Indonesian Waters Research Articles

Genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships of Phyllidiellapustulosa species from Seribu Islands, North Sulawesi, Halmahera, and West Papua

Phyllidiella pustulosa are brightly coloured gastropod molluscs frequently found in coral reefs of the tropical Indo-Pacific. Phyllidiella pustulosa is widely distributed in Indonesia, such as Seribu Island, North Sulawesi, West Papua, and Halmahera. Based on the genetic characteristics of an individual’s DNA sequence, differences between species can be identified. In this paper, we would like to provide the molecular analysis and phylogenetic relationship among nudibranchs from Indonesian waters. Identification was made by measuring the genetic distance between species. The phylogenetic tree reconstruction was made using the Kimura 2-parameter model with 1000 times bootstrap with neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood method. There is 46 DNA Sequence obtained from 4 different regions (Seribu Island, Halmahera, North Sulawesi, and West Papua). The genetic distance of West Papua and Halmahera has the smallest value among other populations, which is between 0.0051-1.4629, compared to the population in Halmahera. The phylogenetic tree also shows populations from West Papua and Halmahera are on the same lineage, indicating that the population in West Papua and Halmahera had the closest relation. The study suggested that North Sulawesi, Halmahera and West Papua have genetic mixing of the same region, which is distinctive from Seribu Island.

Deoxygenation of the eastern Indonesian waters and its variability

Long-term ocean deoxygenation could lead to decline biological productivity and alter biogeochemical cycles. Ocean warming contributions to ocean deoxygenation are reasonably understood, however, there is a challenge to reveal the gaps about other modifying factors to explain different regional patterns and predicts the condition in the coming century. This study aimed to identify the deoxygenation areas in the eastern Indonesian waters, understand the variability of physical and chemical parameters as the deoxygenation drivers, and investigate the correlation between parameters. In-situ and satellite-derived data from 1995 to 2020 were analyzed with statistical methods and remote sensing techniques to enhance deoxygenation measures in higher spatial and temporal resolutions. Our findings revealed that significant deoxygenation was detected around the Arafura Sea. The oxygen minimum zone extended at 133.5° – 136.8° E in the depth of 350 – 1,000 meters, with less than 20 mmol/m3 of dissolved oxygen concentration. Nitrate, phosphate, and temperature were identified to have a strong reversed relationship with the oxygen concentration in the study area. This study also developed multiple regression model algorithms to estimate the oxygen concentration in specified depths.

Pola Interaksi Antar-lembaga dan Reformasi Tata Kelola Keamanan Maritim Indonesia: Bakamla RI

Maritime security is an essential aspect for an archipelagic country like Indonesia. In addition, as stated by President Joko Widodo, maritime defense forces are also one of the five pillars in realizing Indonesia as the World Maritime Axis. However, unfortunately, there are still many problems that we can identify in the management of Indonesian maritime security and defense. One of the most fundamental problems is many authorized ministries/agencies, causing overlapping authorities in our territorial waters. This study aims to determine the pattern of interaction between ministries/agencies and how the government should carry out the government towards the ministry/institution in question. The researcher uses qualitative methods, and the data used are secondary data obtained from books, journal articles, and other sources that can be accessed online. In analyzing the interaction pattern between ministries/agencies, the researcher uses the theory of inter-agency working. As a result, the interaction between the competent ministries/agencies has not shown good synergy in maintaining maritime security in Indonesian waters. Furthermore, the era of technological disruption has demanded bureaucratic reform 4.0 by emphasizing three (3) things, including innovation, collaboration, and maximizing the use of information and communication technology. The researcher concludes that there is a need to reform Indonesia's maritime security governance by strengthening the synergy between ministries/agencies or even simplifying the number of authorized ministries/agencies based on the single agency multi-task system. In addition, it is necessary to use quality technology to support effectiveness and efficiency in protecting the security of marine waters in Indonesia.

Pola Interaksi Antar-lembaga dan Reformasi Tata Kelola Keamanan Maritim Indonesia: Bakamla RI

Maritime security is an essential aspect for an archipelagic country like Indonesia. In addition, as stated by President Joko Widodo, maritime defense forces are also one of the five pillars in realizing Indonesia as the "World Maritime Axis." However, unfortunately, there are still many problems that we can identify in the management of Indonesian maritime security and defense. One of the most fundamental problems is many authorized ministries/agencies, causing overlapping authorities in our territorial waters. This study aims to determine the pattern of interaction between ministries/agencies and how the government should carry out the government towards the ministry/institution in question. The researcher uses qualitative methods, and the data used are secondary data obtained from books, journal articles, and other sources that can be accessed online. In analyzing the interaction pattern between ministries/agencies, the researcher uses the theory of inter-agency working. As a result, the interaction between the competent ministries/agencies has not shown good synergy in maintaining maritime security in Indonesian waters. Furthermore, the era of technological disruption has demanded bureaucratic reform 4.0 by emphasizing three (3) things, including innovation, collaboration, and maximizing the use of information and communication technology. The researcher concludes that there is a need to reform Indonesia's maritime security governance by strengthening the synergy between ministries/agencies or even simplifying the number of authorized ministries/agencies based on the single agency multi-task system. In addition, it is necessary to use quality technology to support effectiveness and efficiency in protecting the security of marine waters in Indonesia.

Distribution of Tide Type in Indonesian Waters Based on 7 Days Data Measurement of Ipasoet-BIG Station

Tidal data is needed in the field of energy, marine navigation, coastal construction and other activities related to the oceans. Tidal phenomena occur due to the interaction of the earth with space objects. The sea level rise in coastal waters can be modeled by a harmonic function containing tidal constant numbers. From the constants formed can be calculated a Formzahl number that shows the type of tides that occur at the observation station. This paper tries to describe the distribution pattern of tidal types that exist in Indonesian waters based on data observation collected at station belong to the Geospatial Information Agency. The result is that there are 4 types of tides in Indonesian waters, with the most dominant distribution are mixed tide, prevailing semi diurnal typel.

Identifikasi dan Keragaman Genetik Longtail Tuna (Thunnus tonggol) Yang Didaratkan di PPI Kedonganan dan PPP Muncar Menggunakan Marka D-loop Mitokondria

Longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) is one of the oceanodromus neritic species and the migration pattern follows the water currents. Currently, this species has not been widely studied in Indonesian waters, so it is nesessary to study the identification of morphology and genetic diversity. The molecular approach employed in this study is DNA barcoding using mitochondrial D – loop locus. This study can explain the importance of species genetic information in stability and resilience. This study aims to determine the identification of morphology, phylogenetic and genetic diversity of longtail tuna at two locations in PPI Kedonganan, Bali dan PPP Muncar, Banyuwangi. The molecular analysis was done in several stages, i.e DNA extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction, electrophoresis and sequencing. Based on the result of sequencing and analysis, 33 samples of longtail tuna was found. The result of phylogenetic tree reconstruction from two locations showed one clade with genetic distance value among longtail tuna species ranging from 0.000 – 0.042 for all close kinship samples. The haplotype diversity (Hd) value of longtail tuna was 0.9905 and nucleotide diversity (?) was 0.020. The high value of genetic diversity indicated that two longtail tuna populations have a high survival ability to adapt on environmental changes. Index fixation analysis (Fst) has a value of 0.0299, p - value > 0.05. The index fixation value indicated no significant population difference. The result of this study can be use as basic data in planning genetic conservation strategies with sustainable fisheries management efforts.
 Keywords: Tuna; Thunnus tonggol; Genetic Marker

Ocean Response to Tropical Cyclone Seroja at East Nusa Tenggara Waters

Tropical Cyclone (TC) Seroja is a unique tropical cyclone that has significant impacts along its path, such as floods in East Nusa Tenggara and high waves along the southern coast of Indonesia. Research related to ocean responses to tropical cyclones in Indonesia is still limited due to its rarely occurence in Indonesian waters. The responses of the upper ocean to TC Seroja were investigated using multi-satellite remote sensing of sea surface wind (SSW), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), and numerical model of mixed layer depth (MLD) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The SST cooling occurred around the TC Seroja track at 0.5 – 3°C after the storm had passed. During April 3 – 7, 2021, in addition to spatial SST cooling, changes in chlorophyll-a, SSHA, and MLD were also detected. The chlorophyll-a increase to 2.57 mg/m3 and SSHA reached -10 cm. Thus, the MLD was deeper around the eye of the storm during the cyclone and became uniform after the storm passed. These characteristics indicate the upwelling phenomenon induced by the cyclone.

Strengthening the Early Detection and Tracking of Tropical Cyclones near Indonesian Waters

In early April 2021, the territory of Indonesia, around the province of East Nusa Tenggara in particular, was severely damaged due to being hit by tropical cyclone Seroja. The impact of tropical cyclone Seroja does not only occur in Nusa Tenggara but also in Australia. In fact, the impact that hit Australia exceeded the damage that occurred in East Nusa Tenggara. The impacts caused by tropical cyclone Seroja in East Nusa Tenggara included 181 deaths and 74,222 houses damaged. Tropical cyclones are extreme weather anomalies that hit many countries, especially in the middle latitudes associated with vast oceans, such as the area around the South China Sea, the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, such as the Philippines, Japan, America, Australia, Europe, etc. Early detection systems for the genesis of tropical cyclones are still being developed by international collaborations such as The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) in the Indian Ocean, Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) in the Pacific Ocean, and Prediction and Research Moored, Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA). To find out the early sign of a tropical cyclone, it is characterized by sea surface temperatures > 26.5 C, the growth of very broad and thick convective clouds, and rotating wind speeds of > 63 km/hour. For this reason, continuous observations are needed in the area where the tropical cyclone first developed. Observation equipment required includes satellite observations, buoys, and weather radar. Unfortunately, in the territory of Indonesia, especially in the Indian and Pacific oceans around Indonesia, this equipment is not equipped with such equipment due to very expensive funding factors and vandalism constraints. For this reason, in the future, national and international cooperation will be needed to start building an early warning system for the emergence of tropical cyclones among research centers globally.

Fisheries management policy in Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone area

The existing fisheries management within the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is based upon several regulations derived from international conventions, national regulations, as well as conventions mutually agreed by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations members, which is intended to ensure that fish resources in the EEZ area can be managed optimally and sustainably. The sole purpose of this qualitative research is to examine national and international policies that regulate fisheries management in the Indonesian EEZ waters. The analysis was carried out qualitatively with a normative juridical approach and then descriptively elaborated. The results showed that the national regulations issued by the government has already referred to the UNCLOS 1982 and WCPFC Conventions, but the implementation has been far from optimal due to the heaps of regulatory references. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that the government set its policies on setting up appropriate regulations and simplifying all national regulations governing fisheries management in the Indonesian EEZ into a single regulation. It is meant to avoid overlapping arrangements and facilitate a much better implementation.

Nutrient Distribution in Eastern Indonesian Waters

Nutrients are needed for the growth of phytoplankton as a basic component in the marine food web. The concentration of nutrients in waters relates to primary productivity and it will influence fisheries stocks. So far, research on nutrients in the deep sea is rarely carried out in Indonesia. This study aims to determine water quality, horizontal and vertical distribution of nutrients in eastern Indonesian waters, which can be used as baseline data for deep-sea nutrients in Indonesia. The study was conducted from October 29 to November 15, 2017. Sampling was carried out in 20 stations with seven layers. Nutrient measurements were conducted based on Strickland and Parsons (1972). Our results showed that the concentrations of phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and silicate ranged from 0.000-0.060 mg/l, 0.001-0.321 mg/l, 0.000-0.009 mg/l, 0.004-0.024 mg/l and 0.085-1.090 mg/l, respectively. In general, the highest concentration of nutrients was found in Maluku Sea. The vertical distribution of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate shows that the increasing concentrations as increasing depth, except for nitrite and ammonium. The maximum nitrite concentration appears in the northern area, while the ammonium distribution has homogenous pattern.

The Law Enforcement Towards Foreign Vessels Which Did Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUU-Fishing) In Indonesia Fisheries Management Areas

Indonesia gets loss on some fields like economy, ecology, and social because of so many IUU-Fishing practices in Indonesia Fisheries Management Areas (FMA). Law enforcement is needed in handling the problem. Therefore, the aims of the research are : (1) to analyze how the law enforcement of foreign vessels which did IUU-Fishing in Indonesia Fisheries Management Areas (FMA) is inappropriate with the international law and the national law; (2) to explain how the procedure of law enforcement. This research used normative legal research. The result shows that Indonesia will act decisively every foreign vessels which did IUU-Fishing in Indonesia Fisheries Management Areas. Indonesia has enforced the law by burning and/or sinking every foreign vessel which did IUU-Fishing in Indonesian waters. Whereas in Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (IEEZ) would be punished by administrative sanctions and should pay a reasonable bond afterward the vessel and its crew would be deported to their country.

Parachromis managunesis (Günther, 1867): Keberadaan Ikan Predator Asing di Pulau Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat

The entry of foreign predatory fish into Indonesian open waters had the potential as a disease vector, predation, and damaging food webs that would have a systemic impact on the local ecosystem. In this study, we report the presence of the foreign predatory fish Jaguar cichlid Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867) from Central America in the Lingsar River, West Lombok Regency. This record is the first time for this species in Lombok, where previously this fish was found in Java. A description of the morphological characters of the captured specimens is provided in the discussion.

Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Nakhoda Kapal Asing Terhadap Pelanggaran Hukum di Wilayah Teritorial Indonesia

As a very large archipelagic country, Indonesia is very strategically located on world trade routes, making Indonesian waters have several problems including problems of maritime environmental pollution and shipping safety. This problem is due to the presence of oil from ships, either from fuel, from the engine room or oil as cargo that pollutes the marine environment. This study aims to determine the criminal responsibility of foreign ship captains who have violated the rules regarding the protection and management of the maritime environment and shipping in Indonesia, while the benefit of this research is to increase understanding for users of Indonesian archipelagic sea lanes so that they can sail safely and safely. The research method used is normative juridical while solving the problem with a concept approach and case approach to analyze the Batam District Court Decision Number 234/Pid.Sus/2021/PN. Btm is related to the implementation of criminal liability for foreign ship captains who violate the law in the Indonesian territory. The result of this research is that foreign ship captains can be held accountable for violating the law based on the principles of criminal law applied in Indonesia. So it can be concluded that a foreign ship captain who has made a mistake can be punished and accounted for his actions because there are criminal elements that are fulfilled and proven to have violated the law in the Indonesian territory.

Potential Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion in Indonesian Waters Territory

Suprijo, T.; Poerbo, P.R.; Park, H.; Kartadikaria, A.R., and Yosi, M., 2021. Potential ocean thermal energy conversion in Indonesian waters territory. In: Lee, J.L.; Suh, K.-S.; Lee, B.; Shin, S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Crisis and Integrated Management for Coastal and Marine Safety. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 114, pp. 285–289. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This study aims to estimate Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) resources in Indonesian Seas using six years (from 2011 to 2016) daily basis data resulted from numerical simulation of high-resolution (1/10°) ocean model, namely Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment (JCOPE), with covering a wide area (e.g. 9°N to 11°S and 95°E to 141°E). Estimation of thermal power resources was calculated based on temperature differences between surface layer and deep layer with water depth of 20 m and 1000 m from sea surface respectively. The net output power generated from OTEC and also OTEC operation is sensitive to the fluctuation of the temperature differences, therefore we also analyzed sea surface temperature variability in Indonesia Seas, in order to identify suitable waters area for OTEC operation. We found that Southern coast of Java, Nusa Tenggara and Banda waters are unsuitable for OTEC deployment area because of high temperature variability on the sea surface that can cause instability of power output from OTEC operation. The area, where is favorable for OTEC operation in Indonesia waters, is estimated about 3,773,552.7 square kilometers with total potential power rate that can be harvested around 451.7 GW per day. Surface temperature in Indonesia Seas is also influenced by global phenomena, namely the El Niño and the La Niña. When the El Niño occurs in 2015 to 2016, potential thermal power resources are decrease into 442 GW. Meanwhile, when the La Niña occurs in 2011 to 2012, the OTEC power resources are increase to 460 GW.

Estimating socio economic impacts of re-enacting a permit policy for foreign-made fishing vessels

The fishing permit moratorium for foreign-made fishing vessels applied since 2014 is one of the Indonesian Government efforts to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The Ministry of Marine Affairs (MMAF) of the Republic of Indonesia has been planning to re-enact a permit policy for foreign-made fishing vessels to conduct fishing in Indonesian waters. This plan has raised different responses from relevant parties. This study aimed to estimate the socio economics impacts of re-enacting permits for foreign-made fishing vessels. Data were collected from in-depth interviews with representatives from the central government, local governments, and owners of foreign-made fishing vessels. The data were analysed using the Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) model by comparing the costs and benefits of three policy plans. The first option is re-enacting the permits by exemptions on certain fishing areas and fishing gears; the second option is re-enacting the permits with restrictions on fishing area and fishing gear; and option three is continuing the moratorium. The results show that option two should have the greatest positive impact on economic aspects, as well as the least potential negative impacts. Some steps need to be taken by the government to re-enact the permits for foreign-made fishing vessels: (1) public communication before and after policy implementation; and (2) fishing licenses should be granted carefully with strict monitoring.

Seagrass carbon stock estimation in Panrangluhu coastal waters using remote sensing technology

Seagrass has many important roles, including in storing carbon in their biomass. However, information on carbon stock in seagrass in Indonesian waters is still very little, including the Panrangluhu coastal waters. This study aims to estimate the carbon storage of seagrass in Panrangluhu coastal waters using remote sensing technology and Level 1C Sentinel-2A imagery. The image was initially processed before unsupervised classification and a map of seagrass conditions classficiation (poor, unhealthy and healthy) was produced. Based on the map, field observation was conducted by choosing a random sampling location to estimate seagrass conditon and sample biomass. Measurement of oceanographic parameters (temperature and salinity) were also conducted. Samples were taken to the laboratory to calculate biomass and carbon content in order to estimate carbon stocks and create carbon stock maps. The results showed that the highest carbon stock for aboveground biomass of was Syringodium isoetifolium (7.16 gC / m2) and the lowest was Halophila ovalis (1.24gC / m2). Meanwhile, the highest belowground biomass was Enhalus acoroides (26.50 gC / m2) and the lowest was Halophila ovalis (5.56 gC / m2). The total carbon stock in Panrangluhu coastal waters was 19.97 tonnes.

Two new species of Pontella (Copepoda, Calanoida, Pontellidae) from Bali and the Sempu Islands, Indonesia

Abstract Two new species of Pontella from Indonesian waters are herein described. Pontella nishidai n. sp. is distinguishable in the female by the posterior corners of its Pdg5 being pointed, the left side of Ur1 with a dorsolateral semi-circular process, and the form of the P5; in the male by the Ur1 naked, the bifurcated thumb of the chela and the very slender shape of the finger of the right P5. Pontella gilimanukensis n. sp. is distinguishable in the female by having a large beak-like process of Ur1, and the asymmetrical CR; in the male by the short posterior corners of Pdg5 and the form of the P5.

Study of the use of Gracilaria sp from the Karawang Area and Ulva lactuca as raw material making of Nori

Nori is processed seaweed in the form of dried sheets, generally consumed by Japanese and Korean people. The seaweed used as raw material is Porphyra sp which generally grows in Japan and Korea, so Indonesia has to import more and more nori. Porphyra seaweed is the raw material for making imported nori. Porphyra is not found in Indonesia because the seaweed lives in a subtropical climate. Therefore, it is necessary to look for alternative raw materials besides Porphyra. Indonesian waters have various types of seaweed, one of which is Ulva lactuca seaweed. Ulva Lactuca is one of the red algae plants and belongs to the class Chlorophyceae, shaped like sheet talus like lettuce. Ulva Lactuca has similar characteristics to Porphyra seaweed in terms of texture and color besides that Ulva Lactuca is rich in acrylic acid which functions as an antibiotic, is a source of protein, folic acid, and several types of minerals such as: Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn. Apart from the type of Ulva Lactuca, there are also types of Gracilaria verrucosa often found in Karawang waters. Gracilaria produced in these waters has quite high gel strength and viscosity. The advantages of these properties are expected to improve the quality of the nori products produced. For this reason, in this applied research a study was conducted to make nori with a combination of Gracilaria sp and Ulva sp. Ulva sp (sea lettuce) used is Ulva Lactuca in Pangandaran waters. The manufacturing process begins with washing the seaweed and soaking the seaweed for 6 hours. Ulva Lactuca soaked in NaCl solution with a weight ratio of seaweed: water: salt = 2: 60: 5, soaking seaweed Gracilaria sp. in a solution of rice vinegar with a weight ratio of seaweed: water: rice vinegar = 2: 60: 1. Experiments were carried out in 4 weight ratios of Gracilaria sp. that is different, namely: sample 1 = 100% Ulva lactuca, sample 2 = 97.15% Ulva lactuca: 2.85% Gracilaria sp., Sample 3 = 98% Ulva lactuca: 2% Gracilaria sp., and sample 4 = 99% Ulva lactuca: 1% Gracilaria sp.

Ideal concept of implementing the PSSA in protection on the marine environment

The implementation of the Lombok Strait as a PSSA pilot project by Indonesia, which has been submitted to the IMO has received strong resistance from the other countries, because the Lombok Strait is a part of ALKI II and many ships cross that area. The existence of PSSA in the Lombok Strait is important and needed because the Lombok Strait is one of the World Coral Triangle area which is rich in marine biodiversity that needs to be protected. In order for the determination of the PSSA for marine protection to be carried out effectively, an ideal concept is needed regarding the implementing of the PSSA. This study uses a judicial normative approach with descriptive analytical research to describe and analyze the international legal instrument used. The results of the research are, PSSA could be used as a management tool that can function to control, overcome and prevent the impact of shipping activities on the marine environment, it is necessary to have regulations and provisions related to sailing rules for ships that will pass in Indonesian waters, and description of shipping schemes or routes that can be traversed by ships, applicable internationally and followed by users of the route. Indonesia can also collaborate internationally with other countries to assist in the conservation of the marine environment in the PSSA area.

Species composition and density of sea cucumbers in Buru Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia

Species composition and density are a feature of the biological adaptation of organisms to their habitat conditions. Composition and density need to be known because it is related to resource exploitation. Sea cucumber is a marine resource that is exploited intensively. Sea cucumbers are marine benthic organisms with important economic values found largely in Indonesian waters, especially in Kayeli Bay. Although sea cucumbers have high economic value, there was no information regarding the species and distribution of sea cucumbers in Kayeli Bay. This study aims to assess the species composition and density of sea cucumbers in Kayeli Bay, Buru Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia. This study used method line transects and plots. Sampling was done at four stations with different habitat characteristics. Sampling was carried out at night when the tide was lowest. Sea cucumbers tend to be on the surface of the substrate at night. The species composition was presented in percentage, and density was presented in the number per unit space. The composition of sea cucumbers in Kayeli Bay was Holothuria scabra (25%), H. scabra var. versicolor (19%), H. argus (8%), H. edulis (12%), H. atra (3%), H. vacabunda (2%), Actinopyga lecanora (4%), Bochasdchia marmorata (7%), Stichopus variegatus (17%), Thelenota ananas (3%). Species composition and density of sea cucumber in the waters of Buru Regency are closely related to the bottom substrate. H. scabra and S. variegatus preferred muddy substrate. The density of H. scabra was 41 ± 9, and S. variegatus was 31 ± 8 per 25 m2. More species of sea cucumber inhabit the sand substrate in the coastal area adjacent to the coral ecosystem with low density.