Indonesian Trade Research Articles

Macroeconomic Analysis Of Trade Balance In 2013 – 2022

This rapid economic change causes the currency exchange rate to fall and the price of basic necessities to increase. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method is used to assess the trade balance due to the economic crisis, and the export growth of Indonesia's export destination countries will weaken as a result of the crisis. The domestic purchasing power of Indonesia's export destination countries has also declined as a result of the crisis. Secondary data published by BPS for the period 2013–2022 were used in this study. The data was processed using the SPSS V.27 program, which shows that Indonesia's trade balance cannot be separated from exchange rates, inflation, and interest rates, so that all three variables have an impact on the trade balance simultaneously. The estimation of the trade balance model in Indonesia shows that each independent variable—exchange rate, inflation, and interest rate—has a partial effect on the country's trade balance. The greatest influence of this variable was 57.22% on the country's trade balance, and other variables that were not discussed in the study.

Optimization of Consumer Protection and Increase of Virtual Currency Trading in Indonesia: A Study on Financial Services Authority Regulation

This study aims to normatively analyze OJK Regulation Number 3 of 2024, focusing on consumer protection in the context of the increasing trade in virtual currency in Indonesia. This study uses a normative legal research method. The collected legal material is then qualitatively analyzed to describe the problem and answer the study objectives. The results show that OJK Regulation Number 3 of 2024 is crucial in optimizing consumer protection and increasing virtual currency trading in Indonesia. Through the general provisions in OJK Regulation Number 3 of 2024, which cover consumer protection and the sandbox mechanism, the regulation supports responsible testing and development of FinTech innovations. The practical implementation of OJK Regulation Number 3 of 2024, emphasizing personal data protection and transparency, adds a layer of consumer protection. Overall, OJK Regulation Number 3 of 2024 creates an environment conducive to safe and regulated virtual currency trading, enhancing investor and consumer confidence in the Indonesian FinTech ecosystem. Therefore, it is recommended that the government and OJK, FinTech innovators and virtual currency traders, as well as consumers and investors, take strategic steps to enhance consumer protection and optimize virtual currency trading in Indonesia. The Government and OJK need to ensure the effective implementation of OJK Regulation Number 3 of 2024 through widespread socialization, strict supervision, and firm law enforcement against violations. FinTech innovators and virtual currency traders should develop robust risk management systems, enhance operational transparency, and ensure compliance with personal data protection provisions. Consumers and investors are advised to improve their digital financial literacy, critically assess investment risks, and interact only with platforms and service providers that have been verified and comply with OJK regulations. The collaboration between regulators, the industry, and the community will create a safer, more transparent, and sustainable virtual currency trading ecosystem, supporting the growth of the FinTech sector in Indonesia while minimizing potential risks for consumers and investors.

Threats and Legal Protection of Personal Data Combined in E-Commerce Transactions Based on Personal Data Protection Law in Indonesia

The dynamics of Indonesian trade are becoming more complex as time goes on, and one form of this development is digitalization. Although it has a positive impact, trade digitization also has a negative impact on different points of view, one of which is the threat in terms of combined personal data. Combined personal data is one type of personal data that is protected by the state through legal protection, so that the state guarantees people’s personal data. This scientific research uses one part of the grand method, namely Library Research which is based on literature or literature. The results of the research show that there are three forms of threats to people’s personal data combined in e-commerce transactions, especially in the use of IP Address, namely threats to geographic location tracking, unauthorized use and opening of personal data, and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. In the legal space in Indonesia, the three threats themselves do not yet have further rules related to the form and mechanism of protection and have different arrangements as a form of protection. Law Number 27 of 2023 concerning Personal Data Protection, Law Number 19 of 2016 amending Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 71 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions. Based on this research, it is necessary to provide legal rules related to the form and mechanism of protecting a person’s IP Address as one type of personal data in Indonesia.

PEMBANGUNAN HUKUM DAGANG MENUJU INDONESIA EMAS

On the development of the legal system is of course inseparable from the development of other fields, because the development of the legal system is part of the country's development. Legal development must be integrated and coordinated with the development agenda in other fields such as commercial law, which requires a continuous process. Currently, legal developments also need to pay attention to world developments. Here a clear strategy is needed so that legal developments can be harmonized with global developments without abandoning the values of the Indonesian nation. The purpose of this article is to examine the needs for the development of Indonesian commercial law and find a model of trade law reform that we want so that it can meet the needs and support the country's development. The approach taken in this paper is to standardize justice and collect secondary data sources through library research. Qualitative analysis of the collected data. Several provisions of the Criminal Code are outdated, and the related field of law is developing rapidly, which is no longer able to meet the current needs of trade law. Updating Indonesian trade law needs to be carried out immediately to meet developments, the needs of the national community and international demands. There are many modes to choose from for updating Indonesian trade law, including general codification mode, partial codification mode, statutory regulation preparation mode, open codification mode and partial regulation of Indonesian trade law. As trade law develops, it is believed that this will support Indonesia's vision of gold in the future.

Law Enforcement of Insider Trading in the Capital Market in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to analyze: 1) How law enforcement criminal acts Insider Trading in the capital market in Indonesia? 2) What is the legal protection for investors who are harmed by the practice; Insider Trading in Indonesia?. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach, concept approach, and case studies. The results showed that: 1) Law enforcement in the Indonesian capital market has not run effectively as a result of weak completeness of regulations, commitment, and coordination among law enforcement, so a new orientation and paradigm are needed that have more aggregate power in capital market management, as an effort to create an orderly and transparent capital market. Investor protection is one of the main principles of activities in the modern capital market, where economic activities carried out by investors must run under the umbrella and supervision system (market surveillance), and law enforcement that can determine the degree of market confidence, because philosophically business in the capital market itself is a trust business. 2) The form of legal protection for investors for Insider Trading actions is through UUPM, UUOJK and all laws and regulations related to Insider Trading.

Gravity Model Analysis of Indonesia's Trade Role within OIC Economies

Gravity Model Analysis of Indonesia's Trade Role within OIC Economies

WTO International Trade Dispute Settlement System and Benefits for Indonesia

International trade is one of the essential pillars of the global economy. International trade can improve people's welfare through increased productivity, diversified production, and lower prices of goods and services. In international trade, it is not uncommon for disputes to occur between business actors from different countries. This study examines the international trade dispute settlement system in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its benefits for Indonesia. This research uses normative legal research methods. The data collection technique used in this research is a literature study. The data analysis technique used in this research is qualitative analysis. The results show that the dispute settlement mechanism through the WTO is part of the WTO adjudication function as a world trade organization. The stages of dispute settlement involve consultations, panel formation, panel procedures, and ratification of panel reports, judicial review, and implementation. For Indonesia, participation in the WTO dispute settlement system brings several benefits, such as increasing legal certainty in international trade, protecting Indonesia's trade interests, and increasing the competitiveness of Indonesian products in the international market.

Impacts of trade policy on the welfare of citrus producers and consumers in Indonesia

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the factors influencing the citrus trade in Indonesia, the effects of tariff and non-tariff policies on the industry and the welfare of producers and consumers.Design/methodology/approachThe research used annual series data from 1991 to 2021 and employed inferential, simulation, and descriptive analyses. The two-stage least squares (2SLS) of 19 simultaneous equations were used to estimate parameters.FindingsThe results indicate that free trade policies and restrictions have influenced the citrus industry, leading to a reduction in Indonesian citrus imports, and increased consumer and producer prices. However, eliminating import tariff policies on citrus from China and import restrictions increased producer surplus while decreasing consumer surplus, government revenue, and total welfare. Therefore, trade policies should be combined with non-trade policies such as citrus region development policies and advancing cultivation technology.Originality/valueThis study provides empirical evidence for the Indonesian government to formulate effective citrus trade and development policies. It emphasizes the importance of carefully considering the impact of trade policy on the citrus industry and the need to implement non-trade policies such as citrus zone development policies and advancing cultivation technology to benefit both producers and consumers.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-02-2023-0148

Illicit Cigarette Trade in Indonesia: Trends and Analysis from the Recent Judgments

The illicit cigarette trade has begun to receive scholarly attention globally. Empirical studies on the illicit cigarette trade are available in the context of Indonesia. However, the Indonesian judicial system lacks a focus on treating illegal practices. To fill the gap, we examine Indonesian court decisions involving the illicit cigarette trade between 2010 and 2019. We provide an overview of the enforcement of Indonesia’s Excise Law 2007 relating to offences related to the illicit cigarette trade. By using a systematic quantitative literature review, we collected data on Indonesian court decisions and found the following: (1) convictions for the practice of illicit trade in cigarettes were relatively steady, with a total number from one to six court decisions annually; (2) certain offences from Indonesia Excise Law 2007 have not been found in the convictions, suggesting their underutilisation in terms of monitoring and enforcement effort; (3) the primary motivation of illicit cigarette traders as reported through the judicial system is the economic benefit or “profit” available to the enterprise; and (4) the sentencing decisions are dominated by the application of the “cumulative principle” with fines and imprisonment applied at the same time. The finding on the average length of imprisonment for illicit cigarettes, which was around 18 months, shows that this crime has low risk compared with the punishment for illicit trade in drugs and narcotics in Indonesia.

Pengaruh Perdagangan Internasional Ekspor Migas dan Non Migas terhadap Perdagangan di Indonesia

In this research, we discuss the influence of international business or trade on Indonesia's economic growth. We use quantitative research methods and hypothesis testing to evaluate the relationship between international trade and economic growth in Indonesia. The results of this research show that international trade has a positive influence on Indonesia's economic growth, which can be seen from the increase in the value of exports and foreign exchange remittances. Apart from that, we also find that Indonesia's international trade has changed since the 1980s, where Indonesian exports began to be dominated by oil and gas commodities, which reached their lowest point in the 1980s. These export commodities include manufactured oil products, crude oil from mining, LPG gas and other manufactured gas, as well as natural gas from mining. Apart from using oil and gas commodities, non-oil and gas exports are also the main focus of Indonesian government policy to increase state income and create jobs.

IMPACT OF EXPORTS AND TRADE TAXES ON INDONESIA'S ECONOMIC GROWTH

This research endeavors to comprehensively investigate the intricate dynamics between the export of goods and services, as well as international trade tax receipts, encompassing import and export duties, and their collective impact on the economic growth trajectory of Indonesia over the period spanning from 1985 to 2019. The study meticulously employs secondary data gleaned from reputable sources such as the World Bank and the Ministry of Finance. Utilizing the robust analytical framework of the Error Correction Model within a linear regression analysis, this research delves into the nuanced relationships and temporal aspects that underscore the interplay between these critical economic variables. The findings of this study unveil compelling insights into the long-term effects of exports, import volumes, and the revenues generated from import and export duties on the overall economic growth of Indonesia. Notably, the research establishes that, over the extended time horizon, these variables exhibit a statistically significant influence on economic growth. However, the short-term dynamics present a nuanced picture, as the study reveals that, in the immediate context, neither exports nor import and export duties manifest a discernible impact on economic growth. In conclusion, this research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the multifaceted relationships between key components of international trade and economic growth in Indonesia. The implications of these findings extend beyond the confines of this specific study, providing valuable insights for policymakers, economists, and stakeholders seeking a deeper understanding of the intricate economic landscape.

The Efficiency of the Economy in the Globalization Market: The Direction, Course, and Application of the Economic Legal System Based on Pancasila

Global trade in Indonesia does not follow the direction of Pancasila so a direction of economic law based on Pancasila is needed. This study aims to compare the market model from the perspective of capitalism, socialism, and Islam and to analyze the direction of Pancasila in the development of economic law in society 5.0 Era. The method in this study is descriptive qualitative with a statutory approach. The results of this study are that there are differences between the concept of global markets in a capitalist, socialist Pancasila, and Islamic perspective. The results of this study are a comparison between the market concept and there are differences between the global market concept in the perspective of capitalist, socialist Pancasila, and Islam. Therefore, the Pancasila market concept must be applicable in Indonesia while still paying attention to economic efficiency, and also global trade must not violate Pancasila.
 Keywords: economic law, global market, Pancasila

ANALISIS DAMPAK SHOCK PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI MITRA DAGANG UTAMA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN KETERBUKAAN PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the response of Indonesia's economic growth and Indonesia's trade openness with each trading partner to economic growth shocks in Indonesia's main trading partners. This study uses a quantitative approach with the VAR / VECM method by analyzing the impulse response between variables, using time-series data. The sample used in this study amounted to 378 annual data from 1981-2022 sourced from the World Bank and IMF. The results obtained from the response test show that there is a positive response from Indonesia's economic growth to shocks to US economic growth, and a negative response from Indonesia's trade openness with the United States. There is a positive response from Indonesia's economic growth to China's economic growth shocks, and a negative response from Indonesia's trade openness with China. There is a positive response of Indonesia's economic growth and trade openness with Japan to Japan's economic growth shocks. There is a negative response from Indonesia's economic growth and trade openness with Malaysia to shocks in Indonesia's economic growth with Malaysia.

Ethics in Free Trade in Indonesia

Perdagangan bebas memiliki dampak positif maupun negatif bagi Indonesia, dapat juga mengganggu perekonomian negara. Etika diperlukan dalam perdagangan bebas agar terjadinya pasar yang ideal, etis dan adil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana Etika dalam Perdagangan Bebas di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, yang dapat disimpulkan bahwa perdagangan bebas di Indonesia tidak hanya memberi hal positif. Namun, masih banyak mengalami ancaman dari luar sehingga berpengaruh terhadap industri lokal. Maka diperlukan etika untuk tercapainya suasana yang baik dan melalui kasus dalam penelitian ini memiliki peran pemerintah yang membangun kesejahteraan dengan memperhatikan masalah yang ada sehingga pemerintah tidak langsung lepas tangan, mereka melakukan upaya peningkatan daya saing industri dalam negeri dengan adanya pengawasan yang baik dan regulasi.

Priestley Chao Estimator in Nonparametric Multivariable Kernel Regression in Estimating The Value of Indonesia’s Balance Trade

Several researchers have speculated that the model for the Indonesian Trade Balance Value uses a parametric model, but this model has not provided accurate results in determining the actual Indonesian Trade Balance Value. The estimation used is a parametric approach which assumes the data follows a certain pattern. This can result in big mistakes. We propose a nonparametric approach using Kernel functions for data that does not follow a particular pattern and has outliers. The Kernel function used for multivariables is the Gaussian Kernel function with the Priestley-Chao estimator. Analysis of Indonesia’s Trade Balance Data for 2019-2020 using the available data on Indonesia’s Trade Balance Rate, shows that this model is able to estimate with a very small Mean Square Error (MSE) of 0.98 at optimal bandwidth value are h1 =8.72 and h2 = 0.39. Optimum bandwidth selection uses minimum Generalized Cross Validation (GCV). With this bandwidth value, it gives very good estimation results. This model can be used to predict Indonesia’s Trace Balance Accurately on data that does not have a specific pattern and there are outlier data.

Prediksi Harga Saham pada Portofolio Investor dengan Analisis Time Series Harga Saham menggunakan ANN

The Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) is a place for stock market trading in Indonesia. In general, this is represented by the Composite Stock Price Index (IHSG) value. IHSG itself is the combined value of all shares listed on the Stock Exchange. It doesn't matter whether the shares traded that day are up, down, flat (no change in value), not traded, or even suspended (prohibited from making transactions within a certain period of time). The stock data source used is the closing price of BNI, BCA and Mandiri shares for 15 years from 2008-2022 from the Indonesian Stock Exchange (via the Yahoo Finance site). Each stock data is trained and tested, to see how accurate it is using this method. The stock prices predicted by ANN are combined into a portfolio, this portfolio will show an increase or decrease. At the end of the process, the rate of change in stock prices from predicted losses to predicted profitable stock prices is calculated. The daily data accuracy of BNI, BCA and Mandiri is 97.6927%, 97.9754% and 97.6275% respectively. Weekly data accuracy is slightly smaller than daily accuracy. The accuracy of weekly data for BNI, BCA and Mandiri is 95.7673%, 97.1222% and 96.5592% respectively. Monthly data accuracy is slightly smaller than weekly accuracy. The accuracy of BNI, BCA and Mandiri monthly data is 90.4161%, 94.781% and 93.0619% respectively. If an investor focuses all his funds on buying just one share, he will get 3 times the portfolio profit from before. If the profit on BNI shares is 46.12%, then in terms of portfolio, the investor gets a profit of 46.12% x 3 = 138.36%. Compare this with the profit levels of the 3 banks, which if added up, the value becomes as follows: 46.12+54.42+56.01 = 156.55%. So there is an additional profit from the portfolio of 156.55% - 138.36% = 18.19%.

THE ANALYSIS OF RICE MASSIVE IMPORTING IN INDONESIA BASED ON MACROECONOMICS, MICROECONOMICS, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS AND POLITIC ECONOMICS

Abstract - Rice is a crucial staple food in Indonesia, and the country's decision to import 3 million tonnes of rice has significant implications for its economy, agriculture sector, and food security. This study aims to analyze the benefits and drawbacks of this massive rice importation through a comprehensive examination of macroeconomics, microeconomics, international economics, and political economics. The main objectives are to provide recommendations for managerial stakeholders and to develop a vision for rice self-sufficiency. The background problems include the potential impact on Indonesia's trade balance, foreign exchange reserves, market consumption, and the socio-economic effects on local farmers. The novelty of this study lies in the lack of adequate research on the enduring effects of extensive rice imports and the need to explore options for achieving a balance between imports and domestic production. The research methods involve a literature review and analysis of scholarly articles and journals, focusing on economic indicators, trade statistics, and agricultural production data. The findings highlight the macroeconomic and microeconomic implications of rice imports, including potential disruptions in the agricultural industry, income distribution, and market dynamics. The conclusion emphasizes the need for comprehensive policies to address the challenges of rice importation and achieve a balance between food security and economic sustainability. The implications of the research underscore the importance of strategic decision-making to harmonize the needs of customers, farmers, and the broader economy, while safeguarding overall economic stability and social welfare.
 Keywords: Export; Import; International Economics; Macroeconomics; Microeconomics; Politic Economics; Rice Self-Sufficiency

Perdagangan Barang Impor di Pulau Sebatik Kalimantan Utara Perspektif Undang-Undang 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan

No country can create and produce all the goods and services needed to meet the needs of its population. The limited natural resources each country has cause international trade activities. This research explores further international trade in Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the legality of imported goods from Tawau, Malaysia, entering Sebatik District. Apart from that, how are the trade arrangements for imported basic necessities for residents of Sebatik Island, Nunukan Regency, regarding imported basic necessities entering Sebatik Island, Nunukan Regency? This research is a normative legal study. The approach used in this research consists of a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The types and sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary materials. The results of this research show that: first, trade in imported goods for basic materials in Sebatik according to Law 7 of 2014; second, trade according to Government Regulation Number 34 of 2019; and third, trade according to the 1970 Border Trade Agreement, which outlines the privileges of border residents, namely Sebatik Island; and second, the trade in imported goods that occurs is in accordance with the laws and regulations in force in Indonesia.

Description Of 10 Example Of Export Import Commodities Development Against Foreign Exchange Reserves On Indonesia Trade Balance (Period 2018-2022)

This study aims to provide a detailed overview of Indonesia's trade balance on the export-import commodities. This research used data obtained from various sources, including the Indonesian Ministry of Trade for 5 years from 2018 to 2022. This research used secondary data and the method used to explain this research is a descriptive approach. This research provides an overview of Indonesia's trade patterns in 2018-2022, analyzing trends of exports and imports commodities. In addition, this study also examines the impact of various factors, such as trade policy on Indonesia's trade balance. The results of the study explain that the export trade balance is higher than the imports where the export trend value in 2018-2022 is 15% compared to the Import trend value of 6%. It can be concluded that Indonesia's export and import commodities trade balance in 2018-2022 can be called a surplus because the export value from 2018-2022 is greater than the import value.

Halal Certification Management in Indonesia

This study seeks to map research related to halal certification in Indonesia published by Dimensions indexed journals from 2015 to 2023. NVivo 12 Plus was used to conduct thematic studies and frequency was used to evaluate 91 publications in the scientific literature. The results found that the number of publications fluctuates from year to year related to halal certification research in Indonesia, which indicates that this topic is an interesting topic and must continue to be developed. In addition, various focuses of discussion and cluster analysis that describe research paths in halal certification research in Indonesia include Halal Certification Process in Indonesia, Halal Product and Halal Certification in Indonesia, Halal food and Halal Certification in Indonesia, International Trade and Halal Certification in Indonesia, Halal Certification System and Halal Certification in Indonesia, and Industry and Halal Certification in Indonesia.This research can be used as a starting point for experts to build a graphical visualization of halal certification research patterns in Indonesia in published scientific research