Principle Of Induction Research Articles

Self-Powered, Flexible, Transparent Tactile Sensor Integrating Sliding and Proximity Sensing.

Tactile sensing is currently a research hotspot in the fields of intelligent perception and robotics. The method of converting external stimuli into electrical signals for sensing is a very effective strategy. Herein, we proposed a self-powered, flexible, transparent tactile sensor integrating sliding and proximity sensing (SFTTS). The principle of electrostatic induction and contact electrification is used to achieve tactile response when external objects approach and slide. Experiments show that the material type, speed, and pressure of the perceived object can cause the changes of the electrical signal. In addition, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) is used as the contact electrification layer, and indium tin oxide (ITO) is used as the electrostatic induction electrode to achieve transparency and flexibility of the entire device. By utilizing the transparency characteristics of this sensor to integrate with optical cameras, it is possible to achieve integrated perception of tactile and visual senses. This has great advantages for applications in the field of intelligent perception and is expected to be integrated with different types of optical sensors in the future to achieve multimodal intelligent perception and sensing technology, which will contribute to the intelligence and integration of robot sensing.

A Modal Deconstruction of Löb Induction

We present a novel analysis of the fundamental Löb induction principle from guarded recursion. Taking advantage of recent work in modal type theory and univalent foundations, we derive Löb induction from a simpler and more conceptual set of primitives. We then capitalize on these insights to present Gatsby, the first guarded type theory capturing the rich modal structure of the topos of trees alongside Löb induction without immediately precluding canonicity or normalization. We show that Gatsby can recover many prior approaches to guarded recursion and use its additional power to improve on prior examples. We crucially rely on homotopical insights and Gatsby constitutes a new application of univalent foundations to the theory of programming languages.

Note on Constrained Long Choice with Multiple Beginning Elements

Recently, Pasarkar et al. (2023) have introduced the new TFNP subclass called PLC that contains the class PPP; they also have proven that several search problems related to extremal combinatorial principles (e.g., Ramsey’s theorem and the sunflower lemma) belong to PLC. This paper discusses the complexity of the three generalizations of Constrained Long Choice, a PLC-complete problem. We first discuss the parallel variant: Given a Long Choice instance and m beginning elements, find mConstrained Long Choice solutions. We show that this variant is FP‖PLC-complete. Next, we discuss the iterative variant: Given a Constrained Long Choice instance, a process function that specifies the next beginning element depending on the current solution, and an iteration parameter T, find TLong Choice solutions satisfying the suitable conditions. We prove that this variant is FPPLC-complete. Finally, we consider the inductive variant, which is an iterative variant with the inductive principle. We prove that the inductive variant is not only PLC-hard but also PLS-hard, where the class PLS is the set of all search problems that are solvable by a local search method. Furthermore, we show that our iterative and inductive variants are closed under the Turing reduction.

Micro, Small or Medium, New or Old—Are There Differences? Testing Business-Specific Difficulties

The use of various mathematical and statistical methods for modelling economic processes and phenomena requires compliance with certain conditions/rules. To formulate general conclusions or predictions, in economic research, large databases are often used, related to more or less homogeneous samples, without taking into account the spatial or structural differences of the analysed processes or phenomena. Starting from the results of previous research focused on the identification and evaluation of difficulties in the business environment, the present study is based on the principles of mathematical induction, with the objective of testing these results, in order to assess whether the conclusions formulated are valid for a limited number of cases. Based on the primary data collected and tested (using Cronbach alpha, Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy and Bartlett tests) it was shown that the difficulties selected for evaluation are present in the analysed business environment. Then, factor analysis was applied to identify the most important groups of factors, which bring together one or more difficulties specific to the analysed population. After the validation of the factorial model and after a preliminary test of the normality of the variables, the Mann-Whitney U test was applied to assess whether, at the level of independent groups (constructed on the basis of three dichotomous variables), the difficulties identified are common or show significant differences. Contrary to the results of previous studies, the present study indicates that the difficulties analysed affect more new businesses (recently established), which have fewer employees and are classified as micro-enterprises.

Wireless Charging Technology for Electric Vehicles

Currently, global energy structure transformation and environmental protection concerns have drawn the attention of all sectors of society to electric vehicles. However, issues such as inadequate charging facilities, long charging times, and charging safety impede the popularization and promotion of electric cars. Against this backdrop, wireless charging technology, as an innovative charging method, is increasingly gaining public attention and showing enormous potential for development. Wireless charging technology employs the principles of electromagnetic induction and magnetic resonance to transmit electrical energy through the air, allowing electric vehicles to be charged without needing a physical connection, thereby increasing the convenience and safety of the charging process. After reading a lot of research, the author summarizes three common wireless charging methods, shows how this technology can be used in electric vehicle scenarios, and suggests ways to improve things based on current issues. The goal is to give the electric vehicle industry new ideas and solutions for its long-term growth.

Theoretical investigation and improvements in contemporary man-powered electronic lighting system

With the growing emphasis on energy conservation and environmental protection, the Faraday flashlight, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy through the principle of electromagnetic induction, has garnered significant attention in recent years for its application in emergency lighting in power-free environments. This article investigates the theoretical working principle of an existing model of a Faraday flashlight. The foundation lies in Faraday’s and Lenz’s law of induction, which is explained briefly using established theorems. A typical shake-type Faraday flashlight’s circuitry is used for simplicity in theoretical analysis. A detailed process of the conversion of energy is provided and explained. Comparisons are made between two ways of using the flashlight: its switch is either closed or open. For each way, a method that uses resonant frequency for better efficiency is proposed and justified theoretically. Based on existing works, summarizations of some applications of the Faraday flashlight are made. Generalized and extensive applications of the flashlight’s power system are introduced. Overall challenges of the Faraday flashlight are explained, concerning Faraday flashlight's practicality and usefulness. General improvements to the system and its usefulness are proposed and explained.

Parametricity via Cohesion

Parametricity is a key metatheoretic property of type systems, which implies strong uniformity & modularity properties of the structure of types within systems possessing it. In recent years, various systems of dependent type theory have emerged with the aim of expressing such parametric reasoning in their internal logic, toward the end of solving various problems arising from the complexity of higher-dimensional coherence conditions in type theory. This paper presents a first step toward the unification, simplification, and extension of these various methods for internalizing parametricity. Specifically, I argue that there is an essentially modal aspect of parametricity, which is intimately connected with the category-theoretic concept of cohesion. On this basis, I describe a general categorical semantics for modal parametricity, develop a corresponding framework of axioms (with computational interpretations) in dependent type theory that can be used to internally represent and reason about such parametricity, and show this in practice by implementing these axioms in Agda and using them to verify parametricity theorems therein. I then demonstrate the utility of these axioms in managing the complexity of higher-dimensional coherence by deriving induction principles for higher inductive types, and in closing, I sketch the outlines of a more general synthetic theory of parametricity, with applications in domains ranging from homotopy type theory to the analysis of program modules.

METAPHORICAL INSTANTIATION OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN MODERN POLITICAL DISCOURSE

The present paper is a study of English idiomatic expressions denoting cooperation in terms of Cognitive Linguistic Critical Discourse Analysis, which is herein referred to as a form of applied cognitive linguistics that investigates the links between language, cognition and social action in contexts of political communication. The methodological underpinnings involve principles of Critical Discourse Analysis proper, such as analysis of ideology (a system of values and/or ideas that shape and are shaped by discourse), framing (the way language and discourse shape how individuals or groups interpret and understand certain events, values or ideas), pragmatic inference (understanding intended meaning), lexical choices (words or phrases employed to convey a certain meaning), and discourse strategies (the conscious selection and use of language to achieve specific goals in communication). The cognitive linguistic dimension of the survey relies on the principles of schema induction and hierarchical schematic modeling of the idiomatic expressions under analysis. It is argued that meaning in context, instantiated by an idiomatic expression, is a schematic representation on two distinct conceptual levels: the dynamic, provided for by mental spaces, and the static, realized by frames, conceptual domains, and image schemas. A case study to verify this hypothesis was performed on the idiom stand shoulder to shoulder, and its findings were then employed to exemplify the extended cognitive structure of the idiomatic expressions, such as play ball, build bridges, in concert, hitch horses together, on the same page, close ranks, sing from the same hymn sheet, and it takes two to tango

Research and design of transient test platform for DC current transformer

This article studies the design and simulation of a transient test platform for DC current transformers to verify the effectiveness of the design scheme. DC current transformers convert large currents on the primary side into small currents on the secondary side through electromagnetic induction principles and are widely used in power systems. In order to verify the feasibility of the design scheme, simulation research was adopted, and the simulation parameters were the same as the actual scheme, including controllable current source parameters, cable parameters, and MOS switch branches. The simulation results show that the designed DC transient square wave current source can effectively compensate for the impulse current, and the output current waveform is stable, meeting the design requirements.

Suction-forced triboelectricity escalation by incorporating biomimetic 3-dimensional surface architectures

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which operate on the principles of electrostatic induction and triboelectrification, have emerged as highly promising devices for energy harvesting, offering vast potential to address the challenges of energy depletion. In this study, we present a hierarchical bio-inspired architecture designed to enhance the triboelectric effect through a physically adhesive mechanism, achieved by creating a highly deformable 3D microstructure. This three-dimensional (3D) architecture, inspired by the male diving beetle, features properties that increase the contact area and compressibility of the interface by forming conformal contact with the electrode surface in both dry and wet environments. The architecture enhances van der Waals forces and generates multiple physical adhesion forces at the interface, leading to significant charge transfer. Compared to flat surfaces as well as various 3D bio-inspired architectures such as linear-shaped pillars and mushroom-like architectures, diving beetle inspired architecture demonstrated the highest triboelectric performance, generating voltage (∼42 V) and current (∼1008 nA) in dry conditions at 16 N of force. The results of this study offer a new perspective, demonstrating that triboelectricity can be efficiently generated through the strategic design of physically adhesive structures, as opposed to conventional TENGs that rely on structureless designs or chemical adhesives.

Towards atomic-scale smooth surface manufacturing of β-Ga2O3 via highly efficient atmospheric plasma etching

Abstract The highly efficient manufacturing of atomic-scale smooth β-Ga2O3 surface is fairly challenging because β-Ga2O3 is a typical difficult-to-machine material. In this study, a novel plasma dry etching method named plasma-based atom-selective etching (PASE) is proposed to achieve the highly efficient, atomic-scale, and damage-free polishing of β-Ga2O3. The plasma is excited through the inductive coupling principle and carbon tetrafluoride is utilized as the main reaction gas to etch β-Ga2O3. The core of PASE polishing of β-Ga2O3 is the remarkable lateral etching effect, which is ensured by both the intrinsic property of the surface and the extrinsic temperature condition. As revealed by density functional theory-based calculations, the intrinsic difference in the etching energy barrier of atoms at the step edge (2.36 eV) and in the terrace plane (4.37 eV) determines their difference in the etching rate, and their etching rate difference can be greatly enlarged by increasing the extrinsic temperature. The polishing of β-Ga2O3 based on the lateral etching effect is further verified in the etching experiments. The Sa roughness of β-Ga2O3 (001) substrate is decreased from 14.8 to 0.057 nm within 120 s, and the corresponding material removal rate reaches up to 20.96 μm/min. The polished β-Ga2O3 displays significantly improved crystalline quality and photoluminescence intensity, and the polishing effect of PASE is independent of the crystal faces of β-Ga2O3. In addition, the competition between chemical etching and physical reconstruction, which is determined by temperature and greatly affects the surface state of β-Ga2O3, is deeply studied for the first time. These findings not only demonstrate the high-efficiency and high-quality polishing of β-Ga2O3 via atmospheric plasma etching but also hold significant implications for guiding future plasma-based surface manufacturing of β-Ga2O3.

Symmetric monoidal smash products in homotopy type theory

Abstract In homotopy type theory, few constructions have proved as troublesome as the smash product. While its definition is just as direct as in classical mathematics, one quickly realises that in order to define and reason about functions over iterations of it, one has to verify an exponentially growing number of coherences. This has led to crucial results concerning smash products remaining open. One particularly important such result is the fact that the smash product forms a (1-coherent) symmetric monoidal product on the universe of pointed types. This fact was used, without a complete proof, by, for example, Brunerie ((2016) PhD thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis) to construct the cup product on integral cohomology and is, more generally, a fundamental result in traditional algebraic topology. In this paper, we salvage the situation by introducing a simple informal heuristic for reasoning about functions defined over iterated smash products. We then use the heuristic to verify, for example, the hexagon and pentagon identities, thereby obtaining a proof of symmetric monoidality. We also provide a formal statement of the heuristic in terms of an induction principle concerning the construction of homotopies of functions defined over iterated smash products. The key results presented here have been formalised in the proof assistant Cubical Agda.

More on the Fascinating Characterizations of Mulatu’s Numbers

Background The discoveries of Mulatu’s numbers, better known as Mulatu’s sequence, represent revolutionary contributions to the mathematical world. His best-known work is Mulatu’s sequence, in which each new number is the sum of the two preceding numbers. When various operations and manipulations are performed on the numbers in this sequence, beautiful and incredible patterns begin to emerge. This study aimed to identify novel characterizations of Mulatu’s numbers. Methods This study employed a multi-faceted approach to investigate characterizations of Mulatu’s numbers. Mathematical proof techniques such as principle of mathematical induction, proof by contradiction and direct proof were utilized to substantiate findings. GNU Octave (version 9, (1)) software was applied to verify the existence, classify, and conduct computational investigations of findings prior to formal proofs. Results In this study, we provided several characterizations of Mulatu’s numbers. We also investigated the properties and patterns of these fascinating numbers. Moreover, we have also shown that, similar to Fibonacci’s numbers, Mulatu’s numbers also give the so-called golden ratio, which is most applicable in numerical optimization. Furthermore, we formulated a relation among Mulatu’s numbers, Fibonacci numbers, and Lucas numbers. Finally, we provided a generating function for the Mulatu numbers. Conclusions In this study, we uncovered novel characterizations of Mulatu’s numbers and introduced a generating function for them. We investigated relationship between Mulatu’s numbers and the golden ratio. The results discussed offer valuable insights and enhance our understanding of their properties. Furthermore, these findings play a vital role in the boarder context of mathematical sequences, contributing significantly to the field.

Exploring Wettability: A Key to Optimizing Liquid-Solid Triboelectric Nanogenerators.

Nowadays, the liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerator (L-S TENG) has gained much attention among researchers because of its ability to be a part of self-powering technology by harvesting ultra-low-frequency vibration in the environment. The L-S TENG works with the principle of contact electrification (CE) and electrostatic induction, in which CE takes place between the solid and liquid. The exact mechanism behind the CE at the L-S interface is still a debatable topic because many physical parameters of both solid and liquid triboelectric layers contribute to this process. In the L-S TENG device, water or solvents are commonly used as liquid triboelectric layers, for which their wettability over the solid triboelectric layer plays a significant role. Hence, this review is extensively focused on the influence of the wettability of solid surfaces on the CE and the corresponding impact on the output performance of L-S TENGs. The present review starts with introducing the L-S TENG, a mechanism that contributes to CE at the L-S interface, the significance of hydrophobic materials/surfaces in TENG devices, and their fabrication methods. Further, the impact of the contact angle over the electron/ion transfer over various surfaces has been extensively analyzed. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of the fabrication and utilization of superhydrophobic surfaces in the context of L-S TENGs have been included. This review serves as a foundation for future research aimed at optimizing the L-S TENG performance and inspiring new approaches in material design and multifunctional energy-harvesting systems.

Timings of Dance Techniques as a Separate Lexical Component of Papping

The purpose of the work is to identify, analyse, and structure one of the understudied lexical components of papping and illusory styles. Research methodology. In the process of research, the principle of induction was used, as well as the following methods: analysis and synthesis – in the process of working with information sources; comparison – to identify identical facts and patterns; formalisation – for recording the detected timings in a single format. Scientific novelty. For the first time, in the process of analysing the dance vocabulary of popping and other illusory styles, their little-studied lexical component – timings – was revealed. A clear definition of this term is given, that is, the main characteristics of this component. Most of the used (basic) timings are identified and described, and their graphic record is also given. Conclusions. The analysis of the dance vocabulary of popping and other illusory styles made it possible to highlight their little-studied lexical component – timings. A clear meaning was also given to the term "timing", which is rhythmic after the use of dance technique (muscle control), which the dancer can impose on their own dance (dance movements, position). Research into this lexical constituent process has identified several "baseline" timings for popping and illusory styles. They are based on two basic dance techniques – pap and dime stop. Some of them correspond to individual dance movements or a specific illusory style. For a simple analysis and understanding of the timings, the article used a graphic model of their recording, which allows you to visually display the timings in accordance with the musical score. Thus, timings can be used as a separate lexical component of papping and its adjacent styles with their own characteristics and specificity. This component is closely related to music and, for the most part, a conflict for the dancer to diversify their performance by adding to its various rhythms.

Characterization of Abrasive Grain Signal of Oil Detection Sensor Based on LC Resonance Wireless Transmission

Friction in marine engineering machinery produces abrasive particles containing valuable information. By employing oil detection technology, we can analyze these particles to monitor and diagnose mechanical system faults. This paper introduces an inductive oil detection sensor and wireless signal transmission circuit. The sensor utilizes two opposing solenoid coils of the same specifications, with the detection coil connected to a chip capacitor to form an LC resonant unit. The designed wireless transmission circuit wirelessly transmits a sensing signal from a detection coil to a receiving coil to detect metal particles in oil. This paper deduces the sensor’s inductance principle and simulates the magnetic field distribution using finite element simulation software. Through experiments, the optimal excitation frequency, coil spacing, and oil sample flow path location were determined. The sensor successfully detected 55 μm iron particles and 138 μm copper particles in a 1 mm microfluidic channel. With its simple structure, distinct signal characteristics, and high sensitivity, the sensor is suitable for detecting metal abrasive particles in hydraulic oil, providing a new approach for wireless transmission in oil detection sensors.

High-Precision Angle Measurement for Position Control in Industrial Drives Systems with Shaft Resolver

Resolver is a shaft angle sensor, which is mechanically connected to the motor shaft and operates according to the induction principle. A high frequency sinusoidal signal is applied to its input and produces two signals in the form of sine and cosine at its output. The output signals include the angle information of the motor shaft. Using these signals, the shaft angle of the motor is determined. In the study, a sinusoidal signal at the 5 kHz frequency was applied to an input resolver as the conventional method. After, the fact that applied to two PWM signals which has a duty ratio d=0.5 at 20 kHz and 100 kHz frequency is proposed as different from the conventional method. These PWM signals are the input signals of the resolver. Thus, complex equipment will not be needed to produce the high frequency sinusoidal signal. With only a simple amplifier circuit, a high frequency input signal will be produced. More sensitive angle information will be obtained with high frequency stimulation. A simulation study of conventional and proposed methods has been performed in MATLAB/Simscape environment. As a result of the simulation study, the information on the motor angle obtained from both methods was compared by using figures and details. By increasing the applied PWM signal from 20 kHz to 100 kHz, measurement errors related to shaft angle change were minimized and more precise position information was obtained.

Theories of Frege structure equivalent to Feferman's system [formula omitted]

Feferman [9] defines an impredicative system T0 of explicit mathematics, which is proof-theoretically equivalent to the subsystem ▪ of second-order arithmetic. In this paper, we propose several systems of Frege structure with the same proof-theoretic strength as T0. To be precise, we first consider the Kripke–Feferman theory, which is one of the most famous truth theories, and we extend it by two kinds of induction principles inspired by [22]. In addition, we give similar results for the system based on Aczel's original Frege structure [1]. Finally, we equip Cantini's supervaluation-style theory with the notion of universes, the strength of which was an open problem in [24].

Analysis of Cashback in the LBM Lirboyo Decision from the Perspective of As Syatibi’s Inductive Theory

The Bahtsul Masail Institute (LBM) of the Lirboyo pesantren is a forum for santri to explore and solve problems in society, one of which is in terms of muamalah. Lately, the issue of cashback as a marketing strategy has caused public unrest, this needs attention and sharpness of legal analysis. This study aims to analyze the results of bahtsul masail regarding cashback at LBM Lirboyo Islamic boarding school. This research method is library research with the main data of LBM results with the approach of As Syatibi's inductive theory. As Syatibi talks about the epistemology of Islamic law which builds the entire theory of ushul fiqh on inductive principles. As Syatibi starts with the basic premise that the principles of legal theory and legal sources derived from God's authority as the basis of the epistemology of legal sources, then there must be a level of probability of these principles and sources that adjusts the dynamics of the law, thus making Islamic law has the value of flexibility. The results of this study indicate that the Lirboyo LBM according to As Syatibi; a) Provides cashback services to attract customers, b) The occurrence of aqad bai' mausuf fi dzimmah in online buying and selling transactions, c) Obtaining coins as a gift that has been given from the store in the shopee marketplace.

(105) EXPANDING THE UNDERSTANDING OF ORGASM: VALIDATION OF PENILE AND NON-PENILE INDUCTION

Abstract Introduction There is no singular and widely agreed-upon definition of an orgasm. Descriptions of orgasms for people assigned male at birth (AMAB) are limited in number and comprehensiveness surrounding the different types of orgasm. The classical definition consists of a penile-induced orgasm whereas a prostate-induced orgasm is rarely represented in the peer-reviewed medical literature despite patient experiences to the contrary. This discrepancy in a shared definition of orgasm type disproportionately affects our understanding of mechanism, natural history, pathology, iatrogenic outcomes related to orgasms arising outside the classical definition. Specifically, patients AMAB currently lack widely accepted medical terminology to describe their sexual function or dysfunction related to non-penile induced orgasm. Objective To perform a qualitative study of the real-world experience of orgasm in patients AMAB using data from a publicly-available anonymous online forum. Methods Reddit web posts under 10 subreddits were searched and data extracted by RedditExtractorR, an R package using Reddit’s API (application programming interface). Posts and comment threads were analyzed using inductive reasoning principles by two reviewers. The top two subreddits r/AskGayMen and r/ProstatePlay were manually reviewed to generate open codes related to orgasm experience. Following joint review, axial codes were then created to consolidate similar codes into subcategories. Open and axial codes were updated until no further codes or themes were found and thematic saturation had been reached. Selective codes were then used to unify the axial codes into themes, one of which related to orgasm type. Fig. 1 shows the axial and selective code frequency. The qualitative analysis program QualCoder (Version 3.5) was used to apply codes to the entire dataset and descriptive analysis of the extracted counts was done using R. Comments were analyzed to calculate the frequency of each code. Upvotes or downvotes of a comment were included in the analysis. Results The top subreddit r/AskGayMen was fully analyzed. The posts covered from 6/30/2015 to 3/3/2024. Analysis included a total of 16 209 comments from 4196 different individuals/usernames. The theme of orgasm type was mentioned 674 times. The most frequently mentioned orgasm types were penile (46.7%), prostate (38%), anal (13.1%), and non-genital orgasm (2.2%). Outside of orgasm type, the most frequently mentioned themes were relationships and partners (51.6%) and health and healthcare (16.2%). The most frequently mentioned topics within these were sexual orientation (64.1%) and society dynamics (17%). Frequently mentioned terms included partners (1284), details of foreplay (130), sex toys (2275), doctors or physicians (470)]. Conclusions Without shared language to describe different types of orgasm, our ability to study sexual function is limited as is our ability to communicate accurately and effectively with patients. This study is the first to propose broadening the medical classification of orgasm to validate lived experience of individuals AMAB as recorded on an online forum. We found that there were 4 distinct classifications of orgasm induction including penile, prostate, anal and non-genital orgasm. Common themes surrounding orgasm experience also included discussion of partnered intercourse and healthcare. Our findings highlight the ongoing need to include real-world patient experience in the study of sexual medicine. Disclosure No.