Industrial Cleaning Research Articles

Why so blue? A novel presentation of methaemoglobinaemia secondary to an inhaled occupational nitric acid exposure

Introduction Nitric and hydrofluoric acids are commonly used in the commercial cleaning industry. We are unaware of reports of nitric acid inhalation forming methaemoglobin. Additionally, methaemoglobinaemia and treatment with methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue) may precipitate clinical uncertainty due to similar wavelengths of absorbance in pulse oximetry. Cases We report two patients with respiratory distress from symptomatic methaemoglobinaemia following a prolonged, inhaled occupational exposure to nitric acid in the context of industrial cleaning. Their methaemoglobinaemia was successfully treated with methylthioninium chloride, per remote toxicology advice. However transient oxygen desaturation as reported by pulse oximetry resulted in concern from the treating team. Discussion The liberation of oxides of nitrogen from nitric acid bypasses the upper airway without irritation and dissolves in the mucoid lower respiratory tract, oxidising haemoglobin to methaemoglobin. Prolonged undetected exposure with filter saturation, and impaired ventilation is the proposed cause of methaemoglobinaemia in the cases presented. Additionally, methylthioninium chloride absorbs light at the 660 nm wavelength interfering with pulse oximeter interpretation, precipitating the appearance of rapid, severe oxygen desaturation. Conclusion Lack of upper airway irritation can lead to unrecognised prolonged nitric acid fume exposure causing methaemoglobinaemia. Remote toxicology advice should include pulse oximeter interference expectations in the presence of methaemoglobinaemia and when administering methylthioninium chloride.

Low-Foaming Nonionic Gemini Surfactants Containing Hydrophilic Poly(oxyethylene) Chain and Hydrophobic Di-tert-pentylbenzenes Groups.

Low-foaming nonionic gemini surfactants have a wide range of applications in industrial cleaning and photoresist development. In this study, three low-foaming nonionic gemini surfactants (S1, S2, and S3) with different poly(oxyethylene) chain lengths have been synthesized by using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) and 2,5-di-tert-pentylhydroquinone. The chemical structures of the novel surfactants are confirmed by 1H NMR, Fourier transform infrared, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and their properties such as surface tension, wetting properties, emulsifying properties, and foaming properties are investigated. The surface tension values of S1, S2, and S3 at the critical micelle concentration are 40.29, 37.14, and 41.64 mN/m, exhibiting good surface activity. When the surfactant concentration is higher than 2 mM, the contact angles of S1 and S2 no longer change and can maintain 62 and 64°, showing good wetting properties. In addition, S3 can keep an emulsion state for 2 months at high concentrations, exhibiting good emulsion stability. Furthermore, all the prepared surfactants show good low-foaming properties. The initial foaming volumes of S1 are very low, less than 0.1 mL at various concentrations, less than 2% of the conventional surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. For S2, the initial foaming volumes at the concentration of 0.1, 1, 2, and 3 g/L are 1, 0.5, 0.55, and 0.45 mL, respectively. For S3, the initial foaming volumes show a general trend of increasing with concentration. The surfactants with longer poly(oxyethylene) chains possess more initial foaming volumes at the same concentration, which is because the greater cohesion between the surfactant molecules can increase the elasticity of the bubble film. Our study enriches the design rationales for low-foaming surfactants and motivates researchers to develop more advanced surfactants for industrial cleaning and photoresist development.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Norepinephrine in Industrial Equipment Cleaning Rinse Water by Its Own Absorbance and The Tollens’ Reagent

A literature review of the available spectrophotometric methods of determination of catecholamines is presented. Based on this review, two simple spectrophotometric methods for the determination of norepinephrine bitartrate in pharmaceutical formulations and industrial equipment cleaning rinse waters were chosen and validated. The first method for the determination of norepinephrine at ppm levels utilizes the absorbance band of the solution of norepinephrine bitartrate at 279 nm. The second method for the determination of norepinephrine at ppb levels is based on the reaction of norepinephrine with the Tollens’ reagent in the presence of the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride and the colorimetric determination of the formed colloidal silver nanoparticles. The calibration graphs are linear in the range from 1 to 150 mg/l of norepinephrine for the first method and 25 µg/l to 10 mg/l for the second method. The molar attenuation coefficients are 388 and 7560 m2/mol, respectively, the limits of detection are 1.1 mg/l and 3.1 µg/l, and the limits of quantification are 3.3 mg/l and 9.4 µg/l, respectively. Both methods are selective concerning the common excipients, show good accuracy (the relative uncertainties do not exceed 4 and 7%, respectively) and precision (the relative standard deviations do not exceed 4 and 7%, respectively), and do not require lengthy sample preparation and sophisticated laboratory equipment.

Research on Path Planning for Industrial Cleaning Robots in Complex Environments: An Enhanced Immunogenetic Algorithm Approach

As industrial automation advances, cleaning robots in complex environments have demonstrated significant value in enhancing efficiency and reducing labor costs. This paper presents a path planning method based on an improved Immune Genetic Algorithm (IGA) for comprehensive coverage path planning in complex industrial settings. Initially, the Boustrophedon Cellular Decomposition (BCD) method is employed to effectively segment the complex scene, identifying key areas for cleaning tasks. Subsequently, the path planning efficiency and adaptability are enhanced through an optimized genetic algorithm that integrates immune memory, Inver-Over operators, and 3-opt operators to refine the traversal sequence between regions. Moreover, this study incorporates the A* algorithm and the Biologically Inspired Neural Network (BINN) algorithm for efficient inter-regional path transitions and precise intra-regional traversal, respectively. A series of simulation experiments validate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of path length, coverage rate, and computational time. The results demonstrate that this method not only effectively addresses the challenges of path planning in complex industrial environments but also significantly improves cleaning efficiency, offering high practical value and potential for broader application.

Design features of a high-pressure transmission devices for hydro-jet technologies

Introduction. Hydro-jet technology is an innovative approach to using high pressure water for a variety of purposes. The technology has found a wide application in various industries, including construction, industry, agriculture and surface cleaning. The basic idea of water jetting systems is to use water as a powerful tool to destroy, clean and cut various materials. The paper discusses the constructing of the high-pressure hydro-puller device for hydro-jet technologies.Materials and methods. An analysis of the methods by hydro-jet technologies classification was made. The general structure and the constituent elements of this scheme is shown. Generalizing elements are identified and a characteristic layout diagram for use in all technological methods of hydro-jet methods is described, and the structural elements that are the main components and units of these technologies are described.Results. The scheme of energy flow on the main nodes of the traditional layout scheme of units for hydro-jet technologies is developed. The energy losses formed in the process of operation are estimated, the element of the hydrojet plant with the largest losses is determined, the peculiarities of its functioning and operation are analysed. The design methodologies, taking into account the identified problems and features, for high-pressure transmitting devices are given.Discussion and conclusions. The most efficient operation of ultra-high pressure transmitting devices for hydro-jet technologies is possible only taking into account their thermal state, characterized by a description of their thermal balance, which can only be ensured through the development of a number of techniques proposed for use in the design of such devices.

Coal-Based Branched Vicinal Diol Ethoxylates Versus Guerbet Alcohol Ethoxylates: Role of Tertiary Hydroxyl Groups.

Branched surfactants exhibit a lower surface tension, excellent low defoaming performance, and better wetting ability compared with linear surfactants, making them promising for applications in industrial cleaning. In this study, 2-hexyl-1-decene (C8 olefin dimer), obtained from the dimerization of 1-octene, was used as the hydrophobe to synthesize branched nonionic surfactants via hydroxylation and ethoxylation. The hydroxylation of the C8 olefin dimer to synthesize 2-hexyldecane-1,2-diol (C8 BD) using H2O2 and HCOOH was investigated systematically. Under the optimal reaction conditions (H2O2/C8 olefin dimer molar ratio: 1.5, HCOOH/C8 olefin dimer molar ratio: 4.0, reaction time: 10 h, reaction temperature: 50 °C), the conversion of the C8 olefin dimer and selectivity toward C8 BD were found to reach 99.96 and 79.89%, respectively. Further, branched nonionic surfactants (C8 BDEn) were synthesized via ethoxylation of C8 BD with ethylene oxide and characterized using FTIR, LCMS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR techniques. The presence of a tertiary hydroxyl group in C8 BD increases the reactivity of the primary hydroxyl group, leading to a narrower range of products and lower residual substrate content. The physicochemical properties and surface properties of C8 BDEn with different degrees of ethoxylation at various concentrations were investigated and compared with those of commercially available Guerbet alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers (C8 GAEO9 and C6 GAEO9). The results show that, compared with C8 GAEO9 and C6 GAEO9, C8 BDE6 displayed a higher surface activity with a lower equilibrium surface tension (27.14 mN·m-1), superior wettability with a smaller contact angle (39.2°), better emulsification performance with a longer emulsification time of 548 s, and excellent foaming properties (initial foam volume of 11.6 mL). This strategy of utilizing coal-based α-olefins for the synthesis of branched nonionic surfactants presents a route to prepare value-added fine chemicals from coal-based resources.

Corrosion inhibition of acid pickling –descaling-cleaning action on mild steel using aqueous hydroxyethyl cellulose

The corrosion inhibition capability of aqueous Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) on mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl solution proposed for mild steel pickling, industrial cleaning, and descaling was evaluated at different concentrations and immersion times using gravimetric measurement. HEC demonstrated efficiency in mild steel corrosion inhibition with a maximum inhibition efficiency of 87% for a 300 ml acid pickling, industrial cleaning, and descaling solution composed of 20% aqueous solution of 0.01 M HEC and 80% of 1 M HCl solution, within an immersion time of 120 hours. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with the increase in the concentration of HEC implying that HEC’s inhibition action is concentration and time-dependent. The mechanism of adsorption of HEC was identified to be chemisorption with hydroxyl (-OH) moiety donated to the active sites of mild steel coupled with HEC molecules encapsulation of chloride ions on mild steel surface thus preventing the corrosive action of Cl ions on the mild steel.

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) bark extract for eco-safe dyeing of mordanted cotton fabric: Colorimetric and biomedical functional properties

Large volume of wastewater containing toxic chemicals often discharged into the environment by textile industry is adversely damaging the quality of the ecosystem. This study aimed to circumvent this unfortunate practice through replacement of toxic chemical-mordants with eco-safe herbal-mordants in the cashew bark (CB) naturally dyed cotton fabric. The high dye yield obtained within short period of time vindicated microwave (MW) radiator as a cost, time and labor efficient modern heating tool in dye extraction from natural source. The MW-assisted CB dye extract was chosen for dyeing cotton fabric based on its desired properties (like high yield, low moisture content and bulk density). It was discovered that dye exhaustion, dye-uptake and tint strength of cotton fabric were enhanced after 4 min MW treatment. Utilization of calcium (II) chloride (CaCl2) and iron (II) sulfate (FeSO4) as chemical mordants, Vernonia amygdalina and Sorghum bicolor leaf extracts as bio-mordants has given a set of attractive shades (yellow to chocolate). The mordanted CB dyed cotton fabrics have desired dye exhaustion, dye-uptake and tint strength. The good colorfastness and biomedical functional properties of MW induced CB dyed cotton fabric were enhanced to excellent after post-mordanted with the herbal-anchors. Overall, MW treatment and exploitation of herbal-anchors have showcased the cotton natural dyeing process as the potential industrial cleaner, ecological-friendly and sustainable practice.

Minimizing the environmental footprint in food production: A case study on the improvement of an industrial tank cleaning process through adaptive cleaning devices

AbstractThe potential of adaptive tank cleaning devices to reduce resource consumption of cleaning processes is quantified on the example of a dairy tank under production conditions. As methodological approach, a cleaning validation process was applied to obtain information on the resource consumption of the existing cleaning procedure as reference. An improved cleaning procedure with increased mechanical cleaning action was designed. It exploits the capabilities of motor‐driven jet cleaners to perform helical, zigzag, spiral and meander‐shaped nozzle movements. The nozzle movements were applied according to the location of cleaning‐critical area and the fouling deposit distribution. The configuration was supported by cleaning simulations. Both cleaning procedure were quantitatively compared. The adapted cleaning process reduced the cleaning time by 32 per cent without compromising the cleanling success. The volumetric flow rate was 55 l/min instead of 130 l/min and the energy requirement for cleaning was lowered by approx. 227,260 kJ per cleaning cycle.Practical applicationsReducing cleaning times, water consumption, and strengthening food safety are essential challenges for food production. The methodical approach for conducting a cleaning validation provides necessary information to systematically address priorities of optimization: (1) reduction of cleaning time, (2) reduction of water consumption, (3) reduction of energy consumption. The optical detection of cleaning‐critical area, fouling deposit distribution and the temporal cleaning process opens the possibility of monitoring the hygiene status and strengthening food safety.The use of adaptive, motor‐driven tank cleaning devices enables the targeted adjustment of cleaning intensity. This enables the targeted cleaning of hard‐to‐clean and easy‐to‐clean tank areas and may reduce resource consumption and cleaning time.

More is better? Stakeholder participation in regulatory rule-setting towards green transition

Stakeholder participation and interactions in collaborative environmental policymaking are complex. We explore how stakeholder participation in rule-drafting and public comments lead to high-quality voluntary standards to promote green transition from a configurational perspective. Applying a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to China's 78 Industrial Cleaner Production Standards, we identify three paths resulting in superior standards. While using third-party experts is necessary in all paths, two paths emphasize the central role of public research institutes and the substitutive relationship between the participation of regulated firms and industry associations in the rule-drafting stage, especially in highly regulated industries. The third path emphasizes the importance of broad public comments when stakeholder participation in rule-drafting is insufficient, especially in lightly regulated industries. Our work enriches the theory of environmental regulation and collaborative governance, which is also instructive for governments designing regulatory standards to promote sustainable transformation.

Copper Selenide (CuSe) Monolith Fabricated by Facile Copper Foam Selenization for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue

A critical challenge that impedes the application of photocatalytic techniques for organic dye degradation from polluted industrial effluents is that traditional powdery photocatalysts exposed limited photo-absorption sites and exhibited inefficient recyclability. To overcome these challenges, this study designed a one-step process to synthesize a monolithic copper selenide (CuSe)-based photocatalyst. The characterization results fully supported that the maintenance of the copper foam during the selenization process was the prerequisite for the monolithic photocatalyst to keep its structural integrity in photocatalytic reactions. The surface of the monolithic photocatalyst fully covered by active CuSe is crucial for the exposure of photocatalytically active sites and the efficient degradation of methylene blue (MB). It was found that the CuSe-based monolithic photocatalyst exhibited excellent MB degradation performances under harsh pH conditions and high MB concentrations. From these perspectives, it is reasonable to conclude that the CuSe-based monolithic photocatalyst as prepared is a promising alternative to traditional powdery photocatalysts for organic dye degradation and industrial effluent cleaning.

Ultrasonic cleaning in the membrane process: From phenomenon to mechanism and mathematical model

An inhibition effect of cavitation bubbles on cake removal was observed for the first time in the ultrasonic cleaning process. Then, a mathematical model simultaneously considering inhibition effect, bubble dynamics, and actual nonuniform cake structure was established based on force analysis. The result showed that model could precisely predict the flux recovery rate (FRR) (R2 > 0.97). Furthermore, the model was used to determine the theoretical cleaning efficiencies (FRR*) under different conditions: FRR* increased with power whereas decreased with frequency, the highest value was 91.26%(1.0 W/cm2&20 kHz). Besides, a comparison between FRR* and FRR indicated that a duration of 120 s was enough in ultrasonic cleaning. Critical duration determined by the half-life period method successfully evaluated the significant jump in FRR. Additionally, different foulants and multi-cycle experiments were carried out to validate the application of the model and energy conservation (60–70%) of periodical ultrasonic cleaning. This study provided significant insights into industrial ultrasonic cleaning process.

Cleaner production and total factor productivity of polluting enterprises

The green and high-quality development of China's manufacturing industry requires the implementation of cleaner production practices. This study constructs a cleaner production index for polluting enterprises based on the detailed indicators of industrial cleaner production standards. Using data from the Green Development Database and the Industrial Enterprise Database from 1998 to 2012, this study analyzes the influence, transmission mechanism, and heterogeneity effect of the cleaner production index on the total factor productivity of polluting enterprises. The results show that improving the cleaner production index of polluting enterprises promotes total factor productivity, and this conclusion remains valid after taking several robustness tests. The improvement of the cleaner production index of polluting enterprises brings the demand for skilled labor and equipment capital containing technological progress, and the improvement of productivity comes from the capital-embodied technological progress which is complementary to the skill demand and skill premium. The study also finds that increasing the cleaner production index of polluting enterprises has a greater promoting effect on the total factor productivity of heavily polluting industries, large-scale enterprises, and enterprises in the western region. The improvement of the cleaner production index of polluting enterprises increases total factor productivity of state-owned and private enterprises but has no effect on foreign enterprises. These findings provide empirical evidence and policy implications for promoting high-quality development of the manufacturing industry through cleaner production governance, highlighting the importance of implementing cleaner production practices, introducing advanced production equipment, and skilled workers to achieve economies of scale and increase total factor productivity.

Study on benzylidine derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 15% HCl medium: Experimental & theoretical investigation

Corrosion inhibitors are added to acid solutions used during industrial cleaning and descaling procedures to reduce the metallic corrosion. In the present study, benzylidine Schiff base compounds namely 2-((Z)-(4-((E)-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-ylidene)amino)benzoicacid (DBAB) & (E)N′(4((E)(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-ylidene)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide (DBAH) were prepared and their corrosion inhibition behavior and adsorption properties were studied by using WL (weight loss), PDP (potentiodynamic polarization) along with EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) methods for mild steel (MS) in 15% HCl solution at different temperatures. The outcomes indicated that DBAH and DBAB offered inhibition efficacy of 96.98% and 94.01% at 120 ppm concentration, respectively. The potentiodynamic polarization studies showed that both inhibitors act as mixed type inhibitor and undergo effective mixed-type adsorption at MS facet. Surface analysis of corroded samples performed by FESEM, AFM and XPS confirmed the establishment of corrosion protective inhibitor film at the MS facet. Additionally, MCS (Monte carlo simulation) and DFT studies support the experimental results obtained by weight loss and electrochemical methods.

Electrocoagulation treatment of paint wastewater from equipment cleaning and conversion of by-product sludge into nano-pigment

This work aims to treat paint wastewater from industrial equipment cleaning by electrocoagulation (EC) using aluminum electrodes and reusing residual sludge as a starting material for synthesizing a blue inorganic nano-pigment. An initial pH of the wastewater without adjustment, a current density of 133.33 A/m2, an electrolysis time of 30 min and an inter-electrode distance (IED) of 2 cm were the best operating conditions for EC. The reduction rate of COD and turbidity was about 92% and 99.6%, respectively. At optimum conditions, specific metal consumption and specific electrical energy consumption are about 0.168 kg/m3 and 15 kWh/m3, respectively. The paint wastewater treatment sludge (PWTS) from EC was first characterized and then mixed with cobalt(II) chloride to synthesize an inorganic blue nano-pigment. The effects of Co/Al molar ratios and temperatures were studied. From colorimetric data, the pigment obtained at 1100 °C is more bluish than those synthesized at a lower temperature. This study will have beneficial effects on the environment as well as on the economy because it makes it possible to transform PWTS into value-added products. Treated wastewater can be reused for paint equipment cleaning and EC sludge can be completely transformed into pigment. The zero-waste principle can therefore be achieved.

Significantly mitigating PM2.5 pollution level via reduction of NOx emission during wintertime

Despite considerable decreases in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Chinese megacities over the past decade, many second- and third-tier cities that distribute abundant industrial enterprises are still facing great challenges for PM2.5 further reduction under the recent policy background of eliminating heavily-polluted weather. In view of core effects of NOx on PM2.5, the deeper reductions of NOx in these cities are expected to break the plateau of PM2.5 decline, however, the link between NOx emission and PM2.5 mass loading is currently lacking. Herein, we progressively construct an evaluation system for PM2.5 productions based on daily NOx emissions in a typical industrial city (Jiyuan), considering a sequence of nested parameters involving evolutions of NO2 into nitric acid and then nitrate, and contributions of nitrate to PM2.5. The evaluation system was subsequently validated to better reproduce real increasing processes for PM2.5 pollution based on 19 pollution cases, with root mean square errors of 19.2 ± 16.4 %, suggesting the feasibility of developing NOx emission indicators linked to goals of mitigating atmospheric PM2.5. Additionally, further comparative results reveal that currently high NOx emissions in this industrial city severely hinder the achievement of atmospheric PM2.5 environmental capacity targets, especially in the scenarios of high initial PM2.5 level, low planetary boundary layer height and long pollution duration. It is anticipated that these methodologies and findings would supply guidelines for further regional PM2.5 mitigation, in which source-oriented NOx indicators could also provide some orientations for industrial cleaner production such as denitrification and low nitrogen combustion.

CuCl2-modified ionic liquids for alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene

Abstract Benzene and 1-dodecene are often alkylated to produce linear alkylbenzene (LAB). LAB is the raw material for the production of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), a very important anionic surfactant used in both industrial cleaning and commercial laundry processes, as well as in household laundry detergents. In the present study, we investigated the use of [Et3NH]Cl–2AlCl3 modified with CuCl2 as a catalyst for the alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene, specifically looking at the effect of reaction conditions on product activity. The results showed that a conversion of 1-dodecene of 100.0 % and a selectivity of LAB of 93.79 % could be obtained when the following ideal reaction conditions were present: molar ratio of benzene/1-dodecene = 6, reaction temperature = 25 °C, reaction time = 10 min, stirring speed of 1000 rpm and addition of 5.0 mol % CuCl2). The catalyst concentration was 7.0 mol %. FTIR and 31P-TMPO-NMR measurements were performed to characterise the ionic liquid before and after the addition of CuCl2. After the addition of CuCl2, it was found that the acidity of the ionic liquid had decreased. The regeneration of the catalyst was also investigated and the cause of inactivation of the catalyst was determined. The results showed that CuCl2 modified the ionic liquids and decreased the benzene/1-dodecene ratio, but the high product selectivity was maintained.

Alkaline Cleaning of Zn–Al–Mg Hot-Dip Galvanized Steels: Mechanisms and Surface Oxide Chemistry

Alkaline cleaning of Zn–Al–Mg coated hot-dip galvanized steel is a central process in the industrial galvanized steel production. This process removes carbonaceous contaminants from the surface and modifies the surface chemistry profoundly. We implement a combined analytical and surface science approach to characterize the dissolution mechanism and surface chemistry of Zn-Al-Mg coatings after treatment with industrial cleaners with pH 9.3 and 12.7, respectively. Our data indicate that weak alkaline cleaning can significantly increase the surface concentration of Zn-oxide, while strong alkaline cleaning dissolves the native oxide and generates a transient Zn/Mg-hydroxide on the surface. The observed dissolution mechanisms are largely consistent with the expectations from the Pourbaix diagrams, i.e. at pH 12.7 aluminium dissolution is expected while Mg is stable and forms a transient passive film. In contrast, mild alkaline cleaning at pH 9.3 is dominated by Mg and Zn dissolution, while the native Al passive film remains stable. Hence the cleaning provides an effective direct modification of the surface chemistry for subsequent process steps during the coating. Mild alkaline cleaning offers an increase of Zn at the surface, which has important implications for subsequent conversion and adhesive applications, that have been traditionally optimized for pure Zn coatings.

Optimized cleaning of conveyor belts using plasma-processed water assisted by optical detection of food residues

As food of animal and plant origin is prone to microbial spoilage, its production must be monitored and conducted safely to avoid consumer hazards. At the same time, environmental and sustainability aspects are becoming increasingly important. In this study, washing of food conveyor belts at ambient temperature was performed with plasma-processed water (PPW) and an optical detector to monitor the cleaning success. The microbial plate counts could be reduced with pressurized water, foam and PPW by >3 log10 CFU/cm2, similar to the standard industrial washing with amine-based disinfectant (Neoseptal®, Dr. Weigert, Germany). However, PPW degrades to naturally occurring substances, and the inactivation time was reduced from 15 to 1 min. The optical detector could mostly distinguish between uncleaned and cleaned belts. The fast, precise and easy applicable measurement could be integrated into the production line for automated monitoring, which could result in cleaning cycles based on demand. Industrial relevanceAn on-demand cleaning process with less need for chemicals would save time and money plus protect the environment. Plasma-processed water is as effective as a chemical disinfectant combined with a reduced decontamination time (from 15 to 1 min) and free of complex chemical compounds. The optical detector can be used inline, fast and easy for automated hygiene monitoring in the food production.

Design of Laser Clear Machine with Visual System

With the continuous transformation and upgrading of China's industry, higher requirements have been put forward for the quality and efficiency of the industry, and the service of the industrial cleaning. The traditional cleaning method has been unable to meet the application needs in the industrial field due to its high pollution and high energy consumption. Laser cleaning, as a green, environmental protection, non-destructive new cleaning method, has quickly become a hot technology in the field of industrial cleaning. This paper will focus on this argument for laser rust removal.