Indonesian Setting Research Articles

Pharmacokinetics of Antituberculosis Drugs in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Altered pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs may contribute to an increased risk of tuberculosis treatment failure for diabetic patients. We previously found that rifampin exposure was 2-fold lower in diabetic than in nondiabetic tuberculosis patients during the continuation phase of treatment. We now examined the influence of diabetes on the pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment, and we evaluated the effect of glycemic control. For this purpose, 18 diabetic and 18 gender- and body weight-matched nondiabetic tuberculosis patients were included in an Indonesian setting. Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling was performed for rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol at steady state. The bioavailability of rifampin was determined by comparing rifampin exposure after oral versus intravenous administration. Pharmacokinetic assessments were repeated for 10 diabetic tuberculosis patients after glycemic control. No differences in the areas under the concentration-time curves of the drugs in plasma from 0 to 24 h postdose (AUC(0-24)), the maximum concentrations of the drugs in plasma (C(max)), the times to C(max) (T(max)), and the half-lives of rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol were found between diabetic and nondiabetic tuberculosis patients in the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment. For rifampin, oral bioavailability and metabolism were similar in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. The pharmacokinetic parameters of antituberculosis drugs were not correlated with blood glucose levels or glucose control. We conclude that diabetes does not alter the pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs during the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment. The reduced exposure to rifampin of diabetic patients in the continuation phase may be due to increased body weight and possible differences in hepatic induction. Further research is needed to determine the cause of increased tuberculosis treatment failure among diabetic patients.

An Ethnographic Study of Code Choice in Two Neighbourhoods of Indonesia*

Calls for more holistic sociolinguistics have increased in recent years, especially ones that enable multi-level approaches to the interpretation of language use. This paper shows how such an approach was used to examine code choice in an Indonesian urban setting. In particular it looks at and compares code choice in a low income neighbourhood and a middle-income neighbourhood of Semarang, the provincial capital of Central Java. I show that patterns of language exchange are different to what we might expect, especially as they relate to inter-ethnic conversations. I account for these patterns using ethnographic data.

South-East Asia - P. J. Zoetmulder: Pantheism and monism in Javanese suluk literature. Islamic and Indian Mysticism in an Indonesian Setting. Ed. and tr. by M. C. Ricklefs. (KITLV Translation Series 24.) xvii, 381 pp. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1995. Guilders 75, $54.70.

South-East Asia - P. J. Zoetmulder: Pantheism and monism in Javanese suluk literature. Islamic and Indian Mysticism in an Indonesian Setting. Ed. and tr. by M. C. Ricklefs. (KITLV Translation Series 24.) xvii, 381 pp. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1995. Guilders 75, $54.70.

Pantheism and Monism in Javanese Suluk Literature: Islamic and Indian Mysticism in an Indonesian Setting. By P. J. Zoetmulder. Edited and Translated by M. C. Ricklefs. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1995. xvii, 381 pp. $47.00 (paper).

Pantheism and Monism in Javanese Suluk Literature: Islamic and Indian Mysticism in an Indonesian Setting. By P. J. Zoetmulder. Edited and Translated by M. C. Ricklefs. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1995. xvii, 381 pp. $47.00 (paper).

Pantheism and Monism in Javanese Suluk Literature: Islamic and Indian Mysticism in an Indonesian Setting.

Pantheism and Monism in Javanese Suluk Literature: Islamic and Indian Mysticism in an Indonesian Setting.

Translation, cultural adjustment, and validation of a measure of adaptive behavior

This paper investigates whether a measure of adaptive behavior, which has been developed and validated in western countries, could be successfully adapted to a nonwestern country, Indonesia. The purposes of the study were to (a) delineate procedures for cross-cultural adaptation and validation of adaptive behavior measurement, (b) create an operational version of an instrument in an Indonesian setting, and (c) investigate the validity of the resultant instrument by studying whether it had the same psychometric properties as its United States counterpart. The results are discussed in terms of the usefulness of the methodology employed for ascertaining the worth of any operationalizations of constructs and themes borrowed from other cultures that will form the basis for educational program development and individual pupil assessment.

Modelling policy options in the Indonesian agricultural sector

This paper persents a simple model framework for quantitative multi-market agricultural sector policy analysis. Although the example refers to the Indonesian case, the model structure is also applicable for other country studies. Since either prices or trade requirements can be set exogenously, the model is particularly useful for policy analysis in countries using trade controls to pursue food self-sufficiency targets. Data requirements are limited to supply-and-demand elasticities, some technical coefficients on the relationship between food and non-food prices, non-price induced trends in single commodity markets and in the non-food sector as an aggregate and a base-year data set. The model was developed to be relatively transparent to policy-makers and to allow for an easy revision of the magnitude of policy parameters or trend estimates if so needed. For the case study, econometric estimates, which are consistent with the requirements of neoclassical theory, have been used to parameterize the model. Model simulations have been run for the price run-up period of 1986 to 1988 and also for the Fifth Plan period 1988 to 1993. The results show that the model is a useful instrument to investigate in multi-market and multi-sector interrelationships of a country focussing on agriculture. For the Indonesian setting moel results suggest that during the Fifth Plan period rice self-sufficiency targets are easily met without the need of a particular investment or subsidy scheme. However, rice self-sufficiency and on-target performance of other important agricultural commodity markets in Indonesia will not come along automatically with the creation of jobs up to an amount needed to fight increasing rural underemployment.