Inductive Theory Research Articles

The spatial overlap between left atrial epicardial adipose tissue and fibrosis is not associated to clinical stage of atrial fibrillation

Left atrial (LA) epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and wall fibrosis are both proven to contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of atrial fibrillation (AF). The theory of LA wall fibrosis induction by local EAT infiltration, paracrine secretions, and activation of the inflammatory process is strongly advocated, but the imaging evidence for anatomical proximity of the two tissue types and its association to AF stage is lacking. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to analyse the spatial overlap between LA EAT and adjacent wall fibrosis using 3D Dixon water-fat separated late gadolinium enhancement (LGE-Dixon) MRI and correlate the findings with the clinical AF stage. Forty-two AF patients (18 paroxysmal, 10 persistent, and 14 permanent) and nine non-AF patients were scanned. The permanent AF patients had greater LA volume and EAT than the paroxysmal group. The LA fibrosis area showed the same trend. The LA EAT-fibrosis overlap area was small and there was no significant difference between the three AF stages. There was no significant relationship between LA EAT- fibrosis overlap area and AF type. The findings shed light on the complex interplay between LA fibrosis and EAT during the progression from paroxysmal to permanent AF.

Examining Multiculturals’ and Multilinguals’ Paradoxical Bridging Behaviors in Overcoming Cultural and Language Barriers in Organizations

Research has identified the usefulness of multicultural and multilingual employees in overcoming cultural and language barriers in international work contexts, but still needs to clarify why and how these employees engage in bridging behavior. Based on in-depth analyses of 154 interviews, we inductively develop a comprehensive model of bridging behaviors with novel and counterintuitive insights. We show that bridging behaviors are not only based on individual strengths, which multiculturals and multilinguals possess, but also—paradoxically—on their weaknesses. Multiculturals’ and multilinguals’ strengths and experience with weaknesses result in different determinants and enactments of bridging. Grounded in our inductive theory building, we propose four bridging behaviors: cultural teaching, language teaching, cultural facilitating, and language facilitating. Multiculturals and multilinguals cycle between these bridging behaviors depending on their capabilities and motivations in specific situations. We provide theoretical and practical implications of our findings.

TRANSFORMATIVE BUSINESS GROWTH STAGE MODEL TO FACE UNCERTAINTY

The business landscape was characterized by rapid change, intense competition, and various substitute products. These factors shortened business life cycles and hindered business growth. Therefore, there was a need for a more appropriate model that could suit the current condition. The study aimed to develop a transformative Growth Stage Model (GSM) effectively adapted to modern challenges and uncertainty. This qualitative approach involved inductive theory building with seven case studies of SME owners in Yogjakarta and Central Java. Developed models, patterns, and interview themes were built, including resilience, business performance, and leadership for the early growth, growth, and decline stages. In addition, these patterns and themes were used to develop three stages of transformative GSM known as GSM 4.0.

FRRI: A novel algorithm for fuzzy-rough rule induction

Interpretability is the next frontier in machine learning research. In the search for white box models — as opposed to black box models, like random forests or neural networks — rule induction algorithms are a logical and promising option, since the rules can easily be understood by humans. Fuzzy and rough set theory have been successfully applied to this archetype, almost always separately. As both approaches offer different ways to deal with imprecise and uncertain information, often with the use of an indiscernibility relation, it is natural to combine them. The QuickRules [20] algorithm was a first attempt at using fuzzy rough set theory for rule induction. It is based on QuickReduct, a greedy algorithm for building decision superreducts. QuickRules already showed an improvement over other rule induction methods. However, to evaluate the full potential of a fuzzy rough rule induction algorithm, one needs to start from the foundations. Accordingly, the novel rule induction algorithm, Fuzzy Rough Rule Induction (FRRI), we introduce in this paper, uses an approach that has not yet been utilised in this setting. We provide background and explain the workings of our algorithm. Furthermore, we perform a computational experiment to evaluate the performance of our algorithm and compare it to other state-of-the-art rule induction approaches. We find that our algorithm is more accurate while creating small rulesets consisting of relatively short rules.

Why and how to construct an epistemic justification of machine learning?

Consider a set of shuffled observations drawn from a fixed probability distribution over some instance domain. What enables learning of inductive generalizations which proceed from such a set of observations? The scenario is worthwhile because it epistemically characterizes most of machine learning. This kind of learning from observations is also inverse and ill-posed. What reduces the non-uniqueness of its result and, thus, its problematic epistemic justification, which stems from a one-to-many relation between the observations and many learnable generalizations? The paper argues that this role belongs to any complexity regularization which satisfies Norton’s Material Theory of Induction (MTI) by localizing the inductive risk to facts in the given domain. A prime example of the localization is the Lottery Ticket Hypothesis (LTH) about overparameterized neural networks. The explanation of MTI’s role in complexity regularization of neural networks is provided by analyzing the stability of Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM), an inductive rule that controls the learning process and leads to an inductive generalization on the given set of observations. In cases where ERM might become asymptotically unstable, making the justification of the generalization by uniform convergence unavailable, LTH and MTI can be used to define a local stability. A priori, overparameterized neural networks are such cases and the combination of LTH and MTI can block ERM’s trivialization caused by equalizing the strengths of its inductive support for risk minimization. We bring closer the investigation of generalization in artificial neural networks and the study of inductive inference and show the division of labor between MTI and the optimality justifications (developed by Gerhard Schurz) in machine learning.

Collagen-based hydrogels induce hyaline cartilage regeneration by immunomodulation and homeostasis maintenance

Type I collagen (Col I) and hyaluronic acid (HA), derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM), have found widespread application in cartilage tissue engineering. Nevertheless, the potential of cell-free collagen-based scaffolds to induce in situ hyaline cartilage regeneration and the related mechanisms remain undisclosed. Here, we chose Col I and HA to construct Col I hydrogel and Col I-HA composite hydrogel with similar mechanical properties, denoted as Col and ColHA, respectively. Their potential to induce cartilage regeneration was investigated. The results revealed that collagen-based hydrogels could regenerate hyaline cartilage without any additional cells or growth factors. Notably, ColHA hydrogel stood out in this regard. It elicited a moderate activation, recruitment, and reprogramming of macrophages, thus efficiently mitigating local inflammation. Additionally, ColHA hydrogel enhanced stem cell recruitment, facilitated their chondrogenic differentiation, and inhibited chondrocyte fibrosis, hypertrophy, and catabolism, thereby preserving cartilage homeostasis. This study augments our comprehension of cartilage tissue induction theory by enriching immune-related mechanisms, offering innovative prospects for the design of cartilage defect repair scaffolds. Statement of significanceThe limited self-regeneration ability and post-injury inflammation pose significant challenges to articular cartilage repair. Type I collagen (Col I) and hyaluronic acid (HA) are extensively used in cartilage tissue engineering. However, their specific roles in cartilage regeneration remain poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the functions of Col I and Col I-HA composite hydrogels (ColHA) in orchestrating inflammatory responses and promoting cartilage regeneration. ColHA effectively activated and recruited macrophages, reprogramming them from an M1 to an M2 phenotype, thus alleviating local inflammation. Additionally, ColHA facilitated stem cell homing, induced chondrogenesis, and concurrently inhibited fibrosis, hypertrophy, and catabolism, collectively contributing to the maintenance of cartilage homeostasis. These findings underscore the clinical potential of ColHA for repairing cartilage defects.

Ensuring a smooth landing for starting VET teachers: integrating induction and HRM practices

PurposeThe goal of the current paper is to explore how induction of STs in VET schools can be improved by embedding induction in the broader human resources management (HRM) system. To this end, we will present and discuss the theoretical underpinning and the quantitative and qualitative outcomes of an online reflection instrument “Startwijzer,” developed in the Netherlands and which is based on literature on induction on one hand and on HRM literature on the other. In doing so the paper aims to contribute to induction theory and to formulate suggestions as to how provide STs with a smooth landing.Design/methodology/approachIn the period 2018–2023, the Startwijzer was filled out by starting teachers (STs), their coaches, HRM officers, team leaders and managers working in various VET schools. Descriptive analyses were done on respondents” (n = 629) scores on 13 indicators, with a three-point-Likert-scale (where 1 = “in order”, 2 = “doubt” and 3 = “in order”) in SPSS. Also differences among stakeholders were examined. Respondents’ explanations of their scores were analyzed thematically, within and across indicators, to reach a deeper understanding of how STs can be provided a smooth landing.FindingsWith AMO-theory of performance (Appelbaum et al., 2001) – stating that performance is a function of: abilities (A); motivation (M) and opportunities offered to exert expertise (O) – as conceptual model, 13 indicators relevant for effective induction were distinguished. (A): Timely Recruitment; Lesson Observations; Individual Coaching; Personal Development Plan; Reflection on Teaching Practice; Development of Professional Identity; (M): Exchange of Mutual Expectancies; Distinction among Performance Assessment and Guidance; Differentiation among STs; (O) Provision of Practical Information; Enculturation; Appointment of Coaches; Workload reduction. Respondents were generally very positive about the help and care provided informally by colleagues but less satisfied with the formal procedures.Originality/valueThe paper bridges the literature on induction and that of human resources management (HRM). While the positive impact of HRM on employee outcomes such as performance, commitment and well-being has been attested by numerous studies (e.g. Combs et al., 2006), it is only recently that the potential benefits of HRM for teachers have been acknowledged (e.g. Runhaar, 2017). The theoretical elaboration as well as the empirical evidence discussed in the current paper suggest that unless induction activities are embedded in school HRM policy, STs already start their careers 1–0 down and it might be difficult for them to catch up.

Making With Place: Community Artists Theorizing Change

This article confronts tensions of “risk” and “change” in youth engagement and community arts, towards insights for alternate world-building. We problematize overly instrumental approaches, by examining aesthetic and inductive theories of change arising from Making With Place, a research creation initiative based in Toronto, Canada. From Spring 2020 to Fall 2022, we engaged diverse young people as artist-researchers in community arts production experiments exploring concepts of place from individual and collective perspectives. We draw here on resulting public artworks, discussions with the artists, and our own field notes to surface the theories of change arising from this work. We identify three emergent metaphors—the garden, the bridge, the margins—and the ways in which they resist dominant discourses in favor of new practices of imagination and repair. We explore how these creative explorations articulate theories of change that refuse forgetting and call forth desire.

Logical abductivism on abductive logic

Logical abductivism is the epistemic view about logic according to which logical theories are justified by abduction (or Inference to the Best Explanation), that is on how well they explain the relevant evidence, so that the correct logical theory turns out to be the one that explains it best. Arguably, this view should be equally applied to both deductive and non-deductive logics, abduction included. But while there seems to be nothing wrong in principle in using abduction to determine the correct logical theories of deduction and induction, things might be more complicated regarding logical theories of abduction. We may wonder whether allowing for an abductive justification of a theory of abduction is an epistemically legitimate move, since here circularity casts its shadow and makes the situation darker. This is the issue to which this work is devoted. I will defend that, to be effective, an abductive justification for a theory of abduction calls for a justification of abduction in advance, which we do not yet have.

The configuration and detection characteristics of a 3D holographic LWD instrument antenna system based on multi-component EM induction theory

In order to improve the precision of electromagnetic resistivity logging, while ensuring the reliability of boundary detection and anisotropy identification, this study starts from the theory of multi-component electromagnetic induction. Through deriving the formula of component responses, the analytical expressions of electromagnetic wave fields are obtained for various coil pairs of azimuthal instruments. A 3D holographic LWD instrument antenna configuration is constructed, with co-planar and non-coplanar, tilted and orthogonal coil combinations, all components of the magnetic field tensor Hxx,Hxy,Hxz,Hyx,Hyy,Hyz,Hzx,Hzx,HzzHxx,Hxy,Hxz,Hyx,Hyy,Hyz,Hzx,Hzx,Hzz are successfully resolved. With the combination of some or all components, functional signals are generated for specific detection objectives. Numerical simulation of the response of those signals shows that the distance of boundary detection and anisotropy identification capability are superior to traditional geo-signals. The response relationship shows that as the contrast of the formation resistivity decreases and the well deviation angle increases, the anisotropy identification capability gradually strengthens, and the signal strength and identification capability are better at frequency in the range of 400–600 kHz. The proposed antenna configuration has the potential to significantly enhance formation evaluation and to improve geo-steering capability, contributing technology-wise to the optimal landing trajectory and best wellbore position, resulting in cost saving and maximize oil & gas production.

Admissible extensions of subtheories of second order arithmetic

In this paper we study admissible extensions of several theories T of reverse mathematics. The idea is that in such an extension the structure M=(N,S,∈) of the natural numbers and collection of sets of natural numbers S has to obey the axioms of T while simultaneously one also has a set-theoretic world with transfinite levels erected on top of M governed by the axioms of Kripke-Platek set theory, KP.In some respects, the admissible extension of T can be viewed as a proof-theoretic analog of Barwise's admissible cover of an arbitrary model of set theory; see [2]. However, by contrast, the admissible extension of T is usually not a conservative extension of T. Owing to the interplay of T and KP, either theory's axioms may force new sets of naturals to exist which in turn may engender yet new sets of naturals on account of the axioms of the other.The paper discerns a general pattern though. It turns out that for many familiar theories T, the second order part of the admissible cover of T equates to T augmented by transfinite induction over all initial segments of the Bachmann-Howard ordinal. Technically, the paper uses a novel type of ordinal analysis, expanding that for KP to the higher set-theoretic universe while at the same time treating the world of subsets of N as an unanalyzed class-sized urelement structure.Among the systems of reverse mathematics, for which we determine the admissible extension, are Π11-CA0 and ATR0 as well as the theory of bar induction, BI.

What are interviews for? A qualitative study of employment interview goals and design

AbstractThe employment interview is among the most versatile of staffing tools. Yet, the interview is rarely studied as a multipurpose tool. If the interview is used to serve multiple goals, then the interview can be effective (i.e., valid), and effectively designed, in multiple ways. The current study uses qualitative methodology to develop an inductive theory of interview goals and design based on conversational interviews with 29 experienced professional interviewers. Transcript data were analyzed with template analysis grounded in a postpositive epistemology and objectivist ontology. Results suggested that the interview is primarily used to serve three broad goals: performing a targeted assessment, making a positive impression, and informing the applicant. Interviewers reported a variety of strategies for adapting the interview to achieve and balance these goals. In short, findings suggest that the interview is used in multiple ways that have received very little research attention. These findings imply that the concept of interview validity should be expanded to include multiple interviewing goals, and that interview design should be understood as a complex function of these goals. Further implications for the research, theory, and practice of employment interviews are discussed.

Lie algebra actions on module categories for truncated shifted yangians

AbstractWe develop a theory of parabolic induction and restriction functors relating modules over Coulomb branch algebras, in the sense of Braverman-Finkelberg-Nakajima. Our functors generalize Bezrukavnikov-Etingof’s induction and restriction functors for Cherednik algebras, but their definition uses different tools.After this general definition, we focus on quiver gauge theories attached to a quiver$\Gamma $. The induction and restriction functors allow us to define a categorical action of the corresponding symmetric Kac-Moody algebra$\mathfrak {g}_{\Gamma }$on category$ \mathcal {O}$for these Coulomb branch algebras. When$ \Gamma $is of Dynkin type, the Coulomb branch algebras are truncated shifted Yangians and quantize generalized affine Grassmannian slices. Thus, we regard our action as a categorification of the geometric Satake correspondence.To establish this categorical action, we define a new class of ‘flavoured’ KLRW algebras, which are similar to the diagrammatic algebras originally constructed by the second author for the purpose of tensor product categorification. We prove an equivalence between the category of Gelfand-Tsetlin modules over a Coulomb branch algebra and the modules over a flavoured KLRW algebra. This equivalence relates the categorical action by induction and restriction functors to the usual categorical action on modules over a KLRW algebra.

Un marco para el razonamiento inductivo en la ciencia basada en modelos

This paper argues that the linguistic approach to analyzing induction, according to which induction is a type of inference or argument composed of statements or propositions, is unsuitable to account for scientific reasoning. Consequently, a novel approach to induction in model-based science is suggested. First, in order to show their adherence to the linguistic treatment of induction, two strategies are reviewed: (i) Carnap and Reichenbach’s attempts to justify induction and (ii) Norton’s recent material theory of induction. Second, three reasons are provided to support the claim that the linguistic treatment of induction is insufficient in accounting for model-based reasoning in science. Finally, a framework focused on models—rather than statements or propositions—is suggested to address induction in science. William Whewell’s theory of induction is briefly outlined as an example of a non-propositional treatment of induction that is consistent with model-based scientific practice.

Enhanced Performance of Organic Field‐Effect Transistor with Bi‐Functional N‐Type Organic Semiconductor Layer

AbstractOrganic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) hold great promise for applications in non‐volatile memories, detectors, and artificial synapses due to the good flexibility and biocompatibility. However, certain drawbacks such as high operating voltages and significant degradation in endurance characteristics have hindered their practical implementations. Herein, a novel approach is proposed to enhance the performance of OFETs by incorporating a bi‐functional n‐type polymer semiconductor interlayer, Poly‐{[N,N'‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene)} (N2200), into a pentacene OFET structure. The device exhibits remarkable improvements, with reliable P/E operation cycles of over than 104 and a retention time of more than 10 years. On one hand, the inclusion of N2200 as an n‐type semiconductor effectively reduces the height of hole‐injection barrier for trapping and thus reducing the working voltage based on the electrostatic induction theory. On the other hand, n‐type semiconductor N2200 serves as a native hole‐consumption (or hole‐trapping) dielectric, and its narrower bandgap restrains the formation of deep hole‐traps, thus favoring the endurance characteristics of the OFET.

How Do Innovation Ecosystems Emerge? The Case of Nanotechnology in Israel

AbstractResearch on innovation ecosystems has identified their evolution phases but neglected their emergence, which we know little about. We offer inductive theory to explain the emergence of the nanotechnology ecosystem in Israel. Our theory suggests that ineffective bureaucracy, resource constraints, and the conflicting agendas of the government and universities create organizational bottlenecks that impede the ecosystem's emergence. Only once these actors establish related dedicated units that are immune to these deficiencies and transition to simultaneous competition and cooperation does the innovation ecosystem begin to emerge. We further reveal how enabling and governing mechanisms legitimize the innovation ecosystem, facilitate its emergence, and direct its evolution trajectory. Hence, we extend research that has centered on subsequent phases of evolution and explain how actors interact to facilitate the emergence of the ecosystem following technological discovery. Our study contributes to strategy research on interfirm coopetition by applying this concept to government and university actors, and by alluding to its multiple facets: identity, direction, administration, and resources. We also complement innovation research on the post‐formation dynamics of ecosystems by providing insights into the missing link between technological discovery and the creation of an innovation ecosystem that brings together stakeholders to commercialize that technology.

Insider Trading with Semi-Informed Traders and Information Sharing: The Stackelberg Game

This paper presents a financial Stackelberg game model with two partially informed risk neutral insiders. Each insider receives a private signal about the stock value and competes with the other insider under a Stackelberg setting. Linear strategies for the game’s participants are considered and normal distributions for the fundamentals are assumed. Based on the Stackelberg game and the Backward Induction theory, the unique linear equilibrium is characterized. The findings reveal that the level of partial information might increase/decrease the insiders’ profits as well as the market parameter in the Stackelberg setting relative to the Cournot setting. Additionally, this paper considers the information sharing scenario between the two insiders competing in this Stackelberg game. The results show that multiple equilibria exist in contrast to the information sharing scenario in the Cournot game where the Nash equilibrium is unique.

From platform growth to platform scaling: The role of decision rules and network effects over time

Although firms increasingly operate with platform-based business models, only a few have been shown to prosper and survive in the long run. While the literature has traditionally focused on platform growth along with facilitating network effects through value creation, our knowledge around platform scaling remained rather limited. Using an inductive theory elaboration approach with a longitudinal case study of a two-sided platform, Takeaway.com, we offer in-depth understanding about how the top management team members used decision rules to navigate emergent opportunities and challenges over time, and to transition from platform growth to platform scaling. We find that the top management team members purposefully and repeatedly use and revise a portfolio of decision rules to cultivate indirect and data network effects, which allows them to initially facilitate the growth of their platform and over time support the transition to scaling the platform. Our findings provide important implications about the distinct nature of platform growth and platform scaling, and the role of decision rules in cultivating a combination of network effects over time in order to arrive at platform scaling and ensure platform survival and prosperity over an extended period.

Characteristic of Participants the Officers of the Hepatitis B Program for Pregnant Women at a Primary Health Care Central Medan City

Introduction: Viral hepatitis affects millions of individuals, and millions more are at risk. Most persons who were chronically infected with HBV or HCV long ago are unaware of it. They have a significant risk of suffering from severe chronic liver problems and may unintentionally spread the virus to others. Methods: The research methodology theory used in this study refers to deductive and inductive theory models. The study was conducted in Medan City. The analysis unit in this study is a health institution of the government in North Sumatra province (policymakers), the head of the hepatitis control programme, the, holder of the hepatitis control program of Health Office of Medan Municipal, and laboratory officer of the hepatitis B examination in pregnant women in Primary Health Care in Medan city. Results: From the results of the study, an overview of the characteristics of participants of the Hepatitis B program among in pregnant women was obtained. The following is an overview of the participants. Conclusion: Changing the officers frequently for this project is an obstacle in the follow-up of the control program for pregnant women. Mutations in the dedicated officer for pregnant women impact the process of re-recruiting new officers who require increased understanding and skills to carry out early detection, early alertness, and management activities for the implementation of early detection of Hepatitis B in pregnant women. The understanding and competence of new officers of the Hepatitis B program for pregnant women must be reinforced from the beginning through mentoring and skills training activities.

Analysis of online surveys on endometriosis-symptoms, effects of treatment and how to treat the patient to cope with the disease

Endometriosis is a complex disease syndrome characterized by chronic inflammation affecting mainly the pelvic organs. The etiopathogenesis is not fully understood. In the course of trying to understand the mechanisms that lead to the development of endometriosis, many hypotheses have been put forward, such as the theory of retrograde blood flow or the theory of metaplasia and induction. Endometriosis is the cause of many ailments and deterioration of the quality of life. In addition, it is an important factor in problems with getting pregnant and infertility. This paper is the summary of the survey results. The aim of the study to collect information of the awareness of the disease, methods of treatment and coping with ailments. The study was conducted via an online survey in the period from January to March 2020. The generated link [1], redirecting directly to the survey was placed on internet groups that gather women struggling with endometriosis. The results of the survey are presented below.