Inductive Energy Research Articles

Theoretical Study on Interaction of Fluorine‐Containing Compounds Involving the Fourth Period Metal Elements With N‐base: Comparison With Halogen Bonds

AbstractThe fourth period metal fluorides acting as a Lewis acid form binary compounds with nitrogen‐containing bases (HCN, NHCH2, and NH3), which the calculations are carried out at the MP2 ab initio level with the AVTZ and AVQZ basis set and employed by the CBS method. AIM and IGMH analyses further indicate that the metal‐N‐bases (M─N) bonding exists in the binary complexes. The strength of interactions is ranging from −4.76 to −56.54 kcal/mol. M─N bonding exhibits a partially covalent nature characterized with a negative energy density and large interaction energy. With the decrease of electronegativity of the substituents on the Lewis base, the interaction energies increase. The M─N interaction is dominated by electrostatic interaction in all complexes, whereas induction and dispersion energies cannot be ignored either.

Physisorption of benzene on cation/silica clusters via cation-π interactions: Theoretical study

Interactions of a benzene molecule with four different silica clusters decorated with mono- and divalent cations (Li+, Na+, Mg2+) have been theoretically studied. By means of SAPT0 calculations, we have analyzed the changes in the energy components in dependence of hydrophobic or hydrophilic positions of adsorption, the size of the cluster studied or the cation used for the ’decoration’. It was found that adsorption of benzene on pristine silica clusters is mainly driven by electrostatic (∼37–43 %) and dispersion (∼37–55 %) forces. At the same time, cation-π interactions can be accounted for by significant electrostatic (∼20–50 %) and induction (∼24–54 %) energy terms. IGM analysis reveals the existence of cation-π and van der Waals interactions. The significant binding of benzene to the decorated silica surface (up to ∼ − 19.97, −29.63, − 93.82 kcal/mol for Na+, Li+, Mg2+, respectively) can pave a way for the sorption of a typical organic contaminant.

Development of Inductive Energy Storage Pulsed Power Generator Using GaN Power Semiconductor Switches

Development of Inductive Energy Storage Pulsed Power Generator Using GaN Power Semiconductor Switches

Innovative design of a compact nanosecond-pulse power supply using SiC-MOSFETs for enhanced dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators.

In this study, we present the development of a compact and lightweight nanosecond pulsed power supply designed to improve the performance of plasma actuators for flow control on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). While traditional AC power supplies are commonly used in plasma actuators, the nanosecond pulsed power supplies offer the advantage of operating over a wider range of Reynolds numbers, making them highly desirable. However, miniaturization and weight reduction of pulsed power supplies pose significant challenges. To address these issues, we present a novel approach using a high-voltage silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET to create an inductive energy storage (IEC) power supply, eliminating the need for a bulky transformer core. This innovation results in a more compact and lightweight pulsed power supply, potentially improving aerodynamic control in UAV applications. The size and weight of the power supply developed is comparable to the smallest AC power supplies developed to date. In addition to basic current-voltage measurements, the performance of the power supply for airflow control is evaluated through wind tunnel experiments. As a result, the plasma actuator powered by the developed nanosecond pulsed power supply shows superior performance compared to previous studies, despite its small size and light weight.

Compact Nanosecond Pulse Generator Based on Distributed Inductive Energy Storage of Twisted Pair Wire

Compact Nanosecond Pulse Generator Based on Distributed Inductive Energy Storage of Twisted Pair Wire

Nanosecond Pulse Generator Based on Inductive Energy Storage Forming Line With Impedance Matching Modulation Capability

Nanosecond Pulse Generator Based on Inductive Energy Storage Forming Line With Impedance Matching Modulation Capability

A single switch high step-up DC-DC converter derived from coupled inductor and switched capacitor for a photovoltaic system

This study suggests a single switch high step-up DC-DC Converter derived from coupled inductor and switched capacitor used in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic systems. In the suggested converter, a part of the yield voltage is produced by parallel charging of the capacitors on the side of the secondary winding and their series discharge together with the secondary winding. The other part of the output voltage is obtained by simultaneously charging the boost and buck-boost capacitors and discharging them in series with the input voltage source. Finally, these two parts make the output voltage in series, so that high voltage gain with proper duty cycle is obtained. In addition, boost and buck-boost capacitors absorb leakage inductance energy leading to a reduction of the switch voltage stress. As a result, switching losses are reduced and by choosing a switch with lower RDS(ON), conduction losses are also reduced. Finally, a prototype with an output power of 200 Watts, and a voltage conversion of 24–400 Volts was made to confirm the performance in the laboratory, which has the highest efficiency of 95.89%.

The non-covalent interaction between C3N and H2

Non-covalent interactions play an important role in numerous fields, particularly in physical hydrogen storage. The hydrogen storage properties of C3N are investigated by DFT calculations. The results indicated that H2 and C3N form physical adsorption. The electronic structure analysis demonstrates that both the covalent and electrostatic interactions between H2 and C3N are rather weak, while IRI analysis reveals that their interactions belong to non-valent interactions, and the further energy decomposition based on SAPT suggests that the sources of interaction energies differ for the two configurations TCR and TNR. For TCR, the induction energy is the primary contributor, for TNR, the electrostatic interaction dominates. Our comprehensive study not only enhances our understanding of the intricate interactions between H2 and C3N but also serves as a valuable guide for enhancing the adsorption strength in physical hydrogen storage systems.

О возможности импульсного сверхпроводящего индуктивного накопителя энергии без внешнего коммутатора, использующего явление сверхбыстрого перехода

The phenomenon of ultrafast transition (fast quench) to the normal state is known for some types of multistrand superconducting cables. The apparent velocity of propagation of the normal zone in such cables exceeds 100 km/s. Based on the application of the phenomenon of ultrafast transition, a possible concept of a pulsed superconducting inductive energy storage without an external switch is discussed. The strengths and weaknesses of such a storage device are considered and preliminary estimates of a system with an energy of ~ 1 MJ are made.

Development of an inductive energy storage pulsed power supply using SiC semiconductor devices for ozone production by streamer discharges

An inductive energy storage (IES) pulsed power generator driven by a silicon carbide metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (SiC-MOSFET) with a blocking voltage of 1.2 kV was developed. The IES pulsed power generator consists of a capacitor, a pulsed transformer and the SiC-MOSFET used as an opening switch. The influence of the turn ratio of the pulsed transformer on the output voltage was evaluated. The output voltage amplitude increased with increasing secondary turn ratio. Under the conditions of no load, a peak output voltage of 13 kV and a pulse width of 120 ns were obtained with a voltage across the drain–source terminals of the MOSFET of 1 kV. The peak voltage increased, and the peak current and pulse width decreased, with increasing load resistance and decreased capacitance. The maximum energy transfer efficiency was obtained at 500 Ω and was approximately 56%.

Non-covalent interactions and charge transfer in the CO activation by low-valent group 14 complexes.

The CO activation by low-valent group 14 catalysts encompasses the rupture of varied covalent bonds in a single transition state through a concerted pathway. The bond between the central main group atom and the hydride in the complex is elongated to trigger the formation of the C-H bond with CO accompanied by the concomitant formation of the E-O bond between the complex and CO to lead the corresponding formate product. Prior studies have established that besides the apolar nature of CO , its initial interaction with the complex is primarily governed by electrostatic interactions. Notably, other stabilizing interactions and the transfer of charge between catalysts and CO during the initial phases of the reaction have been ignored. In this study, we have quantified the non-covalent interactions and charge transfer that facilitate the activation of CO by group 14 main group complex. Our findings indicate that electrostatic interactions predominantly stabilize the complex and CO in the reactant region. However, induction energy becomes the main stabilizing force as the reaction progresses towards the transition state, surpassing electrostatics. Induction contributes about 50% to the stabilization at the transition state, followed by electrostatics (40%) and dispersion interactions (10%). Atomic charges calculated with the minimal basis iterative stockholder (MBIS) method reveal larger charge transfer for the back-side reaction path in which CO approaches the catalysts in contrast to the front-side approach. Notably, it was discovered that a minor initial bending of CO to approximately initiates the charge transfer process for all systems. Furthermore, our investigation of group 14 elements demonstrates a systematic reduction in both activation energies and charge transfer to CO while descending in group 14. All studied reactions were characterized along the reaction coordinate obtained with the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) methodology at the M06-2X/6-31g(d,p) level of theory. Gibbs free energy in toluene was computed using electronic energies at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ-SSD(E) level of theory. Vibrational and translational entropy corrections were applied to provide a more accurate description of the obtained Gibbs free energies. To better characterize the changes in the reaction coordinate for all reactions, the reaction force analysis (RFA) has been employed. It enables the partition of the reaction coordinate into the reactant, transition state, and product regions where different stages of the mechanism occur. A detailed characterization of the main non-covalent driving forces in the initial stages of the activation of CO by low-valent group 14 complexes was performed using symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT). The SAPT0-CT/def2-SVP method was employed for these computations. Charge transfer descriptors based on atomic population using the MBIS scheme were also obtained to complement the SAPT analyses.

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF A FREQUENCY CONVERTER FOR INDUCTION HEATING OF OIL PIPELINE

The article provides a detailed overview of the history, development and applications of frequency converters, with particular emphasis on their use in the oil and gas industry. It traces the evolution of frequency converters from their inception in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to their modern applications, which use microprocessors and digital signal processing to precisely control the output frequency. In the oil and gas industry, frequency converters are critical to efficient and accurate induction heating of pipelines. They convert a fixed frequency and voltage power supply into a variable frequency and variable voltage output, controlling the speed of the induction motors used in the heating process. The article also covers the design and modeling of frequency converters, discussing the process of characterizing them, creating mathematical models, and using modeling software tools such as MatLab. It presents equations for inductive energy, capacitor energy, resonance conditions and power factor, which are necessary in the mathematical modeling of frequency converters. The article concludes by highlighting the impact of frequency converters on the efficiency and economics of induction heating systems. It emphasizes the need for careful design and modeling to ensure optimal performance and safety.

Study on Reduction of Quench Recovery Time by Inductive Energy Extraction

Study on Reduction of Quench Recovery Time by Inductive Energy Extraction

Flux-pulse-assisted readout of a fluxonium qubit

Much attention has focused on the transmon architecture for large-scale superconducting quantum devices; however, the fluxonium qubit has emerged as a possible successor. With a shunting inductor in parallel to a Josephson junction, the fluxonium offers larger anharmonicity and stronger protection against dielectric loss, leading to higher coherence times as compared to conventional transmon qubits. The interplay between the inductive and Josephson energy potentials of the fluxonium qubit leads to a rich dispersive-shift landscape when tuning the external flux. Here, we propose to exploit the features in the dispersive shift to improve qubit readout. Specifically, we report on theoretical simulations showing improved readout times and error rates by performing the readout at a flux-bias point with large dispersive shift. We expand the scheme to include different error channels and show that with an integration time of 155 ns, flux-pulse-assisted readout offers about a 5-times improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, we show that the performance improvement persists in the presence of finite measurement efficiency combined with quasistatic flux noise and also when considering the increased Purcell rate at the flux-pulse-assisted readout point. We suggest a set of reasonable energy parameters for the fluxonium architecture that will allow for the implementation of our proposed flux-pulse-assisted readout scheme. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Quasi square wave operation of modular multilevel converter based dual active bridge DC–DC converter with inductor energy recovery

AbstractThe modular multilevel DC–DC transformer (MMDCT) provides a reliable solution to overcome the challenges of conventional dual‐active‐bridge converters in terms of power semiconductors ratings and dv/dt stress on transformer coupling windings. An alternative modulation method, quasi‐square‐wave, was proposed to reduce the cell capacitance of modular multilevel bridges. However the application of quasi‐square‐wave modulation is found to result in underdamped switching transients and losses when resetting energy stored in arm inductance. This paper presents a detailed transient analysis of MMDCT arm insertion based on an equivalent circuit, which contributes to a more accurate component sizing and gives voltage estimation for individual half‐bridge submodules. Additionally, a revised switching sequence is proposed to recover this inductor energy and lower the oscillation‐related losses. Simulated and experimental results from a scaled test rig of MMDCT are implemented and validate the proposed component sizing and switching sequence, indicating that the converter efficiency can be improved under revised switching sequence. Finally, a silicon carbide based, high‐frequency MMDCT is proposed and simulated.

A new high step-down soft-switched DC–DC converter based on coupled inductor

ABSTRACT This study introduces a new non-isolated DC–DC converter capable of achieving a high step-down conversion ratio. The design reduces switching losses through soft-switching, allowing switches to operate under Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS), which enhances efficiency. The converter employs a single coupled inductor without additional inductors in the power path, achieving low voltage gain and an extended duty cycle, resulting in reduced losses, lower costs, and optimal efficiency compared to similar topologies. Voltage stress on semiconductors is minimised by recycling leakage inductance energy to the output. The proposed converter achieves a greater step-down voltage gain per component compared to similar designs. Different operational modes and design aspects are examined. A prototype was constructed, and experimental results confirmed the theoretical analysis.

Theoretical investigations on the nature of interactions in ions (Li+, Na+, Be2+, Mg2+)-water clusters in the gas phase

The nature of interaction that is present in ion-water ( M ( H 2 O ) n ) ( M = L i + , N a + , B e 2 + , M g 2 + ) (n = 1–10) clusters are highlighted in the present work. We have used theories of atoms in molecules, symmetry-adapted perturbation, and infrared spectroscopy in the gas phase. The inner structure where the M is surrounded by four H 2 O molecules represent the first shell, followed by the second shell, which is the most stable cluster when n ≥ 4 , for M ( H 2 O ) n ( M = L i + , N a + , B e 2 + ) clusters, and n ≥ 6 for M ( H 2 O ) n ( M = M g 2 + ) cluster. The successive binding energies of M ( H 2 O ) n clusters leads to the conclusion that the affinity for water molecules follows the trend: B e 2 + > M g 2 + > L i + > N a + . The SAPT study demonstrates that the total interaction energy of B e 2 + − water clusters are higher than the other clusters because of high attractive induction and electrostatic energy. The IR spectrum results conclude that in the presence of cations in ( H 2 O ) n clusters blue shifts occur for the hydrogen-bonded O − H stretching mode, and a red shift occurs for the free O − H stretching mode. This investigation contributes significantly to the scientific understanding of these clusters’ bonding interactions, total interaction energy, and successive interaction energy.

Sensor platform for periodic integrity inspection of subsea structures with a permanently installed measuring system

Offshore structures are inspected with high costs and risks. In order to reduce both, the Fraunhofer IKTS has developed a sensor platform for automated periodic inspection by underwater vehicles like Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV). The monitoring tasks are numerous. Temperature or pressure measurements are widely needed to ensure safe operation. Welded seams are a critical element of offshore infrastructure. If they fail due to high wave loads, extraordinary ice collision or due to fatigue behaviour, the entire structure becomes critical regarding the stability and safety. The Fraunhofer IKTS developed a technique for the permanent installation on subsea structures in order to enable a periodic inspection. The communication and energy supply are realized wireless by WiFi and inductive energy supply. The sensors used differ from application to application. For the welded seam inspection, shear wave laminable transducers ensure a flat design to prevent damage due to current or waves. Shear waves give a relative independency from fouling to make the interpretation of the data more comprehensive. The device has been tested in maritime environment for 2,5 years to ensure reliability. Furthermore, a modular setup with integrated transducers into the circuit board provide market relevant potential low prices on the long term. The connection unit has been designed in a way that also small ROV/AUV can operate the light-weight unit to ensure a broad applicability by almost any vehicle on the market.

Energy capacity and energy losses of inductive energy storage device based on composite HTS tapes

Energy capacity and energy losses of inductive energy storage device based on composite HTS tapes

Emle-engine: A Flexible Electrostatic Machine Learning Embedding Package for Multiscale Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

We present in this work the emle-engine package (https://github.com/chemle/emle-engine)─the implementation of a new machine learning embedding scheme for hybrid machine learning potential/molecular-mechanics (ML/MM) dynamics simulations. The package is based on an embedding scheme that uses a physics-based model of the electronic density and induction with a handful of tunable parameters derived from in vacuo properties of the subsystem to be embedded. This scheme is completely independent of the in vacuo potential and requires only the positions of the atoms of the machine learning subsystem and the positions and partial charges of the molecular mechanics environment. These characteristics allow emle-engine to be employed in existing QM/MM software. We demonstrate that the implemented electrostatic machine learning embedding scheme (named EMLE) is stable in enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations. Through the calculation of free energy surfaces of alanine dipeptide in water with two different ML options for the in vacuo potential and three embedding models, we test the performance of EMLE. When compared to the reference DFT/MM surface, the EMLE embedding is clearly superior to the MM one based on fixed partial charges. The configurational dependence of the electronic density and the inclusion of the induction energy introduced by the EMLE model leads to a systematic reduction in the average error of the free energy surface when compared to MM embedding. By enabling the usage of EMLE embedding in practical ML/MM simulations, emle-engine will make it possible to accurately model systems and processes that feature significant variations in the charge distribution of the ML subsystem and/or the interacting environment.