Indonesian Trade Research Articles

The Role of Carbon Trading in Climate Change Mitigation: A Juridical Analysis of Policies and Regulations in Environmental Law in Indonesia

This paper examines the role of carbon trading in climate change mitigation through a juridical analysis of Indonesia's environmental law and regulatory frameworks. Carbon trading has emerged as a critical tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but its success depends on the strength of the legal and regulatory systems supporting it. By analyzing Indonesia’s Carbon Economic Value policy, environmental laws, and international commitments such as the Paris Agreement, this study identifies key regulatory gaps, overlapping jurisdictional issues, and enforcement challenges. The findings highlight the need for stronger monitoring, reporting, and verification mechanisms, as well as clearer regulatory frameworks to ensure the effectiveness of carbon trading in Indonesia. Recommendations are made to enhance institutional capacity, align national policies with international standards, and promote private sector participation. These improvements are crucial for achieving Indonesia’s emissions reduction targets and contributing to global climate change efforts.

Indonesia’s export growth decomposition in ASEAN and ASEAN dialogue partners

Purpose ― This paper evaluates Indonesia's trade integration efforts and their impact on export competitiveness from 1989 to 2021. It examines the evolution of trade arrangements, starting with the ASEAN Preferential Trade Arrangement (APTA) and progressing to bilateral agreements.Methods ― Based on Leamer and Stern, the Constant Market Share Analysis (CMSA) measures Indonesia’s export competitiveness over the years.Findings ― The results indicate no significant improvement in competitiveness during the analysis period, with export growth primarily driven by the effect of world growth. Although competitiveness did not shift markedly over time, it remained positive overall, suggesting a buffer effect during economic crises.Implications ― The paper suggests Indonesia should pursue deeper trade integration and unilateral economic reforms. Drawing on Korea’s experience, combining export promotion policies with trade agreements could enhance market access and foster internal competitiveness.Originality ― This study provides long-term insights into Indonesia’s export competitiveness amidst global trade integration efforts and offers policy recommendations based on the success of Korea’s trade reforms.

The Influence of Consumer Behavior on Purchasing Decisions

Retail trade is a very strategic trade in Indonesia because it is able to absorb labor after the agricultural sector. There are two types of retail trade, namely traditional retail which is directly represented by small traders or grocery traders in traditional markets and in housing and modern retail which is represented by supermarkets and minimarkets such as Alfamart and Indomaret. This proves that there is quite high economic growth and creates investment, but on the other hand, this can cause lethargy for traditional kiosk traders, even killing their businesses. Yuki Mart is one of the modern shops (minimarkets) in Gunungsitoli City. This research aims to find out how much influence consumer behavior has on purchasing decisions at Yuki Mart, Gunungsitoli City. This research uses quantitative methods. Respondents were 57 consumers who shopped at Yuki Mart, Gunungsitoli City in July, where researchers collected data using a questionnaire, then carried out data validity tests, data reliability tests, classical assumption tests (normality tests), coefficient of determination, and hypothesis tests (t tests). The results of the research show that the influence of consumer behavior on purchasing decisions at Yuki Mart, Gunungsitoli City, is 16.3% and the other 83.7% is influenced by other variables not included in this research.

Depreciation and Trade Balance: An Exploration of the J-Curve Phenomenon in Indonesia

Research Originality: Global economic uncertainty has increased in recent years, leading to an appreciation of the US dollar relative to most global currencies, including the Indonesian rupiah. The novelty of this study is the inclusion of natural resource commodity price index variables, given the importance of these commodities in Indonesia's balance of trade.Research Objectives: This study aims to examine the effect of rupiah exchange rate depreciation on Indonesia's trade balance.Research Methods: This study uses a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to analyze Indonesia's balance of trade from January 2015 to December 2023, examining the potential J-Curve phenomenon resulting from the depreciation of the Indonesian rupiah.Empirical Result: Findings from the impulse response analysis suggest that the J-Curve phenomenon is present in Indonesia's balance of trade as a result of the rupiah's depreciation. The results of this study also confirm the positive effect of increasing natural resource commodity prices on Indonesia's trade balance.Implications: The implication of these findings is that exchange rate depreciation can improve Indonesia's trade balance only when natural resource commodity prices are rising. Conversely, if commodity prices decline, maintaining the stability of the rupiah exchange rate becomes crucial.JEL Classification: F11, F14, F31, Q02

PENYAKIT MULUT DAN KUKU DI INDONESIA DANKEBIJAKAN PERDAGANGAN INTERNATIONAL;APA YANG DAPAT DIPELAJARI DARI WABAH TERAKHIR?

The statement letter from the World Health Agency "Office Internationale Des Epizoties (OIE)," started in OIE Resolution Number XI in 1990, has been a new independence for Indonesia to rebuild the livestock and animal health sector. However, the outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in mid-May 2022 in Indonesia and the Central Asian country of Kazakhstan in early January 2022 proves that the importance of the role and influence of international trade, both formal and informal trade, directly or indirectly on government policies in exporting animals and its products to prevent the spread of FMD disease through commodity trading. In addition, the lack of supervision of trade in animal commodities and animal products from export and import activities will impact the emergence of other new infectious diseases that will occur in the future. Therefore, world health organizations, international trade organizations, and governments must review policies related to international trade to prevent repeated transmission and other new diseases in the future by evaluating the causes of FMD transmission in countries declared free of FMD, such as Indonesia. This paper attempts to analyze this problem through the history of FMD in Indonesia and the FMD-free zone from the perspective of international trade. This paper can provide information and contribute to the future prevention of FMD through international trade in Indonesia.

Foreign Trade Representative Strategy In Building The Image Of Indonesian Products In Australia

Trade relations between Indonesia and Australia have been around for a long time. This is proven by the commitment of the two countries to improve trade relations. However, in 2020 trade between the two countries experienced a significant decline due to the Covid-19 pandemic. As representatives of Indonesian trade in Australia, the trade attaché and the Indonesia Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) are crucial institutions in bridging trade between the two countries. So, this research aims to discuss the strategy of Indonesian trade representatives in Australia in building the image of Indonesian products. This research uses qualitative research methods and data collection with literature studies such as previous research, books, and official documents, the concept used is economic diplomacy in analyzing problems. The results of this research show that the strategy of Indonesian trade representatives in Australia was carried out in several stages, namely economic salesmanship, economic networking, image building, and regulatory management.

The J-curve of Indonesia Trade Balance With His Trading Partners: Autoregressive Distributed Lag Method

The J-curve of Indonesia Trade Balance With His Trading Partners: Autoregressive Distributed Lag Method

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the country's national economy: The Indonesian experience

Purpose: This study aims to examine the effects of inflation, exchange rates, and the Covid-19 pandemic on Indonesia's trade balance position and to develop an empirical estimation model to predict its position. Method: The data used in this research are the inflation rate, exchange rate of rupiah to the US dollar, export value, and import value of Indonesia from January 2012 to March 2021. The econometric model used in this study was a binary logistic regression model. Results: The results indicate that The regression coefficient of the inflation rate is negative at 0.3621, with an odds ratio of 0.696. This suggests that 1 percent in inflation reduces the probability of a trade balance surplus of 0.696. The regression coefficient for the exchange rate was positive at 2.18, with an odds ratio of 8.85. This means that every 2.72 rupiah increase in the exchange rate raises the probability of a trade balance surplus of 8.85 times. However, this study does not find empirical evidence that inflation, exchange rates, and pandemic of Covid-19 have no impact on the position of Indonesia's trade balance. Limitations: This study focuses on two factors believed to influence the position of trade balance in Indonesia: the inflation rate and foreign exchange rates. Contributions: This study provides insights into government policy.

Stakeholder Analysis of Indonesia's Trade the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Actor Non-ASEAN

This study examines Indonesia’s trade relations with non-ASEAN member countries under the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The RCEP, signed in 2020, presents Indonesia with significant opportunities to expand market access, particularly with key partners like China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. However, challenges persist, particularly in terms of trade imbalances and competitive pressures. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from trade flow statistics and tariff reductions with qualitative insights from interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders. The Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method was applied to assess the effectiveness of RCEP provisions. Results show that while Indonesia benefits from improved market access, significant trade deficits remain, especially with China and Australia. Stakeholders, including government agencies and private sector exporters, play pivotal roles in mitigating these challenges by addressing non-tariff barriers and enhancing trade facilitation. In conclusion, Indonesia must strategically leverage the RCEP framework to address trade imbalances and improve export competitiveness. Policy recommendations include enhancing stakeholder collaboration, improving infrastructure, and increasing awareness among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to fully utilize RCEP benefits. These efforts will ensure Indonesia remains competitive in global trade.

Interrelationships Between Carbon Tax, Carbon Trading, and Low-Carbon Technologies in Indonesia’s Journey towards A Low-Carbon Economy

Interrelationships Between Carbon Tax, Carbon Trading, and Low-Carbon Technologies in Indonesia’s Journey towards A Low-Carbon Economy

Implications Emergence Platform Tiktok Shop Against Regulations Trade in Indonesia (Analysis of Minister of Trade Regulation No.31 of 2023)

Implications Emergence Platform Tiktok Shop Against Regulations Trade in Indonesia (Analysis of Minister of Trade Regulation No.31 of 2023)

The Criminal Liability in the Context of Fertilizer Trade in Indonesia

Indonesia is an agricultural country and its agricultural sector which important in meeting food needs. On its journey, the agricultural sector in Indonesia is developing to improve the quality and production of food needs. Then, the fertilizer process has an important role in increasing the production of agricultural products, and the government needs to implement policies to subsidize the price of fertilizers for fertilizer distributors and arrange the regulations underlying the policy. If the fertilizer trade for fertilizer distributors is based on more than clear regulations, how can Indonesia's agricultural journey run. Thus, this study aims to attempt to describe the criminal liability of fertilizer trade based on court decisions at the first level up to the cassation level (namely, Decision Number. 137/pid.sus/2020/PN.Btg, Court of Appeal (Number. 487/Pid.Sus/2020/PT SMG and Cassation Decision Number. 78/Pid.Sus/2022). This study is normative research with a case approach, requiring secondary data in legal documents and references relevant to the subject matter. Data were collected by identification and inventory and then analyzed using the basic principles of criminal law. The novelty is fulfilling criminal liability is not enough regarding the psychological aspects (adult, healthy mind). However, it must also fulfill the normative measure of the act. The results showed that the defendant in the first instance and appellate level decisions were able to take liabilitybut was not sentenced because the element of the action in the prosecutor's charge, which stated "conducting trading business activities without having a license in the field of trade granted by the Ministry" was not fulfilled/proven, because the defendant had a trading business license (SIUP) issued by the Integrated Investment and Licensing Agency Number: 519/054/2014 dated June 04, 2014, under the name of the Agricultural Facilities and Organic Fertilizer Shop "Tani Jaya." The cassation verdict of the defendant can be held responsible and sentenced to punishment because measures from the psychological aspect are fulfilled. The measurements are from the normative aspect demanded by the public prosecutor, especially the elements that are also fulfilled. It can be consluded that based on the court's decision to measure the perpetrator's liability for a criminal offense, two measures must be met in imposing punishment.

The Influence of Monetary Economy on The Value of Indonesia's Trade Balance in 2021-2023

The Influence of Monetary Economy on The Value of Indonesia's Trade Balance in 2021-2023

The Monetary and Fiscal Policies on International Trade in Indonesia

This study is to analyze how monetary and fiscal policies contribute to trade performance in Indonesia. The specific target of this study is to analyze the contribution and influence of variables such as exchange rate, inflation, trade balance, government expenditure, Tax, and investment in the short, medium and long term in Indonesia. So that it can show how much the contribution and influence of monetary and fiscal variables on trade performance in Indonesia. The results of this study explain that the largest contribution to the trade balance is the government expenditure and investment in the previous period, the largest contribution to inflation is the government expenditure and investment in the previous period, the largest contribution to government expenditure is the exchange rate and government expenditure itself in the previous period, the largest contribution to investment is government expenditure and investment itself in the previous period, the largest contribution to the exchange rate is the exchange rate itself and investment in the previous period, the largest contribution to Tax is government expenditure and exchange rate in the previous period.

Urgensi Pengaturan Tindakan Pelarangan Penjualan Produk Hasil Pelanggaran Rahasia Dagang Berdasarkan Perbandingan Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2000 Tentang Rahasia Dagang dan Directive (EU) 2016/943

Trade secret is one of the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protected by the Law No. 30 Year 2000 on Trade Secrets. However, the Trade Secret Law has not regulated in detail the act of prohibiting the sale of products resulting from trade secret infringement. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyse the reasons for the urgency of regulating the act of prohibiting the sale of products resulting from violations of Trade Secrets based on the Trade Secrets Act, and to explore the regulation of temporary determination of the sale of products resulting from violations of Trade Secrets based on the Trade Secrets Act and Directive (EU) 2016/943. This research uses normative law and comparative law methods with descriptive analytical research specifications. The research was conducted by comparing the laws. The data collection technique used is literature review. Based on the results of the research, it is concluded that the provisions of the Trade Secrets Law regarding injunction in Article 11 are still not detailed enough to provide legal certainty. This is different from the case of Directive (EU) 2016/943, which has regulated the provisions of interim injunction quite comprehensively. In this case, Indonesia can use Directive (EU) 2016/943 as one of the references to complete the provisions of the Indonesian Trade Secrets Law.

DETERMINANTS OF INDONESIA’S TRADE BALANCE : A VECM MODEL APPROACH

Trade Balance is the main indicator in external competitiveness. The condition of the trade balance in Indonesia tends to experience unbalanced conditions every year, so this study aims to see the relationship between the variables of Exchange Rate, FDI and GDP to the Trade Balance in Indonesia. The data used is a time series for 43 years (1980-2022) using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method to analyze the relationship and response between variables in the term short and long term. Short-term results show that the Exchange Rate, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) do not affect the surplus or deficit of Indonesia's Trade Balance. While in the long run, Exchange Rate appreciation has a negative effect on the Trade Balance, the amount of FDI has a positive impact on the Trade Balance, and the amount of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) affects the deficit in the Trade Balance. The use of monetary policy can help stab ilize exchange rates, increase exports through increased foreign investment, maintain the value of exports, and reduce trade deficits. Rephrase

Legal Review of Restrictions on the Import of Chinese Shipped Goods in E-Commerce Trading in Indonesia

Legal Review of Restrictions on the Import of Chinese Shipped Goods in E-Commerce Trading in Indonesia

Analyzing the Determinants of Trade Balance: An Empirical Investigation of Indonesia's Economic Dynamics

The study investigates the determinants of Indonesia's trade balance focusing on five key factors: money supply, foreign direct investment, exchange rate, carbon dioxide emissions, and government expenditure. Utilizing secondary time-series data from 1990 to 2022 and employing vector error correction model analysis, the research reveals significant insights. In the short term, only the money supply notably influences trade balances, while the other factors show no significant impact. However, in the long term, foreign direct investment, exchange rate, carbon dioxide emissions, and government expenditure positively affect the trade balance, with the money supply displaying an insignificant impact. The study's conclusions offer policy suggestions to address these findings. These suggestions include putting policies in place to lower carbon emissions and encourage sustainable growth, making sure government funding for sustainable development initiatives is used effectively, luring foreign direct investment, keeping exchange rates stable, and being cautious when controlling the money supply to preserve price stability. The objective of these recommendations is to improve Indonesia's trade balance sustainability. However, the analysis admits its limitations in not accounting for all macroeconomic factors, such as GDP, interest rates, and industrial production, that affect trade balance. Notwithstanding these drawbacks, the study provides insightful information to help policymakers develop plans for enhancing the dynamics of Indonesia's trade balance.

Pengaruh Ekspor Dan Impor Terhadap Neraca Perdagangan Di Indonesia

Indonesia has a direct relationship with export and import activities. The trade balance includes export and import activities, being a record that records all product transactions carried out by a country. As an important instrument, the trade balance provides a comprehensive picture of a country's export and import situation. When exports are less than imports, it is called a deficit, conversely, if exports are greater than imports, it is called a surplus. When exports and imports are balanced, the trade balance is considered equal. This research aims to identify the impact of imports and exports on Indonesia's trade balance in 2021. The research method applied is a quantitative approach, by collecting data and information from various sources and literature. The data was then processed and analyzed using a multiple linear regression model with the SPSS 25 software package and its data analysis capabilities. From the research results, it was found that the significance value of exports and imports was 0.00, which shows that exports and imports have quite a large influence on the trade balance in Indonesia. namely 0.921.

Analisis terhadap Implementasi Hukum Dagang Internasional dalam Perdagangan Indonesia Studi Kasus pada Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Asean-China

The ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) has posed significant challenges, benefits, and impacts on Indonesia's trade. In terms of challenges, the implementation of ACFTA has introduced several obstacles, including intensified competition with imported products from China, which could threaten certain domestic industry sectors. The use of qualitative methods is relevant because of its focus on gaining a deep understanding of the implementation of international trade law in Indonesia, using ACFTA as a case study. The objective of this research is to understand how the implementation of International Trade Law, particularly in the context of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA), influences Indonesia's trade policies. The outcomes of this research are strategic steps needed to maximize the benefits of free trade with ASEAN and China while safeguarding domestic industry interests. Successful regional economic integration will bring significant economic benefits to all involved parties and strengthen economic cooperation in Southeast Asia.