Inductive Properties Research Articles

Assessment of the CYP3A4 Induction Potential by Carbamazepine: Insights from Two Clinical DDI Studies and PBPK Modeling.

In the past, rifampicin was well-established as strong index CYP3A inducer in clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. However, due to identified potentially genotoxic nitrosamine impurities, it should not any longer be used in healthy volunteer studies. Available clinical data suggestcarbamazepine as an alternative to rifampicin as strong index CYP3A4 inducer in clinical DDI studies. Further, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a tool with increasing importance to support the DDI risk assessment of drugs during drug development. CYP3A4 induction properties and the safety profile of carbamazepine were investigated in two open-label, fixed sequence, crossover clinical pharmacology studies in healthy volunteers using midazolam as a sensitive index CYP3A4 substrate. Carbamazepine was up-titrated from 100 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) to 200 mg b.i.d., and to a final dose of 300 mg b.i.d. for 10 consecutive days. Mean area under plasma concentration-time curve from zero to infinity (AUC(0-∞)) of midazolam consistently decreased by 71.8% (ratio: 0.282, 90% confidence interval (CI): 0.235-0.340) and 67.7% (ratio: 0.323, 90% CI: 0.256-0.407) in study 1 and study 2, respectively. The effect was adequately described by an internally developed PBPK model for carbamazepine which has been made freely available to the scientific community. Further, carbamazepine was safe and well-tolerated in the investigated dosing regimen in healthy participants. The results demonstrated that the presented design is appropriate for the use of carbamazepine as alternative inducer to rifampicin in DDI studies acknowledging its CYP3A4 inductive potency and safety profile.

The Role of CXCR3 in Nervous System-Related Diseases.

Inflammatory chemokines are a group of G-protein receptor ligands characterized by conserved cysteine residues, which can be divided into four main subfamilies: CC, CXC, XC, and CX3C. The C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR) 3 and its ligands, C-X-C chemokine ligands (CXCLs), are widely expressed in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). This comprehensive literature review aims to examine the functions and pathways of CXCR3 and its ligands in nervous system-related diseases. In summary, while the related pathways and the expression levels of CXCR3 and its ligands are varied among different cells in PNS and CNS, the MPAK pathway is the core via which CXCR3 exerts physiological functions. It is not only the core pathway of CXCR3 after activation but also participates in the expression of CXCR3 ligands in the nervous system. In addition, despite CXCR3 being a common inflammatory chemokine receptor, there is no consensus on its precise roles in various diseases. This uncertainty may be attributable to distinct inflammatory characteristics, that inflammation simultaneously possesses the dual properties of damage induction and repair facilitation.

HDGCN: Dual-Channel Graph Convolutional Network With Higher-Order Information for Robust Feature Learning

Graph convolutional network (GCN) algorithms have been employed to learn graph embedding due to its inductive inference property, which is extended to GCN with higher-order information. However, the application of these higher-order information is confusing and not effectively distinguished. In addition, single channel GCN using higher-order information is weak for robust feature learning, and existing dual-channel GCNs rarely take higher-order information into account. To alleviate the above problems, we propose a dual-channel GCN with higher-order information for robust feature learning, denoted as HDGCN. Firstly, features of positive and negative higher-order graphs are extracted that fully exploits the self-contained attributes and higher-order geometric information. Meantime, the features of original graph structure are extracted by a conventional GCN that utilizes the self-contained feature attributes. Then, node features are represented as edge features by a feature fusion function. For the selection of negative samples, a fractional staggered negative sampling method is applied, by which the trainable graph model gains better topological features. Finally, the performance on seven real-world datasets demonstrates that HDGCN obtains the state-of-the-art performance on pairwise link prediction, higher-order structure prediction, and node classification tasks. By changing the attributes of multiple tasks, it can be proved that HDGCN has good robustness.

A Memristive Oscillator

AbstractMemristors, or more generally “memristive systems,” are nonlinear electric components that change their resistance depending on a set of state variables. Meanwhile, negative differential resistance (NDR) is an uncommon electrical property that occurs in a few nonlinear electric components. Such a nonlinear property is now widely used in amplifiers and oscillators. It finds that one of the bilayer‐type nickel‐dithiolene complexes shows nonlinear transport with the NDR property and self‐oscillates under a bias current by simply adding a capacitor in parallel. Surprisingly, the Lissajous figure of this molecular material shows a “pinched hysteresis loop” typical of a memristor, and an inductive reactance emerges when a bias current or voltage is applied to the sample. Herein, a new type of oscillator that uses the NDR and hidden inductive properties of a memristive system is reported. The findings suggest that a memristive system can mimic other passive elements, such as an inductor, and can oscillate itself without having them in the circuit. The oscillation mechanism is straightforward and applicable to a wide variety of memristive materials, including resistors with large negative temperature coefficients, discharge tubes, and even nerve cells in the living body.

Levetiracetam Interaction with Direct Oral Anticoagulants: A Pharmacovigilance Study.

Levetiracetam is widely used in post-stroke epilepsy. However, it is suspected to possess P-glycoprotein (P-gp) induction properties, and therefore, a potentially significant interaction with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). We aimed to search for ischemic stroke signals with levetiracetam and the DOACs. In this retrospective pharmacovigilance study, we used the FAERS database to identify ischemic stroke events associated with DOACs and concomitant use of levetiracetam. We evaluated disproportionate reporting by the adjusted reporting odds ratio (adjROR) and the lower bound of the shrinkage 95% confidence interval. When shrinkage is positive, an increased risk of a specific adverse event occurrence is emphasized over the sum of the individual risks when these same drugs are used separately. We identified 1841 (1.5%), 3731 (5.3%), 338 (4.9%), and 1723 (1.3%) ischemic stroke reports with apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, respectively. The adjROR of the interaction effect was 3.57 (95% CI 2.81-4.58) between DOACs and levetiracetam. The shrinkage analysis detected an interaction between each of the DOACs and levetiracetam. The logistic model and shrinkage analysis failed to detect an interaction when queried for hemorrhagic stroke. A significant signal in the classical enzyme inducer, carbamazepine, strengthened our results (adjROR; 8.47, 95% CI 5.37-13.36). Our study shows a strong signal for the levetiracetam interaction with the DOACs. Our findings suggest implementation of a drug monitoring strategy.

Inductive and magnetorheological properties of soft and hard magnetic fillers in elastomers

Magnetorheological elastomers are smart materials, that have great potential for many technical applications like intelligent semi-active dampers or energy harvesting applications. We investigate soft- and hard-magnetic filler types in typical technical elastomers under cyclic deformation regarding their influence on the electromagnetic induction and magnetic switching-ability of the compounds. The effect of vulcanization in an external magnetic field is considered leading to anisotropic samples with aligned filler particles. It is found that the soft magnetic fillers show a higher switching-ability compared to hard magnetic fillers in anisotropic samples, which is related to hysteretic and slow magnetization behaviour of hard magnetic fillers. This also leads to a negative switching effect or softening of the samples if the direction of the magnetic field is opposite to that during vulcanization, suggesting rotational motion of the particles in dependence of the outer field. The stress values and mechanical hysteresis are generally higher for the anisotropic samples, both for soft and hard magnetic fillers. This is found for quasistatic and dynamic excitations at different frequencies and can clearly be related to the alignment of particles. Nevertheless, the energy harvesting ability seems to be widely independent of this since no significant different inductive properties are found for isotropic and anisotropic samples. The possibility of a combined magnetorheological and energy harvesting application is discussed.

Review of: "The inductive properties of nano wire particles Nano wire"

Review of: "The inductive properties of nano wire particles Nano wire"

Effect of Black Rice Bran ‘Sembada Hitam’ on T47D Breast Cancer Cells

Indonesians have a rich tradition of incorporating black rice into their diet as a functional food due to its high antioxidant content. This research investigates the effects of the ethanolic extract of "Sembada Hitam" black rice bran on T47D breast cancer cells, specifically its cytotoxic, cell growth, and apoptotic induction properties. The MTT assay method was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the black rice bran extract on T47D cells after 24 and 48 hours of incubation. The acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) dye double staining method was employed to assess the apoptosis-inducing properties of the extract. Additionally, a cell growth assay was conducted to evaluate the effect of the extract on cell growth, with observations recorded on days 0, 3, and 6. The results revealed that the ethanolic extract of black rice bran "Sembada Hitam," when administered at various concentrations ranging from 7.81 to 1000 µg/mL, did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on T47D cells during the 24 and 48 hours of incubation. The cell growth assay revealed that T47D cells treated with the ethanolic extract of "Sembada Hitam" black rice bran at concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/mL exhibited lower growth rates than the 1% DMSO group from the 3rd to 6th day after incubation. The ethanolic extract of "Sembada Hitam" at concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL resulted in cell death of 10.64 ± 2.98%, 9.99 ± 5.87%, and 5.84 ± 0.78%, respectively. In conclusion, this study found that the ethanolic extract of "Sembada Hitam" black rice bran did not demonstrate significant cytotoxic effects on T47D breast cancer cells and is, therefore, unlikely to be a suitable candidate for an anti-cancer agent.

Systematic sequence engineering enhances the induction strength of the glucose-regulated GTH1 promoter of Komagataella phaffii.

The promoter of the high-affinity glucose transporter Gth1 (PGTH1) is tightly repressed on glucose and glycerol surplus, and strongly induced in glucose-limitation, thus enabling regulated methanol-free production processes in the yeast production host Komagataella phaffii. To further improve this promoter, an intertwined approach of nucleotide diversification through random and rational engineering was pursued. Random mutagenesis and fluorescence activated cell sorting of PGTH1yielded five variants with enhanced induction strength. Reverse engineering of individual point mutations found in the improved variants identified two single point mutations with synergistic action. Sequential deletions revealed the key promoter segments for induction and repression properties, respectively. Combination of the single point mutations and the amplification of key promoter segments led to a library of novel promoter variants with up to 3-fold higher activity. Unexpectedly, the effect of gaining or losing a certain transcription factor binding site (TFBS) was highly dependent on its context within the promoter. Finally, the applicability of the novel promoter variants for biotechnological production was proven for the secretion of different recombinant model proteins in fed batch cultivation, where they clearly outperformed their ancestors. In addition to advancing the toolbox for recombinant protein production and metabolic engineering of K. phaffii, we discovered single nucleotide positions and correspondingly affected TFBS that distinguish between glycerol- and glucose-mediated repression of the native promoter.

Physics in deformable spacetime: Physical laws emerging from the surface minimality principle and the masses of particles

In this work, the study was focused on how deformable spacetime gives rise to physical laws, particularly quantum and special relativity. It was shown that both the Lorentz factor and quantum mechanics can emerge from the dynamical behavior of minimal surfaces in deformable spacetime, where the Möbius transformations prevail rather than the Lorentz transformations. The motion of deformable surfaces under minimality conditions creates a helicoidal pattern, a minimal surface with a metric designated by AdS (anti-de Sitter) space. Its isometry is a catenoid of which metric belongs to dS (de Sitter) space. When the two ends of the helicoid join it becomes a Möbius strip with multi-twists (i.e. windings), the so-called Möbius helicoid. It represents the most elementary mass with the attributes of charge and spin. It was shown that the number of windings increases with velocity according to the Lorentz factor. In other words, the Lorentz factor emerged from the transformation equations between the helicoid and catenoid, and both of them are isometric minimal surfaces. This fact serves as a means of transforming the metrics of the two isometric surfaces in AdS and dS spaces. There is an intimate relation between helicoidal motion, Möbius helicoid, and the Lorentz transformations. The zitterbewegung behavior of Dirac electron can be explained by the internal dynamics of the Möbius helicoid. Instead of using electromagnetic theory which led to the birth of special relativity, one can use the electrical circuit theory for deformable surface dynamics. A master equation was derived by using the resistive, capacitive, and inductive properties of deformable spacetime. The electromagnetic wave, Schrödinger, Klein–Gordon, Dirac, quantum telegrapher, and quantum torsion equations could be easily obtained from this master equation by making some simplifying assumptions for the parameters involved. The existing torsion due to helicoidal motion modifies the energy/mass equation (i.e.E=mc2) of special relativity. The Higgs potential can be obtained from the dynamic potential term of the master equation. Deformable space–time allows the emergence of a rich number of physical laws and relations. The masses of particles were calculated using the Möbius helicoid model for the very elementary structure of mass. The mass of a particle can be visualized as a three-dimensional network of helicoids with relatively higher stability. The stability is particularly associated with the phase changes of the catenoidal structure of the Möbius helicoid and the torsional vibrational modes of windings. Both the phase (or shape) change and/or the increase of the vibrational energies of windings produce a new configuration that represents a new particle. The masses of 187 particles were determined from this mechanism with an accuracy of ±3 MeV. It turned out that excitation energy states which could be expressed in terms of prime number multiples of a precursor mass play an important role in providing relatively higher stability.

Comparing the effectiveness of pterostilbene and sitagliptin on modulating inflammatory levels and inducing autophagy to improve atherosclerosis outcome: A preclinical study in rabbits

Background: Inflammation is the key contributor to the development of atherosclerotic plague. This study aims to evaluate the protective and autophagy induction properties of pterostilbene and sitagliptin on modulating the degree of atherosclerosis in rabbit models treated with an atherogenic diet. Methods: 80 rabbits were randomly placed into one of four study groups (20 in each group): normal control diet (NC) fed normal diet for eight weeks, atherogenic control (AC) fed atherogenic diet for eight weeks, pterostilbene treated group (PT) fed atherogenic diet with pterostilbene (at 10 mg/kg/day) orally daily for eight weeks, and sitagliptin treated group (ST) fed atherogenic diet with sitagliptin (at 12 mg/kg/day) orally daily for eight weeks. Results: While serum lipids and F2-isoprostane were elevated significantly in the AC study cohort compared to NC study cohort, (P < 0.001), both pterostilbene and sitagliptin supplementations provided significant improvements in serum lipid parameters and F2-isoprostane in the PT study cohort and ST study cohort, respectively, when compared to the AC study cohort, (P<0.001). Total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels were significantly reduced among the PT and ST study cohorts as compared to the AC study cohort. This was coupled with a significant rise in LC3B levels (marker of tissue autophagy) among the PT study cohort and the ST study cohort, as compared to the AC study cohort, (P < 0.001). The RNA expression of mTORC1 was reduced significantly at both PT study cohort and ST study cohort, (P<0.001). Pterostilbene supplementation induced a significant reduction in tissue expression of PI3K and AKT, (P<0.01), while sitagliptin induced significant reduction in 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels, (P<0.001). Conclusions: The results indicate that pterostilbene and/or sitagliptin supplementation can significantly improve the outcome of atherosclerosis due to their effects on the inflammatory pathways which hinder the progression of atherosclerotic plaque formation.

The Effect of Benzo(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic Acid S-Methyl Ester (BTH) and Its Cholinium Ionic Liquid Derivative on the Resistance Induction and Antioxidant Properties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

Tomatoes are one of the most important vegetables thanks to their taste attributes and nutritional value. Their cultivation is threatened by various pathogens including viruses. The application of resistance inducers (RI), such as benzo(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) may be used to enhance plant performance against viruses. Here we aimed to compare the impact of BTH and its choline derivative (Chol-BTH) on resistance induction and antioxidant properties of healthy plants and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)-infected ones. The response of tomato plants to treatment with BTH or Chol-BTH was manifested by increased expression of not only pathogenesis-related (PR) genes but also WRKY and Jasmonate Zim-domain protein (JAZ) genes and increased jasmonic acid (JA) levels. The effect of BTH as a resistance inducer was observed early after application, while with Chol-BTH the plant defense system reacted more strongly after 8 days. The antioxidant properties of RI-treated tomatoes are related to both glutathione content and peroxidase activity. In the case of BTH, an increase in these activities occurred early after application, while in the case of Chol-BTH, the glutathione level was particularly high in the plant early after treatment, and high peroxidase activity was observed 8 days post-treatment. Overall, the collected results indicate that Chol-BTH, due to its physicochemical parameters (e.g., good solubility) and biological activity (increased expression of lignification-related genes, supported by increases in peroxidase activity and total phenolic compounds levels), can also be a very useful agent inducing tomato resistance against viral pathogens.

Achieving Extremely Low Latency: Incremental Coding for Real-Time Applications

Extremely low-latency communication has attracted considerable recent attention because it holds the promise of supporting emerging real-time applications such as autonomous driving, smart grids, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Owing to the limited bandwidth in wireless environments, the sub-packets or even bits have to be transmitted successively, thereby inducing non-negligible delay-induced cost for real-time remote monitoring, estimation, decision making, and control. In this paper, we present a unified incremental decoding framework for real-time applications, the costs of which are extremely sensitive to the latency of each individual sub-packet or bit. In contrast to conventional methods, in which a decision is made after fully decoding the entire packet, the incremental decoding strategy allows monitors or actors to make their decisions in real time based on partially received packet. By this means, there is no need to wait for the whole packet to be decoded, thereby reducing the delay-induced costs substantially. To minimize cumulative cost during the real-time monitoring and control, we design source coding and decision making algorithms jointly, in which a backward induction property is found. Furthermore, we conceive a dynamic programming algorithm for a given source codebook to significantly reduce the cumulative decision costs while maintaining low computational complexity.

Electrophoretic deposition of tetracycline loaded bioactive glasses/chitosan as antibacterial and bioactive composite coatings on magnesium alloys

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a coating technique which is widely applied to improve the biocompatibility and anticorrosive performance of medical metal alloys. In this paper EPD was employed to deposit bioactive glasses(BGs)-chitosan(CS) coating loaded with model drug tetracycline(TCH) on AZ31B magnesium alloy to enhance its anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, anticorrosion and osteogenic induction properties. The electrochemical test showed that the corrosion current density of CS-BGs-1.0 TCH coating was 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of bare AZ31B. In vitro biological activity revealed that after 3 d of immersion in simulated body fluid, the surface of the coating was covered with a layer of hydroxyapatite. In vitro drug release test showed that the drug in CS-BGs-1.0 TCH could be effectively released for 504 h, providing resistance to the formation of bacterial film in a long time. In vitro antibacterial tests indicated that the coating significantly improved the antibacterial activity of magnesium alloy against E.coli. As a result, the prepared coating had better corrosion resistance, antibacterial and biological activity. This coating has good potential in the application of medical devices and bone implant materials.

Design and numerical analysis of tensile deformation and fracture properties of induction hardened inconel 718 superalloy for gas turbine applications

Design and numerical analysis of tensile deformation and fracture properties of induction hardened inconel 718 superalloy for gas turbine applications

Enhanced bone regeneration via local low-dose delivery of PTH1-34 in a composite hydrogel.

Introducing bone regeneration-promoting factors into scaffold materials to improve the bone induction property is crucial in the fields of bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This study aimed to develop a Sr-HA/PTH1-34-loaded composite hydrogel system with high biocompatibility. Teriparatide (PTH1-34) capable of promoting bone regeneration was selected as the bioactive factor. Strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) was introduced into the system to absorb PTH1-34 to promote the bioactivity and delay the release cycle. PTH1-34-loaded Sr-HA was then mixed with the precursor solution of the hydrogel to prepare the composite hydrogel as bone-repairing material with good biocompatibility and high mechanical strength. The experiments showed that Sr-HA absorbed PTH1-34 and achieved the slow and effective release of PTH1-34. In vitro biological experiments showed that the Sr-HA/PTH1-34-loaded hydrogel system had high biocompatibility, allowing the good growth of cells on the surface. The measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity and osteogenesis gene expression demonstrated that this composite system could promote the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells into osteoblasts. In addition, the in vivo cranial bone defect repair experiment confirmed that this composite hydrogel could promote the regeneration of new bones. In summary, Sr-HA/PTH1-34 composite hydrogel is a highly promising bone repair material.

Microenvironmental reprogramming of human dermal papilla cells for hair follicle tissue engineering.

The restoration of hair-inductive potential in human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) is a tremendous challenge for hair regeneration. Much of the research thus far has indicated that three-dimensional (3-D) culture shows improved efficacy in hair follicle (HF) neogenesis. However, mature HF cannot regenerate in an incomplete microenvironment. This study developed an optimized 3-D co-culture system to restore the hair-inductive characteristics of hDPCs by mimicking the in-vivo microenvironment. As a result, Matrigel-encapsulated hDPCs spontaneously formed into hDPC aggregates (hDPAs), which exhibited better activity, higher proliferation rates, and less apoptosis and hypoxia than the ultra-low attachment culture. Interestingly, the co-culture with the hair matrix cells and dermal sheath cup cells further enhanced the expression of hair regeneration-related genes of hDPAs compared to conditioned medium and improved mature HF induction. In addition, these hDPAs with higher hair inductivity could be produced on a large scale and easily separated for gene expression detection. Finally, the mRNA sequencing, PCR, and WB results showed that the co-culture biomimetic microenvironment stimulated the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and inhibited the BMP signaling pathway. Thus, this co-culture system will provide a reliable platform that allows high-throughput culture, testing, and harvesting of hDPAs for HF tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Extensive hair loss continues to be difficult to treat and causes significant patient morbidity. Hair follicle (HF) tissue engineering may seem to be a way out. However, the absence of the in-vivo microenvironment fails to regenerate mature hairs. This study systematically described a biomimetic co-culture approach to generate better quality human dermal papilla cell aggregates (hDPAs) with improved hair inductive properties, which can be further used for HF tissue engineering. The hDPC microenvironment was reprogrammed through the controllable formation of self-assembled organoids in Matrigel and the tri-culture with hair matrix cells and dermal sheath cup cells. This work indicates that the production of hDPAs could be readily scaled, in theory for large-scale assays, analyses, or therapeutic applications.

A method to evaluate the inductance properties of REBCO excitation process based on magnetic energy density and T–A formula

The REBCO high-temperature superconducting tape has a pronounced electromagnetic anisotropy. The critical current is strongly dependent on the value of the magnetic field, the magnetic field direction, the temperature, and the stress, and has a significant nonlinear relationship. It is also important to note that screening current effects in superconducting magnets at elevated temperatures lead to a non-uniform distribution of current densities, and thus the inductance of superconducting magnets at high-temperatures is calculated differently from that of normal magnets. This is essential for the design of superconducting energy storage magnets at high-temperatures, especially for the accurate evaluation of the inductance values. To further analyze the variation of the inductance value due to the REBCO screening current, the T–A formulation combined with the magnetic energy density is considered to evaluate the energy storage and inductance values during the excitation of the superconducting coil. The effect of excitation rate, operating temperature, and excitation current on the inductance value is analyzed based on the design of a 5 T insulating superconducting coil. The mathematical relation between excitation voltage, contact resistance, and inductance in the magnetic excitation experiment is presented, and the accuracy of the calculated method is verified by comparison with simulation results.

Anticancer activity of Inula graveolensby induction of ROS-independent apoptosis and suppression of IL6-IL8 in cervical cancer cells

Cancer is an important disease that causing to deaths in the world. Cervical cancer is one of the most common among women and must be treated quickly to prevent cell proliferation. Natural products have been used for cancer treatment due to their antiproliferative and apoptosis induction properties. In the present study, we aimed to determine the antiproliferative and apoptosis induction activities of methanol extract of Inula graveolens(IGME) in the human cerival cancer cell line (HeLa). Antiproliferative activity of IGME was evaluated by using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) method. Apoptosis induction activity was determined by AnnexinV/propodium iodide staining withFACS. ROS induction was determined by DCFH-DA (2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate) staining. Interleukin 6 and 8 levels (IL-6 and IL-8) were determined by the Elisa method. IGME exhibited antiproliferative effect and induced apoptosis in the HeLa cells. IL-6, IL-8 and intracellular ROS levels were decreased after treatment of IGME. Consequently, IGME was found to have antiproliferative and apoptosis induction activities as an indicator of the anticancer activity.

Investigations on phase formation and magnetic properties of promisingCo35Cr5Fe10Ni30Ti20 high entropy alloysynthesized through radio frequency induction melting

Previously, we designed and developed a promising excellent soft magnetic Co35Cr5Fe10Ni30Ti20High Entropy Alloy (HEA) through mechanical alloying (MA) followed by annealing at 790 ̊C. Densification of the powder sample synthesized through MA is critical for industrial a pplications, particularly as amagnetic material. Therefore, in the present study,optimizedCo35Cr5Fe10Ni30Ti20 HEA is synthesized again through the radio frequency (RF) induction melting.The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the RF induction melted HEA revealed the formation of mixture of fcc and ordered B2 phase. The phase stability of synthesized HEA has also been investigated through annealing at 790 °C for 2 h. Thesynthesized HEA maintained its phase identity after annealing. The synthesized and annealed Co35Cr5Fe10Ni30Ti20HEAs showed ferromagnetic behavior with high saturation magnetization (Ms) and low coercivity (Hc). For as-synthesized Co35Cr5Fe10Ni30Ti20 HEA, the value of Ms and Hcis found to be 80.22 emu/g and 4.63 Oe, respectively. However, after annealing, the value of Hcis increased to 7.89 Oe, while Ms remained same to as synthesized HEA.Vickers hardness test was also performed on the synthesized and annealed HEAs. The results displayed that hardness increased after annealing upto 512.50 Hv. The present studynot only investigates phase formation and magnetic properties of RF induction melted HEA but it also emphasizes the effect of the processing route on the structural, magnetic, and mechanical properties of the most promising magnetic Co35Cr5Fe10Ni30Ti20 HEA. The found value of hardness for the RF- melted Co35Cr5Fe10Ni30Ti20 HEA is excellent as compared to the conventional soft magnetic materials such as polycrystalline Fe (100–150 Hv), Fe50Ni50 (120 Hv) etc. The present investigation is also important for the industrial development of the magnetic Co35Cr5Fe10Ni30Ti20 HEA.