second group of 275 supervisors and manager’s level. According to the research findings, in terms of factors influencing competitive advantage in strategic human resource management, Strategic Alignment (SA) is the most crucial element to be implemented.

Strategic Alliances, Competitive Advantages, And Bandwagon Effect In The Perum Perhutani Wood Industry

The establishment of Strategic Alliances or operational cooperation with strategic partners of the Wood Industry around the Perum Perhutani work area is a necessity to increase competitiveness. This study attempts to elaborate on the Strategic Alliance between the Perhutani Wood Industry and its partners to be able to achieve a Competitive Advantage through the development of Market Areas and the development of Product Innovations or in other words to find out to what extent the Strategic Alliance can improve the position of the Perum Perhutani Wood Industry Competitive Advantage. In addition, this study also aims to determine the extent to which the implementation of the Strategic Alliance, through the development of Market Areas and Product Innovation in the Perum Perhutani Wood Industry, influences increasing Competitive Advantage. This research is descriptive and uses a qualitative approach. This research uses a literature study technique and utilizes data sources obtained from several locations, namely (1) Perhutani Forestry Institute Library, (2) Brawijaya University Central Library, and (3) Discussion with colleagues. From the research results, it is known that the Strategic Alliance model that aims to increase Competitive Advantage is the most appropriate to be applied in Perum Perhutani is a form of Strategic Alliance that focuses on the interests of cooperation in increasing Product Innovation to realize Competitive Advantage, compared to the Strategic Alliance through the development of Market Areas. It is necessary to redevelop a good Strategic Alliance with the Wood Industry business partner Perum Perhutani by implementing: (1) Reconciliation of the Wood Industry business actors who join based on compatibility, mutual need, and mutual benefit; (2) Focus and professional; (3) Pooling of resources on what is already owned by the wood industry business partners so that a perfect alliance will have an impact on the success of Perum Perhutani to become a superior company.

The Role of Industry 4.0 Technologies in Design Process Management

Industry 4.0 term has been raised as a result of the continuous technological developments; which are represented in merging both of various advancements: Manufacturing Systems, Cyber-Physical System CPS, and IoT. These advancements caused a significant change in the design and manufacturing sectors and the widespread use of digital Technologies through converting production to a fully integrated, continuous, automated, and improved production system. The production system analyzes given data from the production processes on a real-time basis to Aide in accommodating the available resources, maintenance, and flexible production management through quick response to client needs while maintaining a well-developed control production process. Furthermore, these processes are linked to the design management process utilizing systemic activity, which identifies the processes by providing measurements, managing, evaluating, and improving them by using various systems, methods, and tools. Therefore, contributes to the overall design process management and creates a new added value in the whole design process and Manufacturing. Research Problem: As a result (Because) of the significant technological advancements that have occurred, the term "Industry 4.0" has emerged. Many industry enterprises have embraced these technologies to maintain their competitive advantages. We needed to investigate the impact of these technologies on the management of design processes in relevant industrial businesses. The competitiveness of these businesses has also improved, and staff at these institutions are more aware of the influence of technological advancements. The research problem is that it is widening the gap that has arisen because of the inability to recognize changes that have been brought about through industry 4.0 technologies in the design process management concept. This results in industrial businesses' incapacity to adapt to market changes, which aims to improve the industry's competitive advantage by enhancing the ability to integrate industry 4.0 advanced technologies in the design process management, as well as flexibility in coping with changes. Research Objectives: Reinforce the role of the advanced technologies of industry 4.0, and its impact on design process management by including various systems, methods, and tools in design process management, and achieving competitive advantage in the market to develop a better understanding of design process management in industrial enterprises. Importance of research: The significance of the research is to investigate the impact of advanced technologies of industry 4.0 on the design process management, as well as the resulting radical changes in all stages of the design and manufacturing processes. As a result, product designers will be more aware of design, and industrial enterprises will have a competitive advantage in markets. Research Methodology The research follows the Extrapolation method. Major Results: Based on an examination of Industry 4.0 conceptual framework and techniques, as well as the "Double Diamond" design management program, the researcher was able to determine the impact of Industry 4.0 technologies on design process management at the following points: • During the Fourth Industrial Revolution, smart factories and products emerged as a result of the development and application of digitization and new technologies in design and manufacturing. • To manage design processes, use unique controls, and improve solutions. • Integrate the tools and methods of Industry 4.0 into the design and manufacturing management principles. • The safe transition from current design process management methods to the use of Industry 4.0 techniques has resulted in the achievement of flexibility throughout the process, design, and manufacturing to meet the needs of customers and consumers in real-time. • The Industry 4.0 technologies enable businesses to respond more quickly to market changes, deliver more specialized products, and improve operational efficiency in a continuous improvement cycle. • The use of advanced technologies in the management of design and manufacturing processes for the Industry 4.0 is critical, as it will develop the design process in line with recent global trends. • The development of a double diamond methodology to manage design processes and integrate their stages with Industry 4.0 technologies. • To raise awareness among enterprises about the use of Industry 4.0 technologies to develop products that can compete in domestic and global markets.

Exploring Future Promising Technologies in Hydrogen Fuel Cell Transportation

The purpose of this research was to derive promising technologies for the transport of hydrogen fuel cells, thereby supporting the development of research and development policy and presenting directions for investment. We also provide researchers with information about technology that will lead the technology field in the future. Hydrogen energy, as the core of carbon neutral and green energy, is a major issue in changing the future industrial structure and national competitive advantage. In this study, we derived promising technology at the core of future hydrogen fuel cell transportation using the published US patent and paper databases (DB). We first performed text mining and data preprocessing and then discovered promising technologies through generative topographic mapping analysis. We analyzed both the patent DB and treatise DB in parallel and compared the results. As a result, two promising technologies were derived from the patent DB analysis, and five were derived from the paper DB analysis.

A Public Health-Oriented New Energy Industry Competitiveness Evaluation.

This paper develops a regional new energy industry (NEI) competitiveness evaluation index system based on the theoretical framework of the “diamond model” and the unique characteristics of the new energy industry and made an empirical analysis of Jilin province with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The analysis results show that the new energy industry in Jilin Province has a good foundation, and the government's role, talent support, technological innovation, and market factors are acceptable. However, due to location factors and resource endowments, regional GDP and per capita consumption expenditure are low. The lack of intrinsic motivation of industrial competitive advantage has resulted in the poor overall competitiveness of the new energy industry in Jilin Province. Then, it is advised to take targeted measures to work closely with national NEI development strategy, optimize the industrial technology innovation ability and the talent support, actively guide social capital flows and new energy consumption, optimize regional energy consumption structure and industrial structure by creating a complete NEI chain, and revitalize the whole economy.

The measurement of competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province.

Improvement in living standards has led to the development and utilization of forest green foods. The study seeks to examine the foundation and potential of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province. By constructing the industrial competitive advantage model, this paper measured and analyzed the competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province from 2016 to 2020 by using fuzzy evaluation method and AHP. The conclusions were as follows: (1) The competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province was at a medium level with competitiveness index of 83.98. (2) The competitive advantage of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province mainly depended on key factors such as natural endowment and education level. The area is however not having comparative advantage in general factors and important factors. Therefore, there is the need to put in place measures to realise the full potential of forest green food industry in the area by providing players in the sector with requisite skills.

TÜRKİYE'DE “ORTA KORİDOR” PROGRAMI İLE “KUŞAK -YOL GİRİŞİMİ” BAĞLANTISININ STRATEJİK ÖNEMİ

In 2015, to align the Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) of China with the “Middle Corridor Program” of Turkey, a memorandum of understanding between China and Turkey was signed. The constitutional amendment shows that Turkey’s institutional environment and economic initiatives are changing. This change enhances the marginal cost of Sino-Turkish international economic cooperation and raises new challenges for the implementation of this cooperation in the context of building the BRI. This paper aims to analyze the Middle Corridor’s current situation between Turkey and China within the scope of BRI. PEST analysis is a method used to define the macro-environment. This paper investigates the primary trend of the Turkish economy, especially economic policies, and institutions through PEST analysis; explores the reality of the economic, political, social, and trade cooperation established between China and Turkey, and characterizes problems and challenges facing this cooperation. Finally, the study suggests that the following are keys to the China-Turkey cooperation; the strengthening of political mutual trust and security coordination, further expansion of the ‘opening up’ to enhance their respective industrial competitive advantages and to augment the complementarities of trade structures already in existence.

Crafting Design Strategy on Seaweed Industry in Indonesia

The global demand for seaweed is expected to increase in the coming years due to new product development using seaweed. There are many benefits of seaweed such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food industries, textiles, paper, and bioenergy production. On the other hand, Indonesia, as the archipelago country with the second-longest coastline after Canada, is expected to achieve competitiveness so Indonesia benefit more from the seaweed industry. This study aims to get the landscape of the seaweed industry and to select strategies. The strategies are designed using the Structural Equation Modelling Method – Partial Least Square (SEM – PLS). The findings of this study are the competitive advantage of Indonesia's carrageenan-producing seaweed industry using descriptive statistical methods through the perception model show considered weak. The three main parameters of concern are assessed as low-cost leadership, ability to increase export value and self-sufficiency in meeting the needs of domestic seaweed. The analysis also shows that the influence of innovation and stakeholder support on increasing the competitive advantage of Indonesia's carrageenan-producing seaweed industry is considered significant. Innovation is represented by the latent variable attributes of innovation, communication channels and the role of change agents, which are concluded to have a significant effect both directly and indirectly on the industry's competitive advantage. Keywords: seaweed industry, competitiveness, carrageenan, innovation, SEM-PLS, stakeholder support

Operative Production Controlling as Entrance into Controlling 4.0

Purpose of the article: The paper focuses on the potentials and benefits controlling provides for companies in the transition period towards industry 4.0. Operative production controlling provides data that shall be used in the future to apply the concept of smart factories. This article proposes a controlling archtitecture based on computer-aided standardization. Methodology/methods: The paper develops an architecture on operational production controlling based on an international literature review. Literature on controlling 4.0 are found mostly in publications in German language. While this literature has its focus on controlling as a whole or on strategic controlling, the paper has a look on operational controlling and its further usage and development towards smart factories. Scientific aim: The aim of this article is to develop a model of an operational production controlling architecture that is able to suite the requirements of smart factories by using computer-aided standarization. Findings: Research is working on concepts for industry 4.0 and its way towards real implementation. Competitive advantage in industry 4.0 is created through digitization and robotization. An architecture that fully complies to industry 4.0 is still waiting in real companies due to technical limitation in data storing, retrieval and processing as well as storage capacities. Conclusions: The paper discussed the devlopment of a controlling architecture suitable for industry 4.0. Already today controlling is making use of data. Smart factories shall make use of production data. Production controlling together with the CAS, that is able to provide standardized data on all manufacturing, maintenance, and auxiliary processes, systems are able to make a step forward towards smart factories. The concept of production controlling combined with the strengths of a CAS may be seen as the basis from which to target smart factories and industry 4.0.