Inductively-coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Research Articles

Physico-Chemical Properties of CdTe/Glutathione Quantum Dots Obtained by Microwave Irradiation for Use in Monoclonal Antibody and Biomarker Testing.

In this report, we present the results on the physicochemical characterization of cadmium telluride quantum dots (QDs) stabilized with glutathione and prepared by optimizing the synthesis conditions. An excellent control of emissions and the composition of the nanocrystal surface for its potential application in monoclonal antibody and biomarker testing was achieved. Two samples (QDYellow, QDOrange, corresponding to their emission colors) were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and their hydrodynamic sizes were 6.7 nm and 19.4 nm, respectively. Optical characterization by UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy showed excitonic peaks at 517 nm and 554 nm. Photoluminescence spectroscopy indicated that the samples have a maximum intensity emission at 570 and 606 nm, respectively, within the visible range from yellow to orange. Infrared spectroscopy showed vibrational modes corresponding to the functional groups OH-C-H, C-N, C=C, C-O, C-OH, and COOH, which allows for the formation of functionalized QDs for the manufacture of biomarkers. In addition, the hydrodynamic radius, zeta potential, and approximate molecular weight were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), and static light scattering (SLS) techniques. Size dispersion and the structure of nanoparticles was obtained by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and by X-ray diffraction. In the same way, we calculated the concentration of Cd2+ ions expressed in mg/L by using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). In addition to the characterization of the nanoparticles, the labeling of murine myeloid cells was carried out with both samples of quantum dots, where it was demonstrated that quantum dots can diffuse into these cells and connect mostly with the cell nucleus.

Lead-based paint detection using perovskite fluorescence and X-ray fluorescence

BackgroundIngestion of flakes of Pb-based paint by infants remains a global health hazard with life-long consequences. Pb-based paint was banned for residential use in the US and Western Europe decades ago but is still sold in many countries. This study evaluates the performance of a new kit for detecting exposed Pb-based paint relying on the formation of Pb-halide perovskite that fluoresces bright green under a UV flashlight after spraying a non-toxic reagent. ResultsTests with the Lumetallix kit were conducted in parallel with X-fluorescence and inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission analysis upon acid digestion using paint currently sold in Côte d'Ivoire and samples of older US paint. Comparison of the three different methods indicates a detection limit for the Lumetallix kit of approximately 500 mg kg−1 (ppm) Pb in paint, with a sensitivity of 95 % and selectivity of 94 % relative to that threshold (n = 76). This detection limit is an order of magnitude below the US definition of Pb-based paint of 0.5 % (5,000 ppm) Pb by weight. SignificanceBecause the kit is easy to use, exposed paint posing a risk could reliably be screened at scale by the general public. Any follow-up for confirmation and mitigation based on XRF measurements will need to consider that Pb-based paint covered with low-Pb paint will not respond to the kit but will be detected by XRF through the overpainted layer.

Characteristics and health implications of fine particulate matter near urban road site in Islamabad, Pakistan

The escalating issue of air pollution has become a significant concern in urban regions, including Islamabad, Pakistan, due to the rise in air pollutant emissions driven by economic and industrial expansion. To gain a deeper understanding of air pollution, a study was conducted during winter 2022–2023, assessing physical, chemical, and biological factors in Islamabad. The findings revealed that the average concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was notably greater than the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, reaching 133.39 μg/m³. Additionally, the average concentration of bacteria (308.64 CFU/m³) was notably greater than that of fungi (203.55 CFU/m³) throughout the study. Analytical analyses, including SEM-EDS and FTIR, showed that the PM2.5 in Islamabad is composed of various particles such as soot aggregates, coal fly ash, minerals, bio-particles, and some unidentified particles. EF analysis distinguished PM2.5 sources, enhancing understanding of pollutants origin, whereas Spearman's correlation analysis elucidated constituent interactions, further explaining air quality impact. The results from the Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) indicated a gradual increase in the total elemental composition of PM2.5 from autumn to winter, maintaining high levels throughout the winter season. Furthermore, a significant variation was found in the mass concentration of PM2.5 when comparing samples collected in the morning and evening. The study also identified the presence of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in PM2.5 samples, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic compounds, with notable variations in their concentrations. Utilizing health risk assessment models developed by the US EPA, we estimated the potential health risks associated with PM2.5 exposure, highlighting the urgency of addressing air quality issues. These findings provide valuable insights into the sources and composition of PM2.5 in Islamabad, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of air quality and its potential environmental and health implications.

Analysis of biodiesel and fatty acids using state-of-the-art methods from non-edible plants seed oil; Nicotiana tobaccum and Olea ferruginia

The long-term socioeconomic and environmental alternative to fossil fuels is biodiesel. Current biodiesel manufacturing research has developed competitive, sustainable methods. The study validates and explains biodiesel benefits while increasing output. Physicochemical characterizations, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), elemental analysis (EA), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-OES), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are studied. In this study, we discovered two inedible plant seeds, specifically Olea ferruginea (OF) and Nicotiana tobaccum (NT), which exhibited significant oil contents of 30–49% by weight; both seeds had minimal amounts of free fatty acids contents of 1.1% and 0.9%, and biodiesel yield 96.4–97.9% after an optimization process, i.e., methanol/ oil ratio (6:1), KOH concentration (0.32), temperature (65 °C), stirring rate (700 rpm), and time (60 mins). A comprehensive analysis was performed to investigate and contrast the physical, chemical, and compositional attributes of the FAMEs with those of mineral diesel. Gas chromatography determined biodiesel's chemical composition and detected various fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) i.e. palmitic (9.7–14.0), stearic (1.8–3.2), oleic (25.5–47.2), linoleic (8.5–32.2), α-Linolenic (3.6–1.1), arachidic (2.4–0.8), and gondoic acid was (48.5–0.5%), respectively. In novel biodiesel characterization, NMR spectroscopy defines and assigns sample chemical structures to identify and quantify unsaturated long-chain alkyl esters. NMR spectroscopic biodiesel methanol quantification is an alternative to official methods. 1H NMR revealed the molecular hydrogen nuclei. This study examines all biodiesel purity and transesterification performance parameters. Producing cost-effective and optimal biodiesel requires the intent of these properties. Inedible seeds can be cultivated in infertile terrain to improve biodiesel production and solve the energy dilemma.

Elucidation of the Interplay between the Features of the Precursor and the Physicochemical Properties of “Core-Shell” Hierarchical Carbon Nitride Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a major bottleneck in the operation of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) since it introduces large overpotentials (no less than 250-300 mV), which degrade significantly the energy conversion efficiency of the device. In addition, the electrocatalysts (ECs) yielding the lowest ORR overpotentials in the acidic environment found at the PEMFC cathode are based on Pt, a very scarce critical raw material (CRM). Pt raises concerns as it might trigger serious supply bottlenecks in the event of a practical widespread implementation of PEMFCs in the framework of today’s energy transition. Hence, the development of high-performing and durable ECs for the ORR is a major stepping stone towards the large-scale rollout of PEMFCs.In our research group a new breakthrough approach has been devised for the synthesis of ORR ECs, that is completely different form the preparation routes that are commonly adopted in the state of the art [1, 2]. Briefly, the approach consists in the pyrolysis and subsequent treatment of a precursor obtained by coupling suitable carbon species/sacrificial supports with a zeolitic inorganic-organic polymer electrolyte (Z-IOPE). The latter comprises anionic complexes including the Pt “catalyst” and other “co-catalysts”, which are bridged by organic binders [1,2].On one hand, the proposed approach has already shown its potential to yield ECs exhibiting a performance and durability improved with respect to Pt/C benchmark ECs. On the other hand, the proposed approach is extremely flexible, especially with respect to the synthesis of the initial EC precursor. In principle, it is possible to modulate a number of crucial features of such EC precursor, with a particular reference to: (i) the chemical composition (e.g., in terms of Pt, other “co-catalysts” and N; the latter plays a crucial role to stabilize the active sites into “coordination nests” on the EC surface, raising durability); and (ii) the morphology, that can be “templated” on suitable species (e.g., carbon species, sacrificial supports). The very flexibility of the proposed synthetic process needs to be leveraged appropriately to maximize the performance of the final ORR ECs, at the same time minimizing the efforts wasted on approaches with a low development potential.Herein it is elucidated how the modulation in the parameters involved in the synthesis of the EC precursor (e.g., the binder and the approaches to couple the Z-IOPE with the support) impact the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the final ECs, with a particular reference to the chemical composition, morphology and distribution of the ORR active sites. An extensive characterization of the final ECs is carried out. Inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and microanalysis are adopted to determine the bulk chemical composition. Near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is used to elucidate the surface chemical composition and the chemical states of the surface elements. Ultra-high resolution scanning electron microscopy (UHR-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allow for the elucidation of EC morphology. The porosimetric features are probed by automatic gas adsorption instrumentations. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) is crucial to resolve the crystal structure. Cyclic voltammetry with the rotating ring-disk electrode method (CV-TF-RRDE) is used to clarify the “ex-situ” electrochemical performance and ORR reaction mechanism. Finally, the most promising ECs are used in the fabrication of single PEMFCs, that are tested as a function of the operating conditions.It is revealed that, in comparison with the Pt/C benchamark, some ECs are characterized by a much higher intrinsic kinetic performance due to the electronic and bifunctional effects bestowed by the carbon nitride support and the «co-catalysts». Finally, the binder has a marked effect on the stoichiometry, size, and distribution of the PtMx aggregates bearing the active sites.

Analysis of cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnets by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with preliminary microwave decomposition

An analytical procedure for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-AES) analysis of iron garnets of the composition Y3 – xCexFe5 – yGayO12, where x = 0.4 – 0.5 and y = 2.4 – 2.6 with preliminary microwave decomposition of the sample is described. The compositions of acid mixtures (HCl/HNO3), as well as modes of microwave heating (holding time and temperature), providing complete dissolution of the samples are proposed. In addition to optimized sample preparation, conditions for ICP-AES analysis of cerium-doped yttrium iron garnets were studied. The effect of matrix components (Y, Ce, Fe, Ga) on the determination of doping elements was revealed and studied. The operating parameters of the spectrometer (ICP power and nebulizer flow rate) have been substantiated, which make it possible to reduce the matrix effect of Fe, Ga, Y, Ce on the elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Cd, Sn, Te, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Pb in iron yttrium garnets by the ICP-AES. ICP-AES measurements were performed in the axial and radial mode for trace elements and in the radial mode for matrix elements. The limits of quantification (LOQs) of most elements ranged within n × 10–5 – n × 10–4 wt.%. The accuracy is confirmed by the spike recovery test. The relative standard deviation is in the range of 1 – 5% depending on the selected plasma view mode and the analyzed analytes. The developed method makes it possible to determine macro- and microcomponents in yttrium iron garnets in a wide range of concentrations with a high accuracy.

Development of Wet Chemical Analysis Technique for Tramp Elements (M = As, Pb, Sb, and Sn) in Silver-M Alloys

Wet chemical analysis techniques for four elements (M = As, Pb, Sb, and Sn) in Ag – M binary alloys were investigated with emphasis on the choice of solvent acid and the characteristic wavelength used in the ICP-AES (Inductively-Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer) analysis. The elements are representative tramp elements in ferrous scrap. The activity of these elements needs to be increased to remove them efficiently during the molten scrap refining process. The activity of these elements in the molten scrap (molten iron alloy) is usually measured by a chemical equilibration technique with molten Ag. Therefore, performing an accurate and reliable chemical analysis of these elements in the molten iron alloy and the molten Ag alloy is important. Preliminary tests using conventional acids (hydrochloric acid, nitric acid) resulted in unreliable results. In the present study, the proper choice of acids as solvents was investigated for each element M in the Ag-M alloys. Several synthesized Ag-M alloys of known compositions were analyzed using two ICP-AES systems independently, for cross-checking. As and Pb in Ag alloys could be successfully dissolved in the nitric acid-based solution. On the other hand, Sb and Sn in Ag alloys did not dissolve in the nitric acid-based solution completely, leaving some precipitates. It was found that the addition of hydrofluoric acid could resolve this problem. In addition to this, the effect of the mass of the Ag-M alloy and wavelength selection during ICP-AES analysis on the accuracy and the reproducibility were investigated. An optimized procedure for the wet chemical analysis of these elements in Ag-M alloys is reported.

(Keynote) Interplay between Physicochemical Properties of Precursors and “Core-Shell” Hierarchical Carbon Nitride Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a major bottleneck in the operation of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) since it introduces large overpotentials (no less than 250-300 mV), which degrade significantly the energy conversion efficiency of the device. In addition, the electrocatalysts (ECs) yielding the lowest ORR overpotentials in the acidic environment found at the PEMFC cathode are based on Pt, a very scarce critical raw material (CRM). Pt raises concerns as it might trigger serious supply bottlenecks in the event of a practical widespread implementation of PEMFCs in the framework of today’s energy transition. Hence, the development of high-performing and durable ECs for the ORR is a major stepping stone towards the large-scale rollout of PEMFCs.In our research group a new breakthrough approach has been devised for the synthesis of ORR ECs, that is completely different form the preparation routes that are commonly adopted in the state of the art [1, 2]. Briefly, the approach consists in the pyrolysis and subsequent treatment of a precursor obtained by coupling suitable carbon species/sacrificial supports with a zeolitic inorganic-organic polymer electrolyte (Z-IOPE). The latter comprises anionic complexes including the Pt “catalyst” and other “co-catalysts”, which are bridged by organic binders [1,2].On one hand, the proposed approach has already shown its potential to yield ECs exhibiting a performance and durability improved with respect to Pt/C benchmark ECs. On the other hand, the proposed approach is extremely flexible, especially with respect to the synthesis of the initial EC precursor. In principle, it is possible to modulate a number of crucial features of such EC precursor, with a particular reference to: (i) the chemical composition (e.g., in terms of Pt, other “co-catalysts” and N; the latter plays a crucial role to stabilize the active sites into “coordination nests” on the EC surface, raising durability); and (ii) the morphology, that can be “templated” on suitable species (e.g., carbon species, sacrificial supports). The very flexibility of the proposed synthetic process needs to be leveraged appropriately to maximize the performance of the final ORR ECs, at the same time minimizing the efforts wasted on approaches with a low development potential.Herein it is elucidated how the modulation in the parameters involved in the synthesis of the EC precursor (e.g., the binder and the approaches to couple the Z-IOPE with the support) impact the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the final ECs, with a particular reference to the chemical composition, morphology and distribution of the ORR active sites. An extensive characterization of the final ECs is carried out. Inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and microanalysis are adopted to determine the bulk chemical composition. Near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is used to elucidate the surface chemical composition and the chemical states of the surface elements. Ultra-high resolution scanning electron microscopy (UHR-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allow for the elucidation of EC morphology. The porosimetric features are probed by automatic gas adsorption instrumentations. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) is crucial to resolve the crystal structure. Cyclic voltammetry with the rotating ring-disk electrode method (CV-TF-RRDE) is used to clarify the “ex-situ” electrochemical performance and ORR reaction mechanism. Finally, the most promising ECs are used in the fabrication of single PEMFCs, that are tested as a function of the operating conditions.It is revealed that, in comparison with the Pt/C benchamark, some ECs are characterized by a much higher intrinsic kinetic performance due to the electronic and bifunctional effects bestowed by the carbon nitride support and the «co-catalysts». Finally, the binder has a marked effect on the stoichiometry, size, and distribution of the PtMx aggregates bearing the active sites.

Ag and Ce nanoparticles supported on silane-modified nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (Ag,Ce@SNC/A1SCA) obtained through green approach as heterogeneous catalyst towards the synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted isoxazol-5(4H)-one and polyhydroquinoline derivatives

In this report, an easy and facile approach for the fabrication of heterogenous, mesoporous nanostructure of graphitic carbon grafted with silane (AEAPTMS) and modified with nanoparticles of Ce and Ag, (Ag,Ce@SNC/A1SCA). The graphitization in carbon was induced by ionic liquid-assisted reaction between the glucose and ethylenediamine under mild conditions. It was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), powder X-ray diffraction study (PXRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), elemental mapping, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-AES) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Its acts as an adaptable heterogeneous nanocatalyst in the formation of 3,4-disubstituted isoxazol-5(4H)-one and polyhydroquinoline derivatives. It displayed recyclability for five runs. The recycled catalyst was characterized by PXRD and XPS analysis. XPS analysis established the synergism between metal nanoparticles of Ag and Ce in the prepared nanomaterial.

Does insulin make breast cancer cells resistant to doxorubicin toxicity?

The effects of insulin on the doxorubicin (Dox) sensitivity of breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and its Dox-resistant counterpart MCF-7/Dox were studied and glucose metabolism, content of essential minerals, and the expression of several microRNAs in these cells upon exposure to insulin and Dox were compared. Cell viability colorimetric assay, colorimetric enzymatic technique, flow cytometry, immunocytochemical techniques, inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used in the study. We found that insulin in high concentration significantly suppressed Dox toxicity, especially in parental MCF-7 cell line. The increase in proliferative activity triggered by insulin in MCF-7 but not MCF-7/Dox cells occurred in the setting of the increased level of specific binding sites for insulin and increased glucose uptake. Insulin treatment of MCF-7 cells in low and high concentrations resulted in the increase of Mg, Ca, and Zn content while in DOX-resistant cells, only Mg content increased upon exposure to insulin. High concentration of insulin increased the expression of kinase Akt1, P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp1) and DNA excision repair protein ERCC-1 in MCF-7 cells, while in MCF-7/Dox cells, Akt1 expression decreased, and cytoplasmic expression of P-gp1 increased. In addition, insulin treatment affected expression of miR-122-5p, miR-133a-3p, miR-200b-3p, and miR-320a-3p. The decreased manifestation of biological effects of insulin in Dox-resistant cells could be partly explained by the different patterns of energy metabolism in MCF-7 cells and their Dox-resistant counterpart.

Insights on metal pollution of a Patagonia watershed: A case study in the lower course of the Negro river, Argentina

This study evaluated the occurrence and distribution of largely known pollutants (Ag, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Pd, and Zn), as well as emerging ones (Li, and V) in the water dissolved fraction, suspended particulate matter, and surface sediments from the lower course of the Negro River, Argentina. There are scarce preceding data on inorganic pollution in the entire watershed and, in the case of the emerging pollutants, there are almost no studies performed worldwide. Sampling was conducted in 2019 at six sampling sites, three of them mostly river dominated and the rest under marine domain. The samples were subjected to an acid digestion in a microwave digester, and analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer.Results: revealed that Cu, Li, V, and Zn were always on the top four of the highest average metal concentrations in water and sediment fractions. The pollution assessment indicated that the watershed might be exposed to anthropogenic pollution, as over 60% of Cu and Zn, and over 85% of Hg in water dissolved samples from the marine dominated sites were above the maximum recommended values from guidelines. The multivariate analyses characterized the watershed into two clusters, with metals in the sediment fraction mainly contributing to the uppermost sites. Indeed, sedimentary Cu and Zn background enrichment indices pointed out a moderate pollution of the river dominated sites.This study highlights the relevance of an integrative approach in metal pollution evaluation, as the results denoted a progressive deterioration of the watershed, affecting the water quality of the lower course of the Negro River and its adjacent coastal zone. Overall, these results contribute to a more complete evaluation of the potential to fulfill the Sustainable Development Goals, with implications for future treatment strategies to enhance the environmental quality of the area.

Identification of nutritional composition and antioxidant activities of fruit peels as a potential source of nutraceuticals.

Fruit peels comprise several biologically active compounds, but their nutritional composition and antioxidant potential of different fruit varieties are limited. This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of 12 peels of different fruit varieties such as apples, pomegranates, guavas, strawberries, grapes, and citrus fruits using a ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, an inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and an amino acid analyzer. The highest values of TPC, TFC, lycopene, ascorbic acid [total carotenoids and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)], reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, and total soluble proteins were reported in grapes (Black seedless) 54,501.00 ± 0.82 μM/g dry wt., guava (Gola) 198.19 ± 0.46 Rutin equivalent dry wt., strawberry (Candler) 7.23 ± 0.33 mg/g dry wt., citrus (Mausami) 646.25 ± 0.96 ug/g dry wt., apple (Kala kulu-Pak) 14.19 ± 0.38 mg/g dry wt. and 12.28 ± 0.39 μM/g dry wt., strawberry (Candler) 25.13 ± 0.40 mg/g dry wt., pomegranate (Badana) 9.80 ± 0.43 mg/g dry wt., apple (Kala kullu-Irani) 30.08 ± 0.11 mg/g dry wt., and guava (Gola) 638.18 ± 0.24 mg/g dry wt. compared with its opponent peels of fruits, respectively. All 12 peels of the fruit verities had 20 amino acids and presented as dry matter basis%. The highest trend of glutamic acid + glutamine, glycine, and aspartic acid + asparagine was observed in pomegranate (Badana) 1.20 DM basis%, guava (Surhai and Gola) 1.09 and 1.09 DM basis%, and strawberry (Desi/local and Candler) 1.15 and 1.60 DM basis% in response to other fruit peels, respectively. Regarding the mineral profile, the highest values of nitrogen (764.15 ± 0.86 mg/100 g), phosphorus (53.90 ± 0.14 mg/100 g), potassium (3,443.84 ± 0.82 mg/100 g), ferric (1.44 ± 0.00 mg/100 g), magnesium (1.31 ± 0.00 mg/100 g), and manganese (0.21 ± 0.00 mg/100 g) were found in pomegranate (Badana), grapes (Black seedless), apple (Kala kulu-Pak), and pomegranate (Badana), respectively, in context to other fruit peels' extract. Principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) were analyzed for determining the correlation among different peels of fruits. Significantly, high levels of variation were noticed among different variables of peels of fruit. Fruit variety and its peels have been distinctive variables in selecting genotypes. The dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis was distributed into two groups and consisted of eight varieties in the same group, and four fruit varieties were in second group. Overall, the results conclude that fruit peels have the abundant antioxidants and some minerals, which can effectively be utilized for nutraceuticals as well as for food security.

Aptamers for Addressed Boron Delivery in BNCT: Effect of Boron Cluster Attachment Site on Functional Activity.

Among the great variety of anti-cancer therapeutic strategies, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) represents a unique approach that doubles the targeting accuracy due to the precise positioning of a neutron beam and the addressed delivery of boron compounds. We have recently demonstrated the principal possibility of using a cell-specific 2'-F-RNA aptamer for the targeted delivery of boron clusters for BNCT. In the present study, we evaluated the amount of boron-loaded aptamer inside the cell via two independent methods: quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and inductive coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Both assays showed that the internalized boron level inside the cell exceeds 1 × 109 atoms/cell. We have synthesized closo-dodecaborate conjugates of 2'-F-RNA aptamers GL44 and Waz, with boron clusters attached either at the 3'- or at the 5'-end. The influence of cluster localization was evaluated in BNCT experiments on U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells and normal fibroblasts and subsequent analyses of cell viability via real-time cell monitoring and clonogenic assay. Both conjugates of GL44 aptamer provided a specific decrease in cell viability, while only the 3'-conjugate of the Waz aptamer showed the same effect. Thus, an individual adjustment of boron cluster localization is required for each aptamer. The efficacy of boron-loaded 2'-F-RNA conjugates was comparable to that of 10B-boronophenylalanine, so this type of boron delivery agent has good potential for BNCT due to such benefits as precise targeting, low toxicity and the possibility to use boron clusters made of natural, unenriched boron.

Diversity in Elemental Content in Selected Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) Species from Gilgit-Baltistan Region of Pakistan Based on Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (ICP-AES).

Diversity in eleven Artemisia species from northern Pakistan was assessed based on as per suitability of their elemental contents with thermal conductivity detection and ICP-AES procedures. Results indicated the presence of 13 major elements in the Artemisia species with varied concentrations including Carbon (45.7%, 45,7000ppm-49.8%, 49,8000ppm), Nitrogen (2.03%, 20,300ppm-3.50%, 35,000ppm), Phosphorus (0.168%, 1680ppm-0.642%, 6420ppm), Potassium (2.38%, 23,800ppm-4.72%, 47,200ppm), Sulphur (1920ppm, 0.192%-4780ppm, 0.478%), Boron (23.8ppm, 0.00238%-71.7ppm, 0.00717%), Calcium (0.733%, 7330ppm-2.249%, 22,490ppm), Magnesium (0.116%, 1160ppm-0.267%, 2670ppm), Zinc (27.7ppm, 0.00277%-47.9ppm, 0.00479%), Manganese (25.7ppm, 0.00257%-93.8ppm, 0.00938%), Iron (353ppm, 0.0353%-1532ppm, 0.1532%), Copper (14.1ppm, 0.00141%-26.2ppm, 0.00262%) and Sodium (105ppm, 0.0105%-587ppm, 0.0587%). Cluster analysis distributed the Artemisia species into two major groups (G1 and G2) on the basis of their elemental content where G1 contained species like, Artemisia herba alba Asso., A. tournefortiana Rachb., A. rutifolia Steph. ex Spreng., and A. vulgaris L., with the presence of all elements with the maximum amount of S, Zn, P, Ca, and Mg, while G2 contained species like Artemisia biennis Willd., A. chamaemelifolia Vill., A. capillaris, L., A. gmelinii Weber ex Stech., A. indica Willd., A. maritima L., and A. verlotiorum Lamotte., with all elements but significant concentrations of B, N, C, K, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Na. PCA analysis displayed maximum species diversity in the axes two, while axes one showed lower diversity. Additionally, the elevated levels of elements recorded as compared to the threshold levels recommended in the literature for medicinal plants require extraordinary precautionary measures before or during using Artemisia as medication to avoid metal toxicity.

Variation of Chemical Properties, Crystalline Structure and Calorific Values of Native Malaysian Bamboo Species

The chemical properties of four common Malaysian bamboo species locally known as Beting (Gigantochloa levis), Semantan (Gigantochloa scortechinii), Lemang (Schizostachyum brachyladum) and Akar (Bambusa vulgaris) were studied. Chemical analysis shows that the alkaline extractive content for Malaysian bamboo species studied was within 24.4% to 25.6%, ethanol-toluene extractive content for Malaysian bamboo species was within 4.0% to 7.2% and water extractive content was within 10.4% to 12.8%. The average value of holocellulose content for Malaysian bamboo was between 64.5% to 70.67%, Klason lignin within 25.3% to 28.4%, cellulose content was between 28.5% to 33.8% and α-cellulose content for all bamboo species was within the range of 40.7% to 47.9%. The crystallinity of bamboo samples was between 42.0 to 44.4%, indicating their semi-crystalline structure. Heating value of bamboo ranged between 17.0 MJ/kg to 18.1 MJ/kg with G. scortechinii having the highest heating value.. The Inductive Couple Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-ES) analysis showed that Potassium (K) and Calcium (C) were the major elements in the ash of all bamboo samples. This study demonstrates the potential of native bamboo species as an alternative sustainable raw material to wood for a wide range of applications.

A molecular insight into cracking of the asphaltene hydrocarbons by using microwave radiation in the presence of the nanoparticles acting as catalyst

This research aims to the microwave-assisted catalytic cracking of the asphaltene by using nanoparticles of SiO2, Al2O3, clay, and ZnO acting as a nanocatalyst. The nanoparticle-added oil samples were treated by microwave radiation at the radiation power of 1200 W for 10 min. After extracting the asphaltene, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR), elemental analysis, Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopies, and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission (ICP-OES) were implemented to characterize the treated asphaltene. Based on the characteristic results, aromatic fused rings have been slightly cracked due to the microwave radiation in the presence of the ZnO and Al2O3 nanoparticles. Besides, the average carbon number of the associated aliphatic chains was reduced to the range of 3.3–3.9 from 5.4 after the microwave radiation. In addition, the microwave radiation in the presence of the nanoparticles reduces the Vanadium and Nickel concentrations of the asphaltenes to 71–90% and 75–93% of the ones in the crude asphaltene, respectively. Based on the indexes, calculated from FTIR spectrums, the asphaltenes are adsorbed on the nanoparticles, leading to absorbing higher microwave energy. By adsorbing the polar functional groups of asphaltene on the nanoparticle, they are heated until the bond cracking, leading to asphaltene release. An analogical insight to the viscometric tests and asphaltene molecular structure showed that the reduction of the electrostatic forces and the Hydrogen interactions are the main reason for the lower tendency of treated asphaltene to aggregate. Based on this study, fine particles, co-producing with crude oil, could catalyze the asphaltene cracking during microwave radiation.

Heterostructures Based on Cobalt Phthalocyanine Films Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles for the Detection of Low Concentrations of Ammonia and Nitric Oxide.

This work is aimed at the development of new heterostructures based on cobalt phthalocyanines (CoPc) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and the evaluation of the prospects of their use to determine low concentrations of ammonia and nitric oxide. For this purpose, CoPc films were decorated with AuNPs by gas-phase methods (MOCVD and PVD) and drop-casting (DC), and their chemiresistive sensor response to low concentrations of NO (10–50 ppb) and NH3 (1–10 ppm) was investigated. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of heterostructures depending on the preparation methods was carried out. The composition, structure, and morphology of the resulting hybrid films were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-AES) spectroscopy, as well as electron microscopy methods to discuss the effect of these parameters on the sensor response of hybrid films to ammonia and nitric oxide. It was shown that regardless of the fabrication method, the response of Au/CoPc heterostructures to NH3 and NO gases increased with an increase in the concentration of gold. The sensor response of Au/CoPc heterostructures to NH3 increased 2–3.3 times compared to CoPc film, whereas in the case of NO it increased up to 16 times. The detection limits of the Au/CoPc heterostructure with a gold content of ca. 2.1 µg/cm2 for NH3 and NO were 0.1 ppm and 4 ppb, respectively. It was shown that Au/CoPc heterostructures can be used for the detection of NH3 in a gas mixture simulating exhaled air (N2—74%, O2—16%, H2O—6%, CO2—4%).

Reutilization of textile sludge stabilized with low grade-MgO as a replacement of cement in mortars

Hazardous waste materials pose a serious threat to the environment. Disposal of hazardous wastes by land filling or incineration can cause secondary pollution by contamination of major land and water resources. Textile sludge is considered as a hazardous waste because of the large amount of heavy metals present in it. Stabilization and solidification (S/S) of heavy metals is generally recommended for such waste before its disposal. The alkaline nature of many construction materials makes them a potential candidate of sludge utilization. In the present study, environment friendly magnesium-based stabilizer (low grade- MgO) is used for stabilization of textile sludge. The treated sludge was then used to make mortar specimens and evaluated for their mechanical, absorption and microstructural characteristics. The leachability of heavy metals from the stabilized sludge was analyzed by Inductive Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Low grade MgO was found to be effective in stabilizing the heavy metals, which led to their precipitation and resulted in tremendous improvement in properties of mortar mixes. Stabilization with 10% and 15% MgO produced highest compressive strength and increased pH of mortar favorably for possible use in reinforced concrete. Up to 10% replacement of cement by stabilized textile sludge was found to be optimum without negatively affecting the properties of the mortar.SEM images revealed densification of microstructure on addition of stabilized textile sludge to the mix.

Development of electrochemical aptasensors detecting phosphate ions on TMB substrate with epoxy-based mesoporous silica nanoparticles

This study, it is aimed to develop an electrochemical aptasensor that can detect phosphate ions using 3.3′5.5′ tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). It is based on the principle of converting the binding affinity of the target molecule phosphate ion (PO43−) into an electrochemical signal with specific aptamer sequences for the aptasensor to be developed. The aptamer structure served as a gate for the TMB to be released and was used to trap the TMB molecule in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs). The samples for this study were characterized by transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), Brunner-Emmet-Teller, dynamic light scattering&electrophoretic light scattering, and induction coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. According to TEM analysis, MSNPs have a morphologically hexagonal structure and an average size of 208 nm. In this study, palladium-carbon nanoparticles (Pd/C NPs) with catalytic reaction were used as an alternative to the biologically used horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme for the release of TMB in the presence of phosphate ions. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated as 0.983 μM, the limit of determination (LOQ) was calculated as 3.276 μM, and the dynamic linear phosphate range was found to be 50–1000 μM. The most important advantage of this bio-based aptasensor assembly is that it does not contain molecules such as a protein that cannot be stored for a long time at room temperature, so its shelf life is very long compared to similar systems developed with antibodies. The proposed sensor shows good recovery in phosphate ion detection and is considered to have great potential among electrochemical sensors.

A Pilot Study on the Concentration of Heavy Metals in Sediments from the Lower Orange River, //Karas Region, Namibia

Global water shortage is caused not just by the physical scarcity of water, but also by gradual deterioration of the quality of water resources such as lakes, streams and rivers with heavy metals. This present study evaluated the status of Mn, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, As, Zn, Pb and Cd in sediments from the lower Orange River by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry technique by collecting a total of eleven samples, each weighing 1 - 2 kg at the depth of 15 - 20 cm from two observations sites along the lower Orange River and applying pollution indicators such as contamination factor(CF), pollution load index(PLI), index of geo-accumulation(Igeo) and enrichment factor(EF) to assay the nature and extent of heavy metals contamination in sediments. The sequence of the total heavy metal content in descending order was Fe > Mn > Cr > As > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Cd. The results of CF and Igeo showed Mn, Cd, Ni, Zn and Pb were minor sources of sediment contamination since most of the samples were unpolluted and moderately polluted by these metals. However, most sediments were moderate to considerably polluted with Cr, As and Fe suggesting that these were the major pollution sources. The value of PLI at one of the two observation sites was equivalent to the value of baseline level, while the next site indicted quality deterioration of the sediments. The EF revealed that Cr was moderately enriched and arsenic (As) significantly enriched in all the sediments, which suggested contamination due to anthropogenic intervention. Hence, it is recommended that sediment quality be evaluated on a regular basis to avoid further deterioration of the Orange River’s health, which might have detrimental repercussions for both aquatic life and local communities along the river.