Induced Diabetic Rats Research Articles

Hepato-Protective Activities of Ethanol Extracts of African Eggplant and Bitter Leaf in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder, which affect all system of the body including the liver. This study focused on the effect of the ethanol extract of African eggplant and bitter leaf and their combination on the liver structure, antioxidant enzymes activities and biochemical parameters in the liver of alloxan induced diabetic rats. Twenty-five male wistar rats were grouped into normal control group A, diabetic control group B, 100 mg/kg African eggplant extract treated group C, 100 mg/kg bitter leaf extract treated group D and combination of 100 mg/kg of African eggplant and 100 mg/kg bitter leaf treated group E. The results study showed that group E rats showed significant reduction in the activity of AST, ALP and AST. In the antioxidant enzyme activity, the administered extracts increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting the cells from oxidative stress. The micro- histo-architecture of the liver showed improvement and regenerative changes across the treated groups. The study reveal that combination of the ethanol leaf extract of bitter leaf and African eggplant can manage liver malfunction caused by diabetes.

The Potential Hepatoprotective Effect of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. Fruit Extract in Diabetic Rat.

Vaccinium arctostaphylos has traditionally been employed in Iranian folk medicine to treat diabetes. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its antidiabetic properties remain incompletely understood. The current experiment intended to explore the modulatory effects of V. arctostaphylos fruit ethanolic extract (VAE) on biochemical and molecular events in the livers of diabetic rats. In this experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: normal control, normal rats with VAE treatment, diabetic control, and diabetic rats with VAE treatment. Following 42 days of treatment, the impact of VAE on diabetes-induced rats was assessed by measuring various serum biochemical parameters, including insulin, free fatty acids (FFA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and adiponectin levels. The activities of hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and glycogen content were determined. Additionally, expression levels of selected genes implicated in carbohydrate/lipid metabolism and miR-27b expression were evaluated. H and E-stained liver sections were prepared for light microscopy examination. Treatment with VAE elevated levels of insulin and adiponectin that reduced levels of FFA, ROS, and TNF-α in the serum of diabetic rats. VAE-treated rats exhibited increased activities of hepatic glucokinase (GK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glycogen concentrations, in conjunction with decreased activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase). Furthermore, VAE significantly upregulated the transcription levels of hepatic insulin receptor substrate 1 (Irs1) and glucose transporter 2 (Glut2), while considerably downregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (Srebp1c). VAE remarkably enhanced the expression of miR27-b in the hepatic tissues of diabetic rats. Abnormal histological signs were dramatically normalized in diabetic rats receiving VAE compared to those in the diabetic control group. Our findings underscore the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of V. arctostaphylos and assist in better comprehension of its antidiabetic properties.

Anti-Diabetic Effects of Pomegranate Peel Extract and L-Carnitine on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes In Rats

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a far reaching ongoing metabolic problem portrayed by hyperglycemia and related with a few intricacies like hyperlipidemia. The current study aimed to study the anti-diabetic efficacy of pomegranate peel extract and L-carnitine on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. A total of 70 male rats were divided into 7 groups (normal rats treated with the pomegranate peel extract and L-carnitine; rats given a high-fat diet to cause hyperlipidemia, this rats given low-dose intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections to cause type II diabetes; diabetic rats given PPE and L-carnitine orally every day for 12 weeks. Measurements of body mass, blood sugar, lipid profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were made.Results: The treatment group that received PPE + L-carnitine showed a significant decrease in weight, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein were significantly reduced, while high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly increased. Superoxide dismutase levels were increased, catalase and Nuclear Factor Erythroid-derived 2 (Nfe2) in diabetic rats treated with PPE and L-carnitine, while Malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly. According to the results of the study, PPE and L-carnitine had significant anti-hyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant benefits after 12 weeks of treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Biochemical Profiles of Different Approaches Applied to Induction of Diabetes in Rats

Biochemical Profiles of Different Approaches Applied to Induction of Diabetes in Rats

Metformin HCl-loaded transethosomal gel; development, characterization, and antidiabetic potential evaluation in the diabetes-induced rat model

Herein we designed, optimized, and characterized the Metformin Hydrochloride Transethosomes (MTF-TES) and incorporate them into Chitosan gel to develop Metformin Hydrochloride loaded Transethosomal gel (MTF-TES gel) that provides a sustained release, improved transdermal flux and improved antidiabetic response of MTF. Design Expert® software (Ver. 12, Stat-Ease, USA) was applied for the statistical optimization of MTF-TES. The formulation with Mean Particle Size Distribution (MPSD) of 165.4 ± 2.3 nm, Zeta Potential (ZP) of −21.2 ± 1.9 mV, Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.169 ± 0.033, and MTF percent Entrapment Efficiency (%EE) of 89.76 ± 4.12 was considered to be optimized. To check the chemical incompatibility among the MTF and other formulation components, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed and demonstrated with no chemical interaction. Surface morphology, uniformity, and segregation were evaluated through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). It was revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical and round in form with intact borders. The fabricated MTF-TES has shown sustained release followed by a more pronounced effect in MTF-TES gel as compared to the plain MTF solution (MTFS) at a pH of 7.4. The MTF-TES has shown enhanced permeation followed by MTF-TES gel as compared to the MTFS at a pH of 7.4. In vivo antidiabetic assay was performed and results have shown improved antidiabetic potential of the MTF-TES gel, in contrast to MTF-gel. Conclusively, MTF-TES is a promising anti-diabetic candidate for transdermal drug delivery that can provide sustained MTF release and enhanced antidiabetic effect.

NOVEL SELF-MICROEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR ENHANCED DIABETES MANAGEMENT: EVALUATING THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF GLIMEPIRIDE AND BOSWELLIA SERRATA EXTRACT

This study aimed to create and assess a novel self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for treating diabetes mellitus that contains glimepiride and Boswellia serrata extract. In the creation of SMEDDS formulations, Transcutol-P was employed as the base oil, while the surfactants Tween 80 and propylene glycol/polyethylene glycol 400 served as the co-surfactants. To improve the formulation, pseudoternary phase diagrams were created. While the SMEDDS of B. serrata extract showed a mean droplet size of 27.63 nm, 98.3% transmittance, a zeta potential of -0.11 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.287, the glimepiride-optimized SMEDDS showed a mean droplet size of 14.8 nm, 98.5% transmittance, a zeta potential of -0.10 mV. In-vivo evaluation on diabetes-induced rats demonstrated significant reductions in SGOT and SGPT levels with the glimepiride and B. serrata extract SMEDDS compared to diabetic control rats and the marketed glimepiride formulation. The formulation showed promising results in controlling serum total protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels. The glimepiride and B. serrata extract SMEDDS also exhibited antioxidant activity, reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) absorbance. Histopathological assessment of kidney and pancreas tissues revealed the protective effects of the concomitant administration of glimepiride and B. serrata extract SMEDDS formulation against diabetes-induced damage. Overall, the developed SMEDDS formulation kit showed superior in-vitro and in-vivo performance, suggesting its potential as an effective therapeutic option for managing diabetes mellitus.

Overexpression of SENP3 promotes PPAR-γ transcription through the increase of HIF-1α stability via SUMO2/3 and participates in molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis

Patients with type II diabetes are exposed to a high risk of osteoporosis. The present study sought to exploit the detailed mechanisms of the SENP3/HIF-1α/PPAR-γ axis in osteoporosis. A rat model of type II diabetic osteoporosis was established, followed by the isolation of bone marrow mononuclear macrophages (BMMs). Gain- and loss-of-function assays were conducted in rat models and BMMs from rat models, followed by the evaluation of SENP3, HIF-1α, and PPAR-γ expression and detection of osteoclast differentiation-related indexes. Next, the SUMOylated modification of HIF-1α and the regulation of SENP3 on SUMOylated modification level of HIF-1α were assessed using immunoprecipitation, and the binding of HIF-1α to the PPARγ promoter was identified with ChIP and dual-luciferase reporter assays. SENP3 and HIF-1α expression was down-regulated in tissues of type II diabetes-induced osteoporotic rats and BMMs, with high SUMOylated modification levels of HIF-1α. Mechanically, HIF-1α was modified by SUMO2/3. SENP3 suppressed SUMOylated modification of HIF-1α and enhanced HIF-1α stability. HIF-1α bound to the PPAR-γ promoter and facilitated PPAR-γ transcription. SENP3 overexpression restrained osteoblast differentiation in type II diabetes-induced osteoporotic rats and BMMs from rat models. SENP3 knockdown facilitated osteoclast differentiation in type II diabetes-induced osteoporotic rats and BMMs from rat models, which was neutralized by further HIF-1α overexpression. To sum up, SENP3 overexpression restrained osteoclast differentiation in type II diabetic osteoporosis by increasing HIF-1α stability and expression and thus promoting PPAR-γ expression via de-SUMOylation, which might expand the understanding of the mechanisms of type II diabetes combined with osteoporosis.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Hydroethanolic Seeds Extract of Peganum Harmala in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes in Albino Rats

Using streptozotocin to artificially induce diabetes in rats, this study aimed to assess the potential effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Peganum harmala on blood sugar levels. For this experiment, five groups of male Wistar albino rats (weighing 200-230 g each) were randomly allocated. Oral administration of two doses of Peganum harmala hydroalcoholic seed extract, along with normal saline, was given to diabetic and control rats. Two hundred and fifty milligrams per kilogram were administered. Blood samples were taken at the end of therapy to determine measures of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TCA), ALT, AST, bilirubin, and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C). Compared to normal rats, STZ-induced diabetic rats had substantially different levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, MDA, TAC, ALT, AST, GGT, bilirubin, and HbA1C. Rats with diabetes showed a considerable improvement in lipid profile, glucose, bilirubin, AST, GGT, and TAC levels after receiving the extract, but a marked decline in glucose, MDA, ALT, and HbA1C. According to the results of this investigation, hydroalcoholic seed extract of Peganum harmala possesses antidiabetic activity and might be useful in treating diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have demonstrated that P. harmala and its active alkaloids, especially harmine and harmaline, have a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic actions. Chemical analyses have shown that harmalol, harmaline, and harmine are the principal components of this plant. These are beta-carboline alkaloids. There has been a disproportionate amount of focus on harmine among these naturally occurring alkaloids.

Diabetic rats: Hyperlipidemia and role of mango seed

<b>Background:</b> Diabetes is a hyperglycemic disease caused by a lack of action of insulin, but serum lipids are also strongly affected by insulin. Serum lipid abnormalities (dyslipidemia) are frequently observed in diabetic populations regardless of insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Hypertriglyceridemia is the greatest common serum lipid abnormality in diabetic populations. To study the effect of mango seeds on dyslipidemia in diabetes-induced rats. There was a noticeable difference in the body weight (BW) of male and female diabetic rats.<br /> <b>Materials and methods:</b> To investigate effect on BW and the antihyperlipidemic actions of ethanolic extract of mango seed (EEMS) on alloxan-mediated diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. Antihyperlipidemic in addition antidiabetic properties of an EEMS was planned at 100 and 200 mg/kg BW. The antidiabetic effect of EEMS been matched with tolbutamide 500 mg/kg BW. The lipid levels and BW of male and female rats were examined at consistent periods throughout the research.<br /> <b>Results:</b> The outcomes displayed that the dyslipidemia was considerably decreased in the different treatment groups, while matched with control, the animals cured with tolbutamide and EEMS control.<br /> <b>Conclusion:</b> EEMS exhibited a noteworthy antihyperlipidemic actions in addition with marked difference on BW of both male and female in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Effect of Lentil, Chickpeas and Okara with probiotic bacteria on the health status of diabetic induced rats

Effect of Lentil, Chickpeas and Okara with probiotic bacteria on the health status of diabetic induced rats

Investigation of Nootropic and Neuroprotective Activity of Myristica malabarica Bark Extracts on STZ induced Cognitive Impairment in Experimental Animals

The present study aims to assess the Myristica malabarica Bark (MM) extracts in the diabetes-induced cognitive impaired rat model for its nootropic and neuroprotective activity. Memory enhancing activity was evaluated by Y maze and Morris water maze test, respectively. Neuroprotective effects of MM bark extracts were assessed by measuring the acetylcholinesterase, lipid peroxide, superoxide dismutase (SOD), total nitric oxide (NO), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the brain of diabetic rats. The Myristica malabarica bark methyl alcohol extract (MMMA) (100 and 200 mg/kg) was observed to affect a significant improvement in spontaneous alteration (P<0.01, P<0.001) and transfer latency (P< 0.01 P<0.001) in retention trials on Y maze and Morris water maze test respectively. However, a significant reduction in acetylcholinesterase activity (P<0.001), lipid peroxide (P<0.001), total NO (P< 0.001) and a substantial increase in SOD, CAT and GSH (P<0.001) levels was observed in animals treated with MMMA (200 mg/kg) related to the diabetic control group. The current results indicate that Myristica malabarica extracts were defending the cognitive decline in diabetes condition and which requires some additional studies to clarify its mode of action.

1807-PUB: Monocarbonyl Curcumin Analogs C66 and B2BrBC Improve Redox Status in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound with recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, low water solubility, poor bioavailability, and rapid metabolism in vivo make its use challenging. To overcome these drawbacks, numerous curcumin analogs have been developed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of two experimental curcumin monocarbonyl analogs [(2E,6E)-2,6-bis[(2-trifluoromethyl)benzylidene]cyclohexanone (C66)] and (2E,6E)-2,6-bis(2-bromobenzylidene)cyclohexanone) (B2BrBC)] on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rat model. The study involved a total of 53 male Wistar rats divided into two experiments in order to assess their therapeutic and preventive effects: STZ injection (60 mg/kg) followed by C66 or B2BrBC treatment (both 50 µmol/kg) daily for 30 days before the sacrifice (Experiment 1), and a single dose of C66 or B2BrBC treatment (both 125 µmol/kg) 6 hours before STZ injection, and sacrifice after 72 hours (Experiment 2). Plasma, liver, and kidney samples were obtained and used to measure the oxidative stress biomarkers [malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP)] and the activity of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)]. The results demonstrated that both curcumin analogs displayed protective and restorative effects and counteracted the effect of STZ on the tested redox biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes, most prominently after 30 days post-treatment (Experiment 1). We conclude that the beneficial effects of C66 and B2BrBC in the STZ diabetes model provide a basis for further studies involving C66 and B2BrBC and other curcumin analogs in diabetes. Disclosure R.Stojchevski: None. M.Angelovski: None. S.Velichkovikj: None. N.Hadzi-petrushev: None. J.B.Bogdanov: None. M.Mladenov: None. L.Poretsky: None. D.Avtanski: None. Funding Gerald and Dorothy Friedman New York Foundation for Medical Research

Evaluation of Glycemic Index, Hypolipidemic and Hypoglycemic Activities of “osu une” on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

Background: The incidence of diabetes has been on the increase due to increase in sedentary lifestyle together with increase in life expectancy. “Osu une” is a native meal in Anambra State, Nigeria used in the management of diabetics. There is no scientific based study/data to ascertain the effect on blood glucose level.
 Objective: The study investigated the glycemic index, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activities of “osu une” on Alloxan induced rats.
 Methods: The “osu une” was prepared, dried and blended. Twenty adult male Albino rats were grouped into four of five rats each based on their body weight. Alloxan at a dose of 42mg/kg was induced intravenously through tails of group 2-4 rats. Blood samples were collected from the ocular vein and analyzed for blood glucose and lipid profile on day 7, 14 and 28 using standard method. Ten healthy subjects aged between 24 -40 participated in this study. They were fed with the standard food (50 g glucose) on day one and the test foods on day two, after an overnight fast. Blood samples were taken at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after the food had been eaten.
 Results: The result showed that rats that received ‘osu une’ extract showed an increase in body weight from 130.70mg/kg to 146.20mg/kg, while rats that received glucophage tablets also showed an increase in body weight from 126.01mg/kg to 158.81mg/kg after inducing diabetes. The rats fed ‘osu une’ extract had a decrease in fasting blood glucose level, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDLc) and increase in High Density Lipoprotein (HDLc). The test diet had a low glycemic index of 9.59.
 Conclusion: The study shows that “osu une” can play a key role in the management of Diabetes Mellitus.

In vivo Performance of a Hydrogel of Tribulus terrestris in Alloxan induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract: Background: Diabetes is one of the most important factors in chronic injuries. The gold standard for treating diabetic foot ulcers includes debridement of wounds, management of all infections, revascularization when indicated, and non-loading of ulcers. Traditionally, the aerial parts of Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) are used in the folklore for the treatment of various kinds of wounds. Materials and Methods: Based on the evaluation of phytochemicals, a hydrogel of the hydroalcoholic and the aqueous of T. terrestris were prepared in this study. It was subjected to evaluation of the different parameters. The hydrogel of hydroalcoholic extract and aqueous extract was brown in color, uniform and non-irritant. It was further evaluated for pH, spreadability and viscosity. Furthermore, the in vivo performance of the hydrogel was evaluated in alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic rats. Results: In excision wound model and incision wound model topical application of 5% hydroalcoholic extract hydrogel in diabetic Wistar albino rat showed remarkable repair effects. It significantly (***p<0.001) enhanced the rate of % wound contraction. It also exhibited significant (***p<0.001) content of hydroxyproline and extremely high tensile strength (***p<0.001) as compared to the diabetic control group. It may be due to enhanced collagen synthesis. The histopathological examination of 5% hydroalcoholic extract hydrogel of T. terrestris L. treated rats showed skin architecture which was comparable to the normal group. The diabetes-induced group rats’ wounds failed to heal even 25 days post the infliction of the wounds. Our model precisely reproduced the pathophysiology of diabetic ulcers and can serve as a valid alternative model for diabetic foot ulcer and to explore new therapies. Conclusion: The results strongly support that the hydrogel of the hydroalcoholic extract of T. terrestris seems to be a novel and promising biomaterial used for wound healing applications. Keywords: Diabetes, Tribulus terrestris, Wound healing, Alloxan, Hydroxyproline, Hydrogel.

Linagliptin in Combination with Emblica officinalis Gaertn Improves Glycemic Control through Alleviating Dyslipidemia and Oxidative Stress on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Objectives: Diabetes is a complex chronic metabolic disorder. Today, many diabetes patients are known to supplement their standard therapies with herbal medications that have antidiabetic characteristics. The purpose of the study was to examine the fixed dose combination of linagliptin and Emblica officinalis Gaertn (aq FE) for its hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant properties.&#x0D; Methods: Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg b.w.) was administered intraperitoneally to Wister albino rats to cause diabetes. Linagliptin (5 mg/ 70kg b.w), aqueous fruit extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (200 mg/kg b.w.) and fixed dose combination therapy of linagliptin (2.5 mg /70kg b.w) with aqueous fruit extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (100 mg/kg b.w) were administered orally once daily for four weeks. After that fasting blood glucose level (FBG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were measured in serum with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Typical procedures were used to measure the antioxidant activity by the estimation of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.&#x0D; Results: The combination therapy significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the FBG, TC, TG, LDL level in compared to the diabetic control group (p&lt;0.05). Significant (p&lt;0.05) increased of HDL was also observed. The antioxidant activity significantly increased after the administration of fixed dose combination therapy in compared to diabetic control group. These alterations were vastly superior to those of linagliptin with Emblica officinalis Gaertn (aqFE) monotherapy.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study suggests that the fixed dose combination therapy of linagliptin and Emblica officinalis Gaertn (aq FE) might be potent on antihyperglycemic antidyslipidemic and antioxidative effect.

The role of lutein-rich purple sweet potato leaf extract on the amelioration of diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced Sprague-Dawley rats.

The objective of this study is to access the effect of purple sweet potato leaf (PSPL) extract on diabetic retinopathy (DR) of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In this study, rats were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 60mg/kg STZ, and diabetes was confirmed on day 7. Rats were further divided into a few groups, which were then orally administered with one of the following treatments: 25mg/kg of gliclazide (D25G), 200mg/kg of PSPL extract (DT 200), and 400mg/kg of PSPL extract (DT 400). However, the normal control (NS) and control group for diabetic (DNS) were given normal saline (NS) for 12weeks. The results show that the treated group demonstrated a reduction in serum oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) levels of DT 200 and DT 400, and an increase in the serum and retinal insulin levels, and restored oxidative stress markers in serum and retina on week 12. The PSPL extract exhibited protective effects in maintaining the kidney, liver, retina, and pancreas architecture in 400mg/kg compared to the 200mg/kg treated group and D25G, thereby restoring fully transparent lenses in diabetes-induced rats. In conclusion, 400mg/kg PSPL is the most effective dose for the amelioration of STZ-induced DR pathology in male SD rats.

Comparative Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Clematis Gouriana and Their SMEDDS Formulation in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Comparative Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Clematis Gouriana and Their SMEDDS Formulation in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Effect of β-Caryophyllene on oxidative stress, glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle of high fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rats.

Skeletal muscle is where the majority of insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose elimination takes place under normal circumstances. A significant risk factor for metabolic diseases is high dietary fat consumption, which also increases stored fat mass. Natural solutions with anti-diabetic effectiveness and fewer side effects are becoming more popular as a result of the conventional pharmacological treatments' numerous negative side effects and high rates of secondary failure. Cannabis and a variety of culinary herbs and spices may include the naturally occurring sequiterpene β-caryophyllene. Among other things, it has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lipidemic properties. However, it is not yet known how β-caryophyllene affects the uptake and oxidation of glucose. Determining if β -caryophyllene has anti-diabetic properties in type-2 diabetes brought on by a high-fat diet was the objective of the current investigation. A sufficient dose of β-caryophyllene (200 mg/kg b.w.t., orally for 30 days) was given to type-2 diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet and given fructose as an inducer of diabetes to assess its anti-diabetic activity. The treatment of diabetes-induced rats with β -Caryophyllene restored the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin as well as the lipid parameters, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes. Our findings show that β-caryophyllene improves glycemia control by enhancing glucose absorption and oxidation in the skeletal muscle of type-2 diabetic rats. From the present findings, it is evident that β -caryophyllene can be used as an anti-diabetic drug.

Effects of Grape Seeds Oil on the Antioxidants of Alloxan Induced Diabetes in Rats

This study was examined the effect of grape seed oil on glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin and peroxynitrite radical in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic albino rat males (100 mg/kg body weight). Twenty four rats (12-14) weeks age were selected and randomly divided into four groups each with six replicates,These are: The normal control group, Diabetic group, Diabetic group and treated with grape seed oil and a healthy group receiving grape seed oil. The results of study showed that in the experimentally induced diabetes mellitus rats, oxidative stress caused a significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in malondialdehyde and peroxynitrite radical levels compared with normal control group,while it caused a significantly decrease of glutathione and ceruloplasmin concentrations compared with the normal control. The treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats by grape seed oil administration revealed significant decrease in malondialdehyde and peroxynitrite radical levels in comparison with the diabetic control group, while the treatment with grape seed oil caused a significant increase in glutathione and ceruloplasmin. Treating the normal albino rats by grape seed oil showed significant increase (P&lt;0.05) of glutathione and ceruloplasmin concentration and significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) of malondialdehyde and peroxynitrite radical concentration compared with the normal control group. This study conclude that grape seed oil play an important role in treating diabetes mellitus complications and removal of the free radicals and elevating antioxidant levels.

Comparative effects of curcumin versus nano-curcumin on histological, immunohistochemical expression, histomorphometric, and biochemical changes to pancreatic beta cells and lipid profile of streptozocin induced diabetes in male Sprague–Dawley rats

Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide problem characterized by hyperglycemia as well as the damage of the microscopic structure of the beta cells of Langerhans pancreatic islets. In the present study, the histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric, and biochemical alterations to pancreatic beta cells in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were assessed in rats treated with curcumin (CU) (100 mg/kg/day) or nano-curcumin (nCU) (100 mg/kg/day) for 1 month. Twenty-four adult male Wistar albino rats were distributed into four groups: the nondiabetic control group, the diabetic untreated group, and two diabetic groups treated with CU or nCUR, respectively. Blood glucose, serum insulin levels, and lipid profile were measured. The pancreatic tissues were collected and processed into paraffin sections for histological and immunohistochemical examination, oxidative stress markers, and real-time PCR expression for pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1). The insulin expression in beta cells was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Morphometrically, the percentage area of anti-insulin antibody reaction and the percentage area of islet cells were determined. STZ-induced deteriorating alteration in beta cells led to declines in the number of functioning beta cells and insulin immunoreactivity. In STZ-treated rats, CU and nCUR significantly reduced blood glucose concentration while increasing blood insulin level. It also caused a significant increase in the number of immunoreactive beta cells to the insulin expression and significant reduction of the immunoreactive beta cells to the caspase-3 expression. In conclusion, CU and nCUR could have a therapeutic role in the biochemical and microscopic changes in pancreatic beta cells in diabetes-induced rats through STZ administration with more bio-efficacy of nCUR.