Indonesian Foreign Research Articles

Economic Diplomacy as Indonesian Foreign Policy Orientation in 2015-2018: Challenges and Opportunities

Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang diplomasi ekonomi dalam politik luar negeri Republik Indonesia di bawah Presiden Joko Widodo pada tahun 2015-2018 sebagai sebuah konsep dan kebijakan. Diplomasi ekonomi bukan sekadar satu dari arah kebijakan luar negeri tetapi lebih daripada itu diplomasi ekonomi telah menjadi corak dan gaya diplomasi Indonesia pada periode yang sama. Dari analisis kualitatif berbasis data-data sekuder berupa dokumen kebijakan, laporan resmi pemerintah dan pemberitaan media massa, studi ini mendapati bahwa politik luar negeri Indonesia di bawah Presiden Joko Widodo dilaksanakan untuk mendukung program pembangunan nasional. Dengn kata lain, politik luar negeri Presiden Joko Widodo adalah politik luar negeri untuk mengejar keperluan-keperluan dalam negeri. Oleh karenanya, corak diplomasi yang diterapkan adalah diplomasi ekonomi yang memang dibutuhkan untuk mendukung agenda pembangunan nasional, terutama penyelesaian program infrastruktur dan lainnya. Diplomasi ekonomi baru dalam terminologi tetapi sesungguhnya adalah revitalisasi diplomasi non-politik yang pernah dilaksanakan oleh Indonesia sebelumnya.Kata-kata kunci: politik luar negeri, diplomasi ekonomi, Indonesia, kemitraan ekonomi. This article explains the concept of economic diplomacy of Indonesian foreign policy under President Joko Widodo in 2015-2018. Economic Diplomacy is not only one of the Indonesian foreign policy directions under Joko Widodo but it was more as the most important characteristic and reference of Indonesian diplomacy of the period. Using a qualitative study that rellied upon the secondary data of policy documents, government reports, and media reporting from Kompas daily newspaper, this study concluded that the Indonesian foreign policy under President Joko Widodo was conducted to support the national development program, or foreign policy for domestic needs. Economic diplomacy was needed to support this national agenda of mega projects infrastructure and other development programs. This economic diplomacy was new in terminology but it was only a variant of non-political diplomacy which had been done by the ministry for foreign affairs of Indonesia in the previous administrations. Keywords: foreign policy, economic diplomacy, Indonesia, economic partnership.

ALGORITMA K-NEAREST NEIGBOR MODEL EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE DALAM KLASIFIKASI KELULUSAN PESERTA BAHASA INDONESIA PENUTUR ASING PADA BALAI BAHASA SUMATERA UTARA

The North Sumatra Language Center also organizes an Indonesian language program for foreign speakers (BIPA) is an Indonesian language learning skills program (speaking, writing, reading, and listening) for foreign speakers. That so far the Balai Bahasa office has had difficulty classifying the graduation of Indonesian Foreign Speakers (BIPA) participants who are eligible to pass and who have not passed. So that complaints occur from participants.To overcome the above problems, it is necessary to classify graduation based on previous BIPA participant data. K-Nearest Neigbor Euclidean Distance model which is a method for classifying / grouping an object based on certain criteria. By using the K-Nearest neigbor algorithm in grouping BIPA participants by using various criteria, it is hoped that foreigners can speak Indonesian more quickly.Keywords: Indonesian Foreign Speakers, K-Nearest Neigbor Algorithm

What Threat? Leadership, Strategic Culture, and Indonesian Foreign Policy in the South China Sea

Why is there no balancing behavior in Southeast Asia vis‐à‐vis what many observers see as a “Chinese threat,” especially in the case of Indonesia? Despite all the concerns regarding the stability of the region, Indonesia is neither strengthening its power projection capability nor building a coalition to address China's growing power in the South China Sea. Indonesia's underbalancing behavior is the result of a strategic culture that influences its military and foreign policy thinking on threat perceptions and economic considerations, limiting the options that Indonesia can take vis‐à‐vis China. As a result, China as a state is not seen as a major, direct, and immediate threat that would warrant immediate action that may in turn jeopardize Indonesia's larger interest. Instead, domestic politics and security—especially public perceptions of how the government's friendship with China may benefit or hurt the government—remains the focus and the priority of the government.

Indonesian Foreign Policy in the Era of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2014) towards Myanmar in Supporting Democratization

This research attempts to answer the question of why Indonesia supported democratization in Myanmar. In this research, researchers use the constructivism perspective to analyze Indonesia's foreign policy by exploring Indonesia's reasons for promoting democratization in Myanmar. This motivation becomes an interesting thing when Indonesia's reason is more of nonmaterial than material. This research uses qualitative methods by collecting data through interviews with a number of informants and documentation studies. Based on the results of data analysis, this research has found that Indonesia's foreign policy toward Myanmar in supporting democratization is based on consideration of domestic, regional and global ideas, values or norms. These norms and ideas are constructed so as to encourage the formation of an Indonesian identity which is the basis for the production and reproduction of Indonesia's interests in Myanmar in promoting democratization. Indonesia's desire to re-hold regional leadership, the restoration of its image as a democratic country, and a commitment to maintain world peace are part of the production and reproduction of discourses on Indonesia's interests which contribute to the formation of Indonesia's foreign policy towards Myanmar.

Indonesia Foreign Policy Update: rough waves ahead in the Indo-Pacific

<p>Situated in a highly dynamic region at the crossroads of the Pacific and Indian Ocean, Indonesia’s foreign policy has long been influenced by both international and domestic factors. In light of these changes, we firstly look at the development of Indonesia’s external environment. This discussion centres on the dynamics in the Indo-Pacific between the major powers, specifically their outlooks, approaches, and interests in the region. Next, we examine Indonesia’s domestic dynamics, particularly those related to the progress of the development of the Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF). In this section, we will discuss the process of naval modernization and an update of national political dynamics as the 2019 Presidential Elections loom closer. Finally, we examine the progress of Indonesia’s bilateral and multilateral cooperation.</p>

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PENANAMAN MODAL ASING (PMA) DI INDONESIA

The existence of Foreign Investment in Indonesia is very important and strategic in supporting the implementation of national economic development and increasing economic growth in the community. Foreign investment which is regulated in law No. 25 of 2007 about the legal protection for foreign investment in Indonesia, both investment in the form of a Limited Company (PT) or investment. This shows that foreigners in Indonesia who carry out their capital investment activities are regulated by law and protected by the government under the law. The formulation of the problem were how the position of the establishment of foreign investment companies in Indonesia was, what the procedures for the implementation of foreign investment in Indonesia were, and what efforts have been made by the government if there were violations of law in foreign investment in Indonesia. The results of the study showed every foreign company that wanted to invest in Indonesia had to get the principle permission to the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) and the One Stop Integrated Investment and Services Office (PTSP), so that the company could be established in Indonesia and its establishment was in accordance with the procedures of the law on foreign investment so that the foreign investment company was fully under the responsibility and supervision of the Republic of Indonesia. The government also gave relief to foreign investment in Indonesia in freeing the entry tax fees for goods or electronic equipment for foreign investment (PMA) in Indonesia in investing their capital.

India’s policy towards South Pacific: Expanding horizons of the Indo-Pacific region

ABSTRACTFor India, the concept of Indo-Pacific spans from the East Coast of Africa to the Western Pacific. This is because for India, it is the outer limit of the Indo-Pacific, and South Pacific acts as the new periphery of its Act East policy. Many ASEAN nations are deliberating about the utility of the Indo-Pacific. In the past, the then Indonesia Foreign Minister Marty Natalagewa had proposed the Indo-Pacific treaty and in 2019, ASEAN discussed the new geo-strategic construct despite variations in the approach and subscription. For India, South Pacific has three major objectives catering to its Act East policy; its need for supporting votes for its Security Council permanent member seat, Indian diaspora in the region, and harnessing sea bed mineral resources with island nations under the blue economy concept. However, whether India does have the desire or is just scouting for resources and therefore wants to protect its strategic interest across the Indo-Pacific region needs further scrutiny. India's approach with regard to Indian Ocean has been appreciated but now it is using Act East policy to encapsulate South Pacific region through its Oceania approach. The paper discusses strategic and functional aspects of India's approach.

The role of Immigration of Indonesia in facing Terrorism

This paper describes the role of Indonesian Immigration in facing terrorism. One of them is the role of Immigration Intelligence set out in Law number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration. Here the role of intelligence in following up an investigation, security, and raising, ranging from granting visas, granting DPRI, to the Immigration office and at the Immigration Checkpoint (TPI). Terrorism is a crime against humanity and civilization and is a serious threat to the sovereignty of a country. The author tries to discuss the roles of Indonesian Immigration in its efforts to deal with the problem of terrorism that has plagued various countries in the world. The role of Immigration Intelligence plays an important role in dealing with this problem if viewed from the role of Immigration Intelligence, immigration should be in terms of traffic in and out of people both Indonesian and foreigners in Indonesia.

Impact Non-Oil and Gas Exports and Oil and Gas Exports on The Position of Indonesia Foreign Exchange Reserves

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Non-Oil and Gas Exports and Oil and Gas Exports on the Position of Indonesian Foreign Exchange Reserves partially in the period 1996 to 2017 which employs 22 data annually using SPSS 24. The dependent variable in this study is Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves, while the independent variables are non-oil and gas exports and oil and gas exports. To see the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, the researcher did multiple linier regression analysis. Based on the results of this research, it is known that partially non-oil and gas export and oil and gas export have a positive and significant impact on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves.

PEMANFAATAN MEDIA WORD SQUARE DALAM PENGEMBANGAN LEMBAR KERJA SISWA (LKS) KOMPETENSI MENULIS PENUTUR ASING

Teaching materials is a thing that is needed by learners, especially foreign speakers who learn Indonesian. Teaching materials can also be used by Indonesian teachers to facilitate learning Indonesian language for foreign speakers. Teaching materials developed by researchers to facilitate the process of foreign speakers is LKS Bahasa Indonesia One of the teaching materials developed by researchers to facilitate the process of foreign speakers is LKS Indonesian Language people Foreign. LKS developed by researchers through this paper is LKS Writing Competency for Beginner BIPA Students. LKS developed by researchers based on word square learning model. Word square learning model is one of the contextual learning models that use media box answers. The problem in this research is how the needs of BIPA Beginner students and teachers in writing lessons that serve as learning materials development. The subject of this research is all BIPA students of Bina Darma University.

Indonesian Foreign Policy Towards Egypt Post-Husni Mubarak Administration

The article explains the change and continuity of Indonesian Foreign Policy toward Egypt post Husni Mubarak Administration. This issue is explored because after the administration of Husni Mubarak, Egypt experienced domestic political instability in the form of a government regime change in a short time, namely the election of Mursi as president through elections in 2011, the overthrow of Mursi, and the election of Al Sisi as new president in 2013 through elections. This article concludes that on facing some changes in Egypt post-Husni Mubarak, Indonesia did ‘the change and continuity’ in her foreign policy. The ‘change’ was done because of administration of Presiden Yudhoyono wanted to ensure the implementation of Indonesia's national interests, namely, the security of Indonesian citizens in Egypt, education programs, and the sustainability of Indonesia-Egypt trade relations. This change was motivated by bureaucratic advocacy and restructuring domestic agent on decision making of Indonesian government. The ‘continuity’ takes place in terms of Indonesia’s doctrine of foreign policy, namely ‘free and active policy’. 'Free policy’ was carried out impartially in the Egyptian conflict and ‘active policy’ was implemented by maintaining security, education, and trade cooperation with Egypt.

THE BALANCE OF IMPLEMENTATION BETWEEN PROJUSTITIA AND IMMIGRATION ADMINISTRATION ACTION


 
 In the current era of globalization, it is very common for humans to travel between countries. The freedom of human movement to move between countries is a basic or human rights guaranteed in the constitution. This migration right is regulated in Article 28E of the 1945 Constitution (Amendment), which determines that: "Every citizen is free to choose a place to live in the territory of the country and leave it, and the right to return." But in its development more complex problems arise which forces all parties to focus their attention on solving this problem. Of course attention is focused on the immigration institution as the guardian of the state gate, meaning as a spearhead in facing and selecting foreigners who enter or monitor foreigners in Indonesia. In carrying out its own functions Immigration agents have been provided with laws that are used in carrying out their obligations. UU no. 6 of 2011 concerning immigration is the main weapon in handling the problem of foreigners who will or have entered the territory of Indonesia. The actions taken against foreigners who commit violations in Indonesia are by pro-justisia or by immigration administrative actions (TAK).
 
 

Measuring the Openness of Land Investment Policy Related to Housing or Residential Ownership by Foreigners in Indonesia

The existence of Government Regulation No. 103 of 2015 concerning Housing or Residential Ownership by Foreigners Occupied in Indonesia which contains a climate of openness for foreigners raises the problem of government openness policy in the field of land investment.One of the problems contained in the Government Regulation No. 103 of 2015 as a breakdown of Law No. 5 of 1960 concerns the Basic Regulations of Agrarian Principles and Law No. 5 of 2011 concerning immigration is the duration of the right of use. This duration is 80 years containing a climate of openness to foreigners. This period is longer than the enactment in the Government Regulation No. 41 of 1996 which regulates the same matter.This research is a normative juridical research using statute approach, conceptual approach and comparative approach. Comparisons are made between the existing primary legal materials, mainly between Government Regulation No. 103 of 2015 and the previous Government Regulation concerning the same matter, that is Government Regulation No. 41 of 1996.

Assessing Indonesia’s Leadership in the Advancement of ASEAN Political-Security Community under President Joko Widodo

<p>This paper aims to examine Indonesia’s leadership in ASEAN as the regional organization advances its community building in areas of political-security. Indonesia, the largest state in Southeast Asia both from geographic and economic size, is known for its <em>de facto</em> leadership within the regional integration process of ASEAN. Such integration is mostly prominent in areas of multilateral engagement, conflict management, and democracy as well as human rights promotion. With President Joko Widodo at the helm of Indonesia’s presidency since October 2014, Indonesia has reoriented its foreign policy cornerstone on ASEAN into other channels that best serve its national interest. As Indonesia repositions its focus from ASEAN, there is a need to evaluate whether the trajectory of ASEAN Political-Security Community will continue to thrive under the consensual decision-making process among its ten member states known as ASEAN way.</p><p> </p><p>To evaluate Indonesia’s leadership in the advancement of ASEAN Political-Security Community under President Joko Widodo, the paper will review Indonesia’s initiatives to ASEAN and how they contribute towards Southeast Asia’s regionalism. Subsequently, three areas of Indonesia’s leadership in ASEAN Political-Security Community building will be examined: the maintenance of ASEAN Centrality, South China Sea dispute management, and promotion of democracy and human rights. The paper concludes that ASEAN way works not only when ASEAN member states find a common ground on regional issues that affect their respective domestic politics. A presence of informal and voluntary leadership where “matured” member states bring about initiative and persuasion is needed to maintain ASEAN’s strategic relevance in Asia-Pacific. For this reason, Indonesia’s legitimacy as an informal leader in ASEAN plays an important role to ensure that the organization remain united and central to its member states.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: ASEAN Political-Security Community, Indonesian Foreign Policy, Regional Leadership</p><p> </p>

Hybrid Warriors and the Formation of New War Masculinities: A Case Study of Indonesian Foreign Fighters

At the heart of new wars are economic structures, patterns of violence and formations of collective meaning, which appear to blend localised and globalised practices of gender. While new wars appear to mirror the kind of warrior masculinity that preceded the modern state, they also draw on new technologies and symbolism to give meaning to acts of war. In the case of foreign fighters, armed groups increasingly draw on globalised cultural products (film, electronic publications and images) to entice volunteers to fight on the battlefields of the 21st century. The use of masculine models and gendered discourses to recruit men to fight in these conflicts has been well studied. However, the process through which ‘local’ and ‘global’ practices of gender are blended by highly mobile fighters to forge the practices of new war has received far less attention. Drawing on the notion of cultural hybridity, this article asks how interactions between different configurations of gender make new wars possible. To do this, it empirically explores encounters between notions of militarised manhood through the lives of four Indonesian former foreign fighters. By utilising life history interviews, this article makes the case that the masculinity of these ‘new warriors’ relied on the tensions between, and synthesis of, anti-colonial notions of organised violence that are rooted in Indonesian history and globalised jihadi discourse on war.

Foreign Policy Revisited: Reorientation of Indonesian Foreign Policy Towards Southeast Asian Under Presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudoyono

Foreign Policy Revisited: Reorientation of Indonesian Foreign Policy Towards Southeast Asian Under Presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudoyono

Imagining Indonesia From Afar: Exploratory Thoughts on Utopian, Nostalgic, and Embodied Longing for the Homeland

Unlike India and China, which have largest diaspora worldwide and have been nurturing their connections with their multi-generational overseas population for a long time, Indonesia has only recently started to pay more attention to fellow Indonesians outside of homeland. In August 2013, Wahid Supriyadi, head of Diaspora Desk at Indonesian Foreign Ministry, welcomed more than three thousand diasporans at a three-day conference in Jakarta. This event served to discuss issues, such as immigration and citizenship, business and investment, education, culture and youth affairs, and other matters of interest to Indonesian diaspora (Soemartopo, 2012). Wahid Supriyadi, main organizer of event, expressed his hope stating that the fundamental objective of engaging with diaspora was to find ways for Indonesia to benefit. In other words, Indonesians overseas could potentially be courted to invest in country and contribute to its development (3,000 to Attend Sunday's, 2013). Economic aspirations aside, how do 'ordinary' Indonesian diasporans, outside of such business-minded organizations, perceive their 'homeland'? What non-economic imaginations of and anchorages (Meel, 2011) for Indonesia do they have in their minds and hearts? In order to explore in more depth what Indonesians located overseas aspire to for their homeland beyond economic progress and how they imagine a 'better' Indonesia for future, which includes their own participation and contributions while living outside tanah air (homeland), this special issue has compiled work of five authors who have critically examined this question within realms of their specific disciplines.Currently, between 1.8 and 6 million Indonesians are living and working overseas (Muhidin & Utomo, 2013), first and foremost in Malaysia and Middle East. With most Indonesians just having recently established overseas communities, there are, however, also some rather established Indonesian diaspora communities (Martinez & Vickers, 2012; Meel, 2011). While away from 'home', 'homeland' shapes post-migratory life significantly and therefore remains a special point of reference for people's biographies. Many overseas Indonesians choose to uphold their connections with people and institutions in Indonesia due to modern communication technologies and more affordable transportation, both of which allow for more regular real-time contact (Trupp & Dolezal, 2013). Despite these opportunities for 'staying in touch' with current developments in Indonesia, homeland imaginaries are shaped to a large extent by other, often rather emotive, factors. As Peter Meel (2011) reminds us, anchorage includes in particular language, religion, cuisine, etiquette, art, dance, literature, and music. Whether homeland is primarily understood as country of origin or simply country that ancestors hailed from, remains open for debate.Like other diasporic or exilic populations, Indonesians overseas can choose from all homeland information available to them and selectively decide on what to consume and what to ignore. In fact, they can easily opt for cherishing past memories (or traumas) over taking into account developments and changes and thereby generate distorted homeland views and 'time warps' (Missbach, 2011). Depending on whether emigration or departure from home was voluntary or not and whether stay overseas was meant to be short-term, mid-term, long-term, or even permanent, people create and recreate their collective and individual homeland relations over time in multiple ways, for example, through overseas student organizations, diasporic business collectives, or cultural and folkloristic associations.While away from Indonesia, people might delve in memories of their past, or they might dream of their return and brighter futures for Indonesia more generally. In fact, current research shows that Indonesia serves overseas Indonesians as a multi-faceted canvas for projections of longings for a better tomorrow and of a golden yesteryear (Chauvel, 2009; Dragojlovic, 2010, 2012; Hearman, 2010; Hill, 2010; Missbach, 2011; Steijlen, 2010; Van Amersfoort, 2004). …

Theory, Practice, and Analysis of Indonesia’s Foreign Policy

Indonesian foreign policy is considered as a uniqe and rare policy. This is because the main focus of Indonesian foreign policy is Free and Active. For country like Indonesia which had just got independence in 1945, the country is considered as a country with a pioneer foreign policy to stand in a non-block. Therefore, Indonesia was quite popular with non-block movement and Bandung Conference in the Cold War Period. This paper discusses Indonesian foreign policy and match its policy with underlying theory of Foreign Policies: Realism, Idealism, and Constructivism. Moreover, this essay also analyses Indonesian Foreign Policy through Middle Power Concept. Additionally, this essay also explains the practices of Indonesian Foreign Policy in current years, especially under Joko Widodo’s Administration. Last but not least, the author also reveals Indonesian foreign policy and its relations to media, society or public opinion.

PENGARUH INFLASI INDONESIA TERHADAP PENERIMAAN PENANAMAN MODAL ASING LANGSUNG KOREA SELATAN DI INDONESIA PERIODE 2000-2014

One of the keys to success in improving the economic prosperity of a country is evident from its response to bilateral or multilateral relations, particularly in the making of investments. Indonesia as a country that has started the construction of the New Order can not be separated from the role of foreign capital. In reality in the 1990s looks acceptance by the Indonesian foreign capital is relatively low compared to the developing countries in Asia. China is the largest recipient of foreign capital, followed by Singapore and Malaysia. In more remote Indonesian government continues its efforts to increase Foreign direct investment, especially from South Korea. As we all know South Korea is an important trading partner for Indonesia. Indonesia bilateral relations with South Korea have occurred since the New Order and has impacted the relatively low added value for Indonesia, especially in the 1990s. In the development of bilateral relations between the two countries increased, especially after entering the Reformation Era. This condition is supported by inflation in Indonesia is considered quite stable. This study aims to determine the effect of inflation on the acceptance Indonesia Foreign direct investment from South Korea to Indonesia during the period 2000-2014. The research methodology used is quantitative approach using simple regression model. Based on the results of the calculations, and a significant negative correlation between inflation in Indonesia and the acceptance of Direct Foreign Investment from South Korea in Indonesia. This is consistent with Fisher's theory that the decline in inflation Indonesia will be followed by a decline in interest rates Indonesia which ultimately impact the increased investment in Indonesia. Besides these reasons, the negative relationship, emphasizing that the investment climate in Indonesia has improved so trust Foreign investors, especially from South Korea in Indonesia is quite large. Keywords: Foreign direct investment, inflation in Indonesia

Indonesia Climate Diplomacy: An Eclectic Approach in Understanding the Logic of Action of Indonesia Foreign Policy on Climate Change Mitigation

This study examines the logic of action of the current Indonesia foreign policy in climate change mitigation. Since the climate change conference in Bali in 2007, Conference of Parties (COP 13), Indonesia has advocated itself as an active global leader in climate diplomacy. At COP 15, in Copenhagen, Indonesia committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emission up to 41 percent below business as usual (BAU) by 2020. Many consider this as a very ambitious target. It is questionable whether this foreign policy is purely derived from Indonesia’s national interest or merely pressure from international community or Great Powers. This study will eclectically use the three approaches of foreign policy from neorealist (Baumann, Rittberger and Wagner 2001), utilitarian liberal (Freund and Rittberger 2001), and constructivist (Boekle, Rittberger and Wagner 2001) to understand the logic of action of Indonesia foreign policy on climate change mitigation. I argue that there are clear evidences of the existence of both logic of consequentiality: seeking autonomy and influence (neorealist) and maximizing gains (utilitarian liberal) and the logic of appropriateness: maintaining reputation as a member of international society (constructivist) in the formulation of the policy. I conclude that the climate change has enabled Indonesia as a state to increase its international influence, regain its domestic control, and strengthen its international legitimacy and acceptance.