Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry Research Articles

Insight into natural ageing of historic baltic amber objects by untargeted metabolomics approach

Cherished amber relics have undergone long-period burial environments carrying several ageing deterioration characteristics, such as crazing, discolouration, and decreased hardness, which makes amber artefacts fragile. Ageing is inevitable for amber exposed to air, emphasising the need for a suitable preservation environment based on the ageing mechanism. However, related research, specifically on the transformed compositions and structures of archaeological amber, has been limited due to complexities in deciphering the intricate components. In this research, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were applied on geological and archaeological Baltic amber to find the ageing pathways. An untargeted metabolomics analysis developed for the linear modelling of molecular features data was utilised in combination with Py-GC/MS results, and statistically significant variations provided ten increased and ten decreased ageing markers. We propose an ageing mechanism for the succinite molecular structure, which involves oxidation of the polylabdanoid and hydrolysis of the esterification cross-link structure between succinic acid and labdanoid. Simultaneously, monoterpenes were released from the amber structure. Our untargeted Py-GC/MS metabolomics approach offers a groundbreaking and more systematic method for investigating the ageing mechanism of multi-component organic polymers in archaeological artefacts.

Supramolecular deep eutectic solvent: a powerful tool for pre-concentration of trace metals in edible oil.

The utilization of supramolecular deep eutectic solvent eddy-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction utilizing 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (SUPRADES) has been identified as a successful method for pre-enriching Cu, Zn, and Mn in vegetable oil samples. Determination of each element was conducted by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after digestion of metal-enriched phases. Various parameters were examined, including the composition of SUPRADES species [2HP-β-CD: DL-lactic acid], a cyclodextrin mass ratio of 20wt%, a water bath temperature of 75 °C, an extractor volume of 800 μL, a dispersant volume of 50μL, and an eddy current time of 5min. Optimal conditions resulted in extraction rates of 99.6% for Cu, 105.2% for Zn, and 101.5% for Mn. The method exhibits a broad linear range spanning from 10 to 20,000μg L-1, with determination coefficients exceeding 0.99 for all analytes. Enrichment coefficients of 24, 21, and 35 were observed. Limits of detection ranged from 0.89 to 1.30μg L-1, while limits of quantification ranged from 3.23 to 4.29 μg L-1. The unique structural characteristics of the method enablethe successful determination of trace elements in a variety of edible vegetable oils.

Determination of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Commercial Edible Vegetable Oil Sold in the Jordanian Market by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

This study investigates the levels of iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in five varieties of edible vegetable oils (Olive, Corn, Palm, Soybean and Sunflower oil) available in the Jordanian market. The analysis uses inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Our findings indicate that the Fe, Cu and Pb levels in all oil samples (Fe concentrations were < 9 ppb, Cu < 2 ppb and Pb < 9 ppb) are well below the safety thresholds set by the FAO and WHO, suggesting that they can be consumed without any concern. This study confirms the effectiveness of ICP-OES for precise heavy metal detection in complex food matrices. The findings have significant implications for food safety and public health, especially regarding environmental contamination and its effects on food quality.

Biofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Green Seaweed: Characterisation and Antibacterial Evaluation

This study investigates the Chaetomorpha antennina (CA) seaweed-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesis process of silver nanoparticles was monitored over time with the help of an Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and further characterisation studies were also performed. Differential Light Scattering (DLS) measurements revealed a mean particle size of approximately 103.5nm and a mean zeta potential value of -57.5mV for AgNPs. The spherical shape and size of the AgNPs were confirmed through High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging, while Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis provided insights into the elemental composition. The concentration of AgNPs was estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The antibacterial potential of AgNPs was evaluated against both gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative bacterial strains (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentriae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis) using the agar well diffusion method. From the results, AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and S. typhi among all the tested concentration levels (25, 50, 75 and 100μl).

Analysis of Trace Impurities in Lithium Carbonate.

Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is a critical raw material in cathode material production, a core of Li-ion battery manufacturing. The quality of this material significantly influences its market value, with impurities potentially affecting Li-ion battery performance and longevity. While the importance of impurity analysis is acknowledged by suppliers and manufacturers of battery materials, reports on elemental analysis of trace impurities in Li2CO3 salt are scarce. This study aims to establish and validate an analytical methodology for detecting and quantifying trace impurities in Li2CO3 salt. Various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), were employed to analyze synthetic and processed lithium salt. X-ray diffraction patterns of Li2CO3 were collected via step-scanning mode in the 5-80° 2θ range. SEM-EDX was utilized for particle morphology and quantitative impurity analysis, with samples localized on copper tape. XPS equipped with a hemispherical electron analyzer was employed to analyze the surface composition of the salt. For ICP-OES analysis, a known amount of lithium salt was subjected to acid digestion and dilution with ultrapure water. Multielemental standard solutions were prepared, including elements such as Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Zn, Ca, K, Mg, Na, and S. Results confirmed the presence of the zabuyelite phase in XRD analysis, corresponding to the natural form of lithium carbonate. SEM-EDX mapping revealed impurities of Si and Al, with low relative quantification values of 0.12% and 0.14%, respectively. XPS identified eight potential impurity elements, including S, Cr, Fe, Cl, F, Zn, Mg, and Na, alongside Li, O, and C. Regarding ICP-OES analysis, performance parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ), variance, and recovery were evaluated for analytical validation. ICP-OES results demonstrated high linearity (>0.99), with LOD and LOQ values ranging from 0.001 to 0.800 ppm and 0.003 to 1.1 ppm, respectively, for different elements. The recovery rate exceeded 90%. In conclusion, the precision of the new ICP-OES methodology renders it suitable for identifying and characterizing Li2CO3 impurities. It can effectively complement solid-state techniques such as XRD, SEM-EDX, and XPS.

Health risk assessment of occupational exposure to heavy metals among green space workers in Iran.

Exposure to heavy metals can result in various adverse health effects. Tehran is rated as one of the world's most polluted cities. Green space workers are continuously exposed to such pollutants in this city. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the health risks caused by exposure to heavy metals among green space workers. Eighty-eight workers and office personnel in two regions with different air quality levels were chosen for sampling. Air samples were collected using the NIOSH-7300 method and analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) instrument. The hazard quotient (HQ) and the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) were calculated to assess carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk levels. The results revealed that the rank order of heavy metals was determined as Zn, Pb, Mn, Ni, Co, and Cd. Workers were subjected to higher concentrations of Ni, Pb, Zn, and Co than office personnel. Furthermore, the Cd, Co, and Zn exposure levels stood significantly higher in region 6 than in region 14. Non-carcinogenic risk levels for all participants fell within the acceptable range. Moreover, no employee had a carcinogenic risk level within the acceptable range when exposed to Cd. Also, 2.3% of individuals demonstrated Ni's acceptable carcinogenic risk level. Owing unacceptable risk levels, proper interventions are required to minimize occupational exposure to heavy metals. These interventions include optimizing shift schedules, using personal protective equipment, and conducting regular health assessments.

Commercially available mouthguards: Unearthing trace elements for the first time

The use of mouthguards is advocated by the American Dental Association for orofacial injury prevention and teeth protection. However, the chemical environment in the mouth may cause harmful substances within the mouthguard's polymer material to leach out and be absorbed by the user. Considering this, the present study for the first time analyzed commercially available mouthguards and disclosed the presence of trace elements. Specifically, an analytical method was developed based on closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion and plasma-based atomic spectrometry for determining toxic trace elements in mouthguard samples. Initially, 75 elements were assessed and, thereafter, quantified cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in each sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Method validation was carried out by analyzing a certified reference material of Low-Density Polyethylene, and by addition and recovery experiments. Results for copper were further validated by ICP optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). While most samples exhibited elemental levels beneath the method's limit of quantification, Cd, Cu and Pb were detected in four samples. Remarkably, one sample had Cu levels exceeding safe limits by 109 times, highlighting potential toxicity risks. This initial research underscores the need for stricter contamination control in mouthguard materials to minimize potentially health hazards.

Assessment of groundwater quality and alkaline earth metals from the Al Masaraat basin at Al Dhahirah Governorate, Sultanate of Oman

ABSTRACT Comprehending the physicochemical properties of water is vital for efficient groundwater management in the research area. Groundwater often sees an increase in chemical element concentrations as it moves underground due to water-rock interaction. Water quality is assessed by comparing various parameter levels with drinking water standards. The primary goal of this study is to assess the groundwater quality from Al Dhahirah Governorate by analysing the physicochemical characteristics (pH, EC, TDS, TH, and T) and evaluating the concentrations of alkali and alkaline earth metals. It involved collecting groundwater samples from 11 different sites in the area and using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to analyse various elements, such as Ca, Na, Mg, and Sr. The study’s results reveal that the quality parameters of drinking water sources are within the Omani and World Health Organization (WHO) standards, except for Na, Mg, Sr, and TH level. The average concentrations of Na and Mg were 527.64 and 87.93 mg/L, respectively, while the average TH measured 658.86 mg/L, which is classified as very hard. The analysis of correlations among groundwater quality parameters indicates that physicochemical parameters influence the chemical properties of groundwater. To ensure safe drinking water, it is advisable to treat contaminated water before use and regularly monitor its quality. The findings contribute to the understanding of water quality in this region, providing valuable insights for environmental and public health considerations.

The dry-gel conversion synthesis of the lithium sodium borosilicate jadarite, LiNaSiB3O7(OH)

Abstract The lithium sodium borosilicate jadarite, LiNaSiB3O7(OH), was first identified in 2007 in the Jadar basin, Serbia, where it forms the principal ore mineral of one of Europe's largest Li deposits. We report the successful application of the dry-gel conversion technique (DGC) to synthesise a jadarite analogue, via a dry-gel precursor made using sol-gel synthesis and the inclusion of the structure directing agent tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH). Pawley refinement of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data collected on the synthetic sample was carried out using a monoclinic unit cell in space group P21/c (Whitfield et al., 2007), and gave refined unit cell parameters of a = 6.824(3) Å, b = 13.882(5) Å, c = 7.735(3) Å and β = 124.37(1)° (Rwp = 9.22). Inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES) on the synthetic sample confirmed an empirical formula of Li1.07Na1.40Si0.79B3O7.32(OH), based on three B atoms per formula unit (apfu). The synthetic product was found to be deficient in Si compared to natural jadarite from analysis of PXRD and ICP–OES data. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that synthetic jadarite has peaks at 1415 and 1342 cm–1 and between 1180 and 900 cm–1, which are attributed to the presence of trigonal (BO3) and tetrahedral (BO4) borate groups characteristic of the natural jadarite structure, as well as a broad peak at 3441 cm–1 due to the presence of residual TEAOH. Scanning electron microscopy showed similarities in the morphologies between synthetic and natural jadarite particles.

Cyrene- and water-based exfoliation of black phosphorus for potential nanolayer-mediated disaggregation of insulin fibrils

Liquid suspensions of phosphorene nanolayers (2D-bP) obtained through liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of elemental black phosphorus (bP) have been prepared and extensively characterized. The exfoliating ability of deionized water (DI water), dihydrolevoglucosenone, (Cyrene), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) has been investigated and compared along with the differences in the structure, concentration, and stability of the collected nanoflakes. Water was chosen as an exfoliating medium due to its harmlessness and cost-effectiveness and because it is the safest solvent for further potential biomedical applications. Cyrene is a new bio-based solvent still under study. NMP, which is among the most widely used solvents for the exfoliation of 2D systems including bP, has been employed for comparison. The obtained suspensions have been characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), Phosphorus 31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (31P NMR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Ultraviolet -Visible (UV–Vis), and Raman spectroscopies. The stability of 2D-bP suspensions over time and their photoactivity, i.e., their ability to generate singlet oxygen species as a photosensitizer, have been investigated. The collected results evidenced that the exfoliation of bP in different solvents, including DI water, resulted in satisfactory and comparable nanoflake structures and features. The singlet oxygen generation through irradiation of 2D-bP in DI water suspensions, advantageously obtained directly from LPE, showed promising potential for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Preliminary data on the potential biomedical application of 2D-bP to inhibit the insulin self-assembly into amyloid aggregates as well as to cause fibrils disassembling through simple incubation or photoactivity, are also discussed.

A new strategy to improve the anticorrosion performance of waterborne polyurethane coating on AA7075

In this study, Ce3+ functionalised halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were prepared, and their impact on the anticorrosion properties of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) coating on 7075 aluminium alloy (AA7075) was investigated. HNTs were grafted by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to enhance Ce3+ loading, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum. The release behaviour of Ce3+ from HNTs was tested by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and the inhibition effect of Ce3+-loaded HNTs for AA7075 was tested by polarization plots. The anticorrosion property of WPU doped with Ce3+-loaded HNTs was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and pull-off adhesion test. The results showed that APTES modification improved the Ce3+ loading amount on HNTs, and Ce3+ acts as an effective cathodic inhibitor for AA7075. After soaking for 40 days, the |Z|0.01Hz of Ce-HNTs/WPU was two orders of magnitude higher than that of pure WPU, while wet put-off adhesion was higher than pure WPU.

Heavy metals and radionuclides in Islamabad's industrial area: A comprehensive analysis of soil and water pollution, source apportionment and health effects using statistical and geospatial tools

IntroductionHeavy metal pollution in industrial areas around the world is a significant problem that is worsening day by day. Heavy and toxic metals are detrimental to human health and ecology in a region. Hence, determining their level and potential is critical to form effective pollution control strategies for reducing the risks associated with them. Study areaIslamabad is the capital city of Pakistan with a dedicated industrial zone. PurposeThis study evaluated the heavy metal pollution levels in the soil and water of Islamabad's industrial area and radionuclides activity in the soil using statistical, geospatial tools as well as their subsequent health and ecological hazards. Materials and methodsElemental analysis in this study was performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The radionuclides activity in the soil was quantified using High Purity Germanium Detector (HPGe). ResultsThe soil of Islamabad's industrial area is highly polluted with heavy and toxic metals. The risk posed by heavy metals to the eco-system was calculated using Ecological risk factor and was found to be above recommended level. Principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson's correlation and inverse distance weighting interpolation (IDW) revealed that the soil near the steel mills, landfill and marble processing plants is extremely polluted with heavy metals. Health hazards from heavy metal exposure through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact were also calculated. Cr posed a carcinogenic risk to children via the three exposure pathways with the value being 4 × 10−4. Natural radioactivity levels for Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 were found to be 25.96±12.50, 15.84±2.59, 469.48±52.38 Bqkg−1, respectively. Elemental analysis of water samples coupled with geospatial analysis showed that water samples collected near the industrial complexes have elevated levels of Sb. The water quality for irrigation was assessed and the water from Islamabad's industrial area was found to be suitable for irrigation. ConclusionIn conclusion, the soil of Islamabad's industrial area is highly polluted with heavy metals and has lower levels of natural radioactivity. The water near the industries also has elevated levels of some heavy metals.

Unlocking the magnetic potential of Fe2O3 nanoparticles by single-step synthesis of cobalt-infused nanomaterials for chromium removal

The study optimized the chromium removal capacity of Fe2O3 nanoparticles through the infusion of cobalt using a single-step synthesis method. This approach not only enhanced their magnetic properties but also employs less-chemical synthesis techniques, ultimately yielding highly magnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and less impurities. The prepared materials underwent comprehensive testing, encompassing examinations of their optical properties, structure, chemical composition, and surface characteristics using various analyticals methods. In a span of 90 min under visible light exposure, CoFe2O4 nanoparticles exhibit the ability to remove more that 90% of chromium. This was corroborated through analysis using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Moreover, the study illustrates that increased temperatures amplify the endothermic process of chromium adsorption. Positive ΔH°, negative ΔS°, and heightened Cr(IV) adsorption are linked to the temperature effects on solubility, mobility, and dissolved oxygen. Both Langmuir (R2 = 0.95, RL = 0.055) and Freundlich models (R2 = 0.98, n = 0.69) suggest favorable adsorption. The efficient Cr(IV) adsorption by CoFe2O4 nanocomposite is attributed to a rapid reaction rate and substantial capacity, following pseudo-second order kinetics (rate constant 0.01 g mg−1 min−1, R2 = 0.99).Graphical abstract

Copper Deficiency Associated with Glycemic Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Adequate copper (Cu) status has been associated with improved glycemic control, partly because of its role in reducing oxidative stress through superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Thus, the aim was to investigate the relationship between plasma Cu concentration and markers associated with glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This observational and cross-sectional study was conducted in individuals with T2DM of both sexes, aged between 19 and 59years. Plasma Cu levels were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, C-peptide levels, SOD activity, and glycated hemoglobin (%HbA1c) were measured. Homeostatic model assessments (HOMA%B, HOMA%S, and HOMA-IR) were also performed. Additionally, %body fat and waist circumference were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Participants were categorized based on their plasma Cu concentrations (< 70µg/dL and ≥ 70µg/dL). The associations between variables were analyzed using chi-squared or Fisher's test and binary logistic regression models. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Of the 97 participants (74.2% women), 85.5% had Cu deficiency. Cu-deficient individuals showed elevated C-peptide concentrations and HOMA%B values compared to those with adequate Cu levels (2.8ng/mL vs. 1.8ng/mL, P = 0.011; and 71.4 vs. 31.0, P = 0.003), respectively. Cu deficiency was associated with insulin resistance (P = 0.044) and decreased likelihood of exceeding the target serum glucose level (OR = 0.147, P = 0.013). However, no significant association was found between SOD activity and plasma Cu concentration. Consequently, Cu deficiency was linked to improved glycemic control, although it was not associated with the other markers.

Microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES)—A useful tool for the determination of silicon contents in plant samples?

The accurate quantification of silicon (Si) contents in plant materials represents a fundamental prerequisite for agricultural plant-soil system or terrestrial ecosystem studies. Si contents in plants are usually calculated from Si concentrations determined spectroscopically in corresponding plant extracts. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) is widely used in environmental sciences for Si measurements, because this technique is characterized by relatively high sensitivity and low expenditure of human labor. However, as an ICP-OES instrument is also characterized by relatively high acquisition and running costs, it is not readily available to most laboratories. Microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES) might represent a cost-effective alternative to ICP-OES. In our study we compared the results obtained from ICP-OES and MP-AES measurements of Si concentrations in Tiron extracts of husk and straw samples of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) to evaluate the capability of the MP-AES technique for the determination of Si contents in plant materials. Moreover, we correlated these results with data on plant available Si concentrations in corresponding soil samples as well as phytolith contents in the husk and straw samples to evaluate the performance of MP-AES in biogeochemical Si plant-soil studies. Based on our results we found MP-AES to represent a suitable technique for the reliable determination of Si concentrations in Tiron extracts with negligible matrix effects. Our results clearly indicate that MP-AES represents a promising alternative for all researchers with a focus on biogeochemical Si cycling in general.

Impact of industrial effluent on selected grass species

Industrial wastewater contains a variety of substances such as organic carbon, salts and heavy metals, which along with arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) are known to be highly toxic even in very low concentrations. This study was carried out to test the impact of industrial effluent from the Industrial Estate Islamabad, the capital city of Pakistan, on four local grass species of the Pothohar region, i.e., Panicum maximum (Mombasa grass), Cenchrus ciliaris (Dhaman grass), Cynodon dactylon (Khabbal grass) and Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass). These grasses were grown in tap water (T0), industrial effluent (T1), and in industrial effluent-tap water ratio (50:50; T2). The concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Ni accumulated by these grasses were appraised with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). All four grasses differed significantly in terms of their accumulation of different types of metal elements in the shoot and root organs. The analysis of industrial effluent, and root and shoot biomass samples of all four grasses did not have high amounts of heavy metals with reference to the levels of the metals documented by WHO. It is generally recommended that the effluents from the Industrial Estate Islamabad can be used with some caution for growing forage grasses including the four species tested in this study.

Ensuring the Quality of the Analytical Process in a Research Laboratory

This paper discusses approaches for verification of methods of measurements of chemical and physical characteristics of specific samples. The limitations of well-known approaches are discussed. Some examples of alternatives are given to demonstrate specific issues encountered in the research laboratory analyzing new materials or characterizing new properties of materials. Application of sequential procedure using lower quantities of samples and reagents is presented. A standard addition to solid samples is discussed. The approach of control charts for estimation of method uncertainty for determination of plant available phosphorus is presented. The method comparison is applied as an approach to verification of alkaline reactivity by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) measurement, as well as density of newly synthesized chalcogenide glass materials. The presented examples demonstrated that alternative approaches are needed in order to verify the methods applied due to the great variety of activities and corresponding tasks in a research laboratory.

Quality Evaluation, health risk Assessment, and geographic origin tracing of Ophiocordyceps sinensis through mineral element analysis

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (OS) is a unique and precious medicinal fungus endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, growing underground for the majority of its lifecycle. The mineral composition of OS is a distinctive feature, yet there is currently a lack of comprehensive mineral profiles. The concerns regarding excessive heavy metals and associated health risks significantly impact the development of the OS industry. Furthermore, OS samples from various production areas exhibit distinct qualities, resulting in significant price differences. Mineral profiles hold great potential for origin tracing. Consequently, there is an urgent need for quality evaluation, health risk assessment, and geographic origin tracing of OS by mineral element analysis. Here, 96 OS samples were collected from the representative producing areas in China to investigate their mineral profiles by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Potassium (K) was found to be the most abundant mineral in the OS samples, with a mean content of 10.73 g/kg. High levels of phosphor (P), sulfur (S) and magnesium (Mg) were also detected with concentrations exceeding 1 g/kg. The mean concentrations of total arsenic in all OS samples were determined to be 8.33 mg/kg. The OS from Nagqu exhibited a relatively high quality with lower levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic. Health risk assessment based on the total target hazard quotient (THQ) value of heavy metals of Zn, Mn, Fe, copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), Pb and Cd indicated that consumption of OS from China did not pose an obvious risk to human health at the ingestion rate declared by the Chinese Pharmacopeia. Finally, three orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models were constructed using 75 samples to trace the geographic origins. These models successfully authenticated OS samples from six producing areas and confirmed by 21 blind test samples with 90.48 % accuracy. These results affirmed that OS from different regions possessed distinct metal profiles, which could be utilized to authenticate the geographic origins of O. sinensis.

Lead dust exposure and blood lead levels among workers in used battery recycling factories in Dar es salaam, Tanzania

Background: Used Lead Acid Battery (ULAB) recycling factories produce Lead, which brings health effects among workers. Lead is an environmental and occupational pollutant agent. Lead toxicity is one of the most prevalent occupational and environmental health problems in the world.1 Objective: The main objective of the surveillance was to determine lead exposure levels and associated health effects among workers in ULAB recycling factories in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted in two of the ULAB recycling factories (Factory A and Factory B) in Dar es Salaam. The Socio demographic characteristics from 149 workers in the two factories were assessed. Lead exposure levels in air and blood Lead level (BLL) was measured (n=60). Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AOS) used for analysis of Lead exposure level and BLL data and control measure were analysed using SPSS version 23. Results and discussion: The arithmetic mean (AM) age was 30.56 years with standard deviation (SD) 8.66. The mean duration of employment was 82.24(69.55) and 47(57.09) months for Factory A and Factory B respectively. Geometric Mean (SD) for Pb level in air were 307.9(5.08) µg/m3 and 242.9(1.94) µg/m3 for factory A and factory B respectively, which were higher compared to the OEL value of 50 µg/m3by NIOSH and that of 0.5µg/m3 by WHO. The mean Blood Lead Level was 9.36 µg/dL and 17.30 µg/dL for Factory A Factory B respectively. The use of protective equipment was 2.70 % for respirators and 79.90% reported on being provided with a piece of cloth. Conclusion: The study concludes that higher levels of lead in air was associated with the recycling processes at ULAB recycling factories. Workers in these factories had inappropriate PPE in comparison with hazards exposed. The mean Blood Lead level of the workers for factory were higher than the CDC reference value of 5µg/dL whereas at these level workers may experience health effects.

Effect of bioceramic powder abrasion on different implant surfaces.

Bioceramic coatings have been shown to promote bone repair, which aids in the early integration of implants. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of air abrasion with a bioceramic abrasive on the surface characteristics of different implant materials and surfaces. The dissolution of the applied treatment from the surfaces over 3 weeks was also assessed. Discs of three alloys used for dental implants were studied and compared: two types of commercially pure titanium (CpTi)/ (CpTi SLActive) and titanium-zirconia (TiZr). The tested surfaces were: CpTi control (CpC), sandblasted (SB), sandblasted and acid-etched (SBE), and CpTi SLActive®, (TiZr) Roxolid®. Three discs from each group underwent air abrasion with apatite bioceramic powders, 95% hydroxyapatite (HA)/5% calcium oxide (CaO), and 90% hydroxyapatite (HA)/10% calcium oxide (CaO). The treated discs were surface characterized by optical profilometry to obtain surface roughness, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to compare element weight percentages of titanium, calcium, and phosphate. Dissolution was assessed using inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Bioceramic powders were deposited on all tested surfaces leading to changes in surface characteristics. The only statistically significant differences between the material groups for surface roughness were found with 95% HA/5% CaO powder in the Sp and Rp parameters (p = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). There were no significant differences in the Ca and P wt% between all groups and powders 95% HA/5% CaO and 90% HA/10% CaO (p = 0.14, 0.18, and p = 0.15, 0.12, respectively). A non-uniform dispersion of the treatment on the surface layer was visible on all treated surfaces. The bioceramic powder continued to dissolute from the tested surfaces for 3 weeks. Bioceramic abrasion modifies implant surface characteristics, although the change in surface characteristics resulting from such treatment was not influenced by the implant material or surface treatment. Air abrasion with hydroxyapatite and calcium oxide bioceramics leaves powder deposits on the treated implant surfaces that could potentially influence the healing of implants affected by peri-implantitis.